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VOLUME 2
CONTENTS
Pg. No.
I. A. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS 2
B. GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
II INDUCTION MACHINES
2.1 INTRODUCTION 4
2.2 EXPERIMENTS ON INDUCTION MACHINES
1. No Load test and Blocked Rotor test on induction motor (Squirrel cage, slip-ring) 5
2. Direct load test on induction motor (Squirrel cage, slip-ring and 1 Induction motor) 15
3. Variation of starting torque with rotor resistance in slip-ring Induction motor 23
4. Predetermination of characteristics of pole changing motor. 26
III SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
3.1 INTRODUCTION 30
3.2 EXPERIMENTS ON SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
1. Regulation of alternator Direct loading 32
2. Regulation of alternator by EMF & MMF method 34
3. Regulation of alternator by Potier & ASA method 37
4. Slip Test on alternator 41
5. Synchronizing of alternator to mains by dark lamp and
bright lamp method and determination of V and Inverted V curves 44
IV SPECIAL MACHINES
4.1- INTRODUCTION 47
4.2- EXPERIMENTS ON SPECIAL MACHINES
1. V/f control of induction motors 48
2. Synchronous induction motor V-curves. 51
3. Test on induction generator determination of rotor hysteresis loss 52
4. Load test on squirrel cage induction motor using eddy dynamometer. 57
DEPT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
MAR BASELIOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NALANCHIRA, TVM-695015 1
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB MANUAL - II
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
A. Procedure & Precautions to be followed
In conducting the experiments on electrical machines, certain preliminaries are to be followed.
Once the experiment and its aim are understood one has to choose the machine on which the
experiment is to be conducted. Note down the name plate details of the machine to know the rated
voltage, current, r.p.m., etc. in the form of a data sheet. Then decide upon the instruments and
accessories required for the conduct of the experiment and their ratings. Suitable types of measuring
instruments must be selected. Care should be taken to see that the ammeter and wattmeter coils are
not damaged due to excessive current. The current has to be limited to less than or equal to the
rating of the instrument.
Even though electrical machines can take short time over loads, as far as possible see that the
current through windings does not exceed the rated value. To prevent burning of windings, or
damage to insulation due to overheating the following precautions have to be taken.
1) Provide fuses of appropriate rating in the circuit depending on the rating of the
machine.
2) Never apply full rated voltage suddenly to a device unless the
experimental procedure requires it. Increase the voltage from zero gradually and bring it to the
rated value using variacs (autotransformer) or other similar devices.
B. Special Instructions
The students should come well prepared to conduct the experiment. The instructional material
should be read before coming to the class. Students should bring with them a neat connection diagram,
the ranges of meters, fuse rating, etc. shall be determined after noting down the name plate details of the
machine on which they are going to do the experiment.
The data sheet consisting of the name plate details of machines and the readings taken should be
shown to the staff-member in charge before leaving the laboratory. As far as possible the entire
calculations shall be completed in the lab and the graphs plotted.
C. Lab Record
The laboratory record submitted by the students should have the following format:
1. Experiment No. & Date
2. Title of the experiment
3. Aim of the experiment
4. Machine specifications & instruments required, their range and type.
5. Complete connection diagram with the range and type of instruments used, type of machine and its
name plate details and the specific supply voltages used.
6. Theory & Procedure :- write a brief theory & actual procedure followed with precautions taken
7. Readings observed in appropriate tabular form.
8. Sample calculations :- Analysis of data, graphs etc. as required in the instructional material
9. Results & inference
10. Questions & Answers
D. Dress Code & Safety Standards
It has to be noted that experiments in the Electrical Machine Lab are conducted on rotating
machines with exposed rotating parts. The operating voltages are also up to 415 V which is potentially
dangerous to life. In addition all the terminals of the instruments are exposed. Therefore due diligence and
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB MANUAL - II
care should be shown while doing experiments to avoid any accidents. For the safety of all personnel the
following dress code has to be strictly followed:
1) The students shall wear insulating foot wear which covers the whole foot and shall not have metal
nails in the sole (i.e. should wear shoes).
2) The students shall wear tight dress (pants & shirt / overcoat (for girls))
3) The students shall not wear long neck chains.
4) The students having long hair (going below the shoulders) should bundle up their hair.
