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Instrumentation and
Measurement Techniques
Performance of measurement
Objective
Performance assessment
• An ideal measuring system is one where the output
signal has a linear relationship with the measurand.
• Error is the difference between the indicated value
and the true value.
• Measuring and control system performance can be
examined in two ways ,
• Static performance –when steady or constant input
signals are applied
• Dynamic performance – when changing input signals
are applied
True value
For example:
Light speed = 299792458.63… m/s
Measured value
For example:
l = (3.5± 0.1) cm
R = (102.5 ± 0.2) Ω
Nominal value
Static error
δA = Am - At
δA = static error
Am = measured value
At = true value
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Accuracy
•Closeness with which an instrument
reading approaches the true value of
the quantity measured
Example:
Reading from instrument A, l = 3.82cm
Reading from instrument B, l = 3.91 cm
True value, l = 3.90cm
Conclusion: Instrument B is more accurate.
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Precision
Conclusion:
Instrument A is more precise
Instrument B is more accurate
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Sensitivity
The ratio of the magnitude of the output
signal or response to a change the magnitude
of input signal.
Example
A wheastone bridge requires a change of 7Ω
in an unknown arm of the bridge to produced
a change in deflection of the galvanometer.
Determine the sensitivity
Hysterisis
A phenomenon which depicts/shows the
difference in output when loading and
unloading
Resolution/ Discrimination
The smallest increment in input which can
be detected with certainty by an instrument
Example:
A mercury thermometer react every 0.5°C
of changes of ambient temperature.
This thermometer won’t have any reaction
if the changes of temperature is 0.4°C
And it only move a step if the changes of
temperature is 0.6°C
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Response time
The period of time which from it sensing
till it reach to steady state condition.
Example:
A mercury thermometer react every 0.5°C
of changes of ambient temperature which
require 1.5s to settle.
If the temperature change rapidly every 1s,
then this thermometer will never could
gives a proper value.
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Frequency response
The minimum time that an instrument can
sense an instantaneous changes.
Example:
our eyes cannot see light photon because
the rapidly moving of photons is much
more faster than our brain processing time.
Switching time
The best on-off time for a switching
device which is distortion free.
Example:
For a device which require 2s to charge up
and 3s to discharge. Hence the switching
time must be always larger than 5s.
Bandwidth
A range of frequency that can sense by an
instrument.
Example:
The bandwidth of our ears is from 20Hz to
20kHz. Any sound that outside this range is
undetectable.
Others
Reliability
Example:
After two years of using an instrument…
Accuracy of Instrument A drop 1%
Accuracy of Instrument B drop 5%
Conclusion: Instrument A is more reliable
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Requirement
• Fitness of purpose – measurement to predefined
accuracy
• Calibration – comparing output with the standards
-Company standard
-National standards
calibration records normally include: Reference
number, calibrations data, calibration result,
frequency of calibration,, repair and modification
information , limitation
National Standards
• National standards are defined my international agreement maintain by
national establishment like national physics laboratory in great Britain, and
national bureau of standards in the US.
Primary standards Mass:
• Length
• Time
• Current
• Temperature
• Luminous intensity
• Amount of substance
Supplementary standards:
• Plane angle
• Solid angle
Safety system
Error Calculation
• Accuracy can be stated in terms of errors
introduced
EXAMPLE
A measuring system consist of a transducer , an
amplifier and a recorder, with an individual
sensitivities as follows :
• Transducer sensitivity 0.2 mV /0 C
• Amplifier gain 2.0 V/mV
• Recorder sensitivity 5.0 mm /V
• Determine the overall system sensitivity
• K= K1 x K2x K3
• = 0.2 mV/0C x 2.0V/mVx 5.0 mm/V
• =2.0 mm/0 C
EXAMPLE
A 0 to 10 bar pressure gauge was found to have an error of ±
0.15 bar when calibrated by the manufacturer .Calculate (a)
the percentage error of the gauge and (b) the possible error as
a percentage of the indicated value when reading of 2.0 bars
was obtained in a test .
Percentage error = 0.15/10. x 100 = ± 1.5%
Possible error = ± 0.15%
∴ error at 2.0 bars = 0.15/10. x 100 =± 7.5%
EXAMPLE
• For a general measuring system where the errors in
the transducer, signal conditioner , and recorder are ±
2 % , ± 3%,and ±4 % respectively, calculate the
maximum possible system error and the probable or
root- sum –square error.
• Maximum possible error = ± (2+3+4)% =±9%
• Root –sum-square error = ± √(22+32+42)%
• = √ 29% =± 5.4%
• Thus the error is possibly as large as ± 9% but
probably not larger than ± 5.4%.