Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Instrumentation and
measurement
Types of error
Measurement standards
Dimension analysis
Gross Errors
· Refer to errors due to human mistake in reading
instruments and recording and calculating measurement
results.
· Example 1: read the temperature as 31.5C while the actual
reading may be 21.5C
· Example 2: read 25.8C and record as 28.5C
· Prevention: read and record carefully, and taking the
average of several reading
OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 22
May 2007 /
To Be A World Class Maritime Academy
Systematic Errors
a) Instrumental errors
i) Due to inherent shortcoming in the instrument
· Inherent due to their mechanical structure.
· They may be due to improper calibration, construction,
manufacturing limitation, or
faulty instrument.
Example: If the spring (use for producing controlling torque)
of a permanent magnet instrument has become weak, the
device will always read high.
Overcome methods by:
- Recalibrated carefully
- Apply correction factors after determining the instrumental
errors
- Proper maintenance, use and handling of instruments
OLADOKUN D1MC Semester 1 / Energy Conservation Management ( ECM06) / 33
May 2007 /
To Be A World Class Maritime Academy
Systematic Errors
• ii) Due to misuse of instrument
• Example: Failure to adjust the zero of instruments
• · Using leads of too high resistance (when measure
low R value)
• · Measuring an ac signal which beyond the instrument
bandwidth response.
• Overcome methods by:
• - Recalibrate system carefully
• - Using the right instrument for the particular
application
Systematic Errors
• iii) Due to loading effect of instruments
• · Due to the internal resistance of the device
• · Due to the active filters effect of the device
• · Leakage of current or voltage
• · Improper ground or reference
• Loading effect cause inaccuracy of measurement -
Can be avoided by using appropriate instrument or
using them intelligently. Example: using a voltmeter
which has a relatively high resistance compared to the
load resistance.
b) Environmental Errors
• · Effect due to the temperature, pressure, humidity, dust,
vibrations or external magnetic or electrostatic fields.
• · Overcome methods
• i) Keeping the conditions as nearly as constant as possible.
• Example: temperature can be kept constant by keeping the
equipment in a
• temperature-controlled enclosure.
• ii) Use equipment, which is immune to these effects
• Example: variations of resistance with temperature can be
minimized by using the materials, which have a very low
resistance temperature co-efficient
b) Environmental Errors
• iii) Employ techniques, which eliminate the effects of
disturbances
• Example: effect of humidity & dust can be entirely
eliminated by hermetically sealing the equipment
• iv) Apply computed correction
• 2 (c) Observational Errors
• · The errors that introduced by the observer
• i) Parallax error – using a wrong method in observing
the values
• ii) Reaction time – different instantaneous reaction of
the people. Ex: Watch timer
Derived Units