The following books, ISI standards may be referred to, for further studies:
1) A. E. Fitzgerald, E. Kingsley and A. Kusko : Electric Machinery : Mc Graw Hill, Kogakusha (1971)
2) M. G. Say : The Performance and Design of A. C. Machines : ELBS and Issac Pitman, London
(1969)
3) G. S. Broson and J. T. Hayden : Advanced Electrical Power and Machines; Issac Pitman (1966)
4) A. F. Puchtein, T. C. Lloyd and A.G. Conrod: Alternating Current Machines: Asia Publishing
House (1968)
5) G. C. Jain : Theory, Performance and Design of Synchronous Machines : Asia Publishing House
(1966)
6) E. W. Kimbark : Power system stability synchronous machines : Vol 3, John Wiley (1948)
7) A. S. Langsdorf : Theory of Alternating Machinery : Mc Graw Hill, 2
nd
edition (1955)
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES
INDUCTION MOTORS
2.1 Introduction
An induction motor consists essentially of two parts a stator and a rotor. The stator is made up
of a number of stampings which are slotted to receive the windings. The stator carries a 3-phase
winding and is fed from a three phase supply. It is wound for a definite number of poles, the exact
number of poles being determined by the requirements of speed. The stator windings when
supplied by 3 phase currents produce a magnetic flux which is of constant value but rotates at
synchronous speed. This revolving magnetic flux induces an e.m.f. in the rotor by mutual
induction.
Depending on the type of rotor used, 3 phase induction motors are classified into squirrel cage
and slip ring.
The frequency of the induced e.m.f. in the rotor is s times the supply frequency where s is
the slip. Its magnitude is proportional to the relative speed between flux and rotor conductors.
Since rotor bars or conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current is produced whose direction is
given by Lenzs Law and it is such as to oppose the cause producing it and hence to reduce the
relative speed. The rotor starts running in the same direction as that of the flux and tries to catch up
with the rotating flux.
The rotor never succeeds in catching up with the stator field and so the rotor runs at a speed
which is always less than the speed of the stator field. The difference between the synchronous
speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known as slip.
An induction motor is similar in action to a polyphase transformer with a short circuited
rotating secondary. Hence induction motors if switched on to line directly, it takes 5 to 7 times
their full load current and develop only 1.5 to 2.5 times their full load torque. The initial inrush of
current can be controlled by applying a reduced voltage to the stator during starting period, full
normal voltage is applied when the motor has run up to speed. This can be done either by using an
autotransformer or star-delta starter.
There are different methods in which speed control on induction motor can be achieved. By
changing the number of poles, speed control is possible in the case of squirrel cage motors. This is
seen in pole changing motor. Speed control is also possible by operating two motors in cascade or
by injecting an e.m.f. in the rotor circuit. Modern trend is to use V/f controller for speed control of
induction machines.
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
2.2.1.1 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: 1) To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on the given squirrel cage induction motor and to
draw the equivalent circuit diagram. From the circle diagram and equivalent circuit, compare efficiency, pf,
torque, slip, line current and output- corresponding to
i) Name plate speed
ii) Rated Output
2) Also from circle diagram obtain maximum torque, maximum output and maximum power factor.
Machine Details: Note the name plate details of the machine.
Apparatus Required: Ammeter (to read no load current), Voltmeter (to read rated applied voltage) and
Wattmeters (suitable for no load test and blocked rotor tests)
Theory: No load and Blocked rotor tests are conducted to obtain the parameters to draw the equivalent
circuit and also the circle diagram.
No load test is conducted with motor running at normal voltage. Rotor speed is very near to
synchronous speed. From the no load readings, the shunt circuit components R
o
and X
m
can be determined.
In blocked rotor test, rated current is applied to the machine with the rotor blocked and
corresponding power and voltage are noted. The machine impedance [(r
1
+ r
2
) +j(x
1
+ x
2
)] is determined.
In this case, slip is 1. This is equivalent to short circuit test on transformer.
Circle diagram is one of the best graphical methods of determining the whole characteristics of a
motor. From the circle diagram, the Stator power factor angle, Stator current/phase on load, Total input,
Constant losses, Stator copper loss, Rotor input, Rotor copper loss, Rotor output, Torque, Slip, Efficiency,
etc. can be determined.
Procedure:
No Load Test: Connections are done as shown in Fig 2.1. Start the motor and gradually increase
the voltage to rated value with the help of a dimmerstat. Note the corresponding no load current and
wattmeter readings. If one of the wattmeter reads negative, change the connections (current coil or pressure
coil).
Blocked Rotor Test: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.2. The rotor is blocked and
dimmerstat is adjusted to get rated current. The voltmeter reading and blocked rotor power input readings
are taken.
Stator winding resistance: To find the stator winding resistance/phase, connections are made as
shown in Fig 2.3. DC supply is given, keeping the rheostat at the maximum position. Voltmeter and
ammeter readings are recorded.
Tabular Column:
No Load Test: Blocked Rotor Test:
V
o
(V) I
o
(A) W
1
(watts)
W
2
(watts)
W
o
=W
1
+W
2
(watts)
V
sc
(V) I
sc
(A) W
sc
(watts)
Measurement of R
a
:
V (V) I (A) R
a
()
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
'
a a
1 a
3
R = R
2
R = 1.2 R
( Because the windings are connected in delta)
(R
1
: AC resistance)
Fig 2.1 No- Load Test on Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Fig 2.2 Blocked Rotor Test on Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Fig 2.3 Determination of stator winding resistance
Calculations:
To draw equivalent circuit:
From no load test:
cos
3
?
o
o
o o
o
W
V I
No load current/phase,
o
I
3
o
m o
I
I sin
3
o
w o
I
I cos
3
o
o
w
o
o
m
V
R =
I
V
X =
I
From Blocked rotor test:
s
o1
s
V ph
Z =
I ph
sc
o1 2
sc
ph
W
R =
3 I
2 2
o1 o1 o1
X = Z R
2 o1 1
= R R R
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Based on Equivalent circuit:
a) Corresponding to rated output
2
out 2 2
(1-s)
P = 3I R
s
(P
out
obtained from machine details)
where
( )
rated
2 2 2
2
1 1 2
V
I = = I
R
R + X + X
s
j
1 _
+
1
, ]
, then s = ?
1 o o 2 1 1 1 o
L 1 L 1
in L L 1
I (ph) = I + I = I (lagging )
I = 3 I = I
P = 3 V I cos
out
in
P
= 100%
P
b) Corresponding to name plate speed
s
s
N N
s =
N
( )
rated
2 2 2
2
1 1 2
V 0
I = = I
R
R + X + X
s
j
1 _
+
1
, ]
1 o o 2 1 1 1
I (ph) = I + I = I
in ph 1 1
P = 3V I cos
2
out 2 2
(1-s)
P = 3I R
s
out
in
P
= 100%
P
To draw circle diagram:
-1 -1 o sc
o s
o o sc sc
W W
= cos , = cos
3V I 3V I
Assume the current scale (c:s) to draw the circle diagram
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
o
SN S
sc
V
I =I
V
= _____ / (c:s) = _____ cm
2
rated
sn sc
sc
V
W =W
V
_
,
Power Scale =
rated scale
3V I (W/cm)
(scale the necessary values according to the current scale and draw the circle diagram)
Fig 2.4 Circle Diagram
The voltage phasor is taken along Y-axis, referring to Fig. 2.4, and draw OO at an angle
o
, from OV,
representing no-load line-current I
o
in magnitude and direction. Line OF is drawn perpendicular to voltage
phasor OV. Phasor OA is drawn at an angle
sc
, from phasor OV and equal to I
SN
in magnitude. Line OG
is drawn parallel to OF, OA is joined and line BC is drawn perpendicular to line OA bisecting the line
OA at point B and intersecting line OG at C. With C as centre, and OC as radius, the semi-circle OAG
is drawn, which is the locus of the stator current, I
1
. Line AE is divided by D into two segments such that
01
1
R AE Total copper loss
=
DE Stator copper loss R
out
in
P
= 100%
P
d) Corresponding to name plate speed
s
s
N N
s =
N
( )
rated
2 2 2
2
1 1 2
V 0
I = = I
R
R + X + X
s
j
1 _
+
1
, ]
1 o o 2 1 1 1
I (ph) = I + I = I
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
in ph 1 1
P = 3V I cos
2
out 2 2
(1-s)
P = 3I R
s
out
in
P
= 100%
P
To draw circle diagram:
-1 -1 o sc
o s
o o sc sc
W W
= cos , = cos
3V I 3V I
Assume the current scale (c:s) to draw the circle diagram
o
SN S
sc
V
I =I
V
= _____ / (c:s) = _____ cm
2
rated
sn sc
sc
V
W =W
V
_
,
Power Scale =
rated scale
3V I (W/cm)
(scale the necessary values according to the current scale and draw the circle diagram refer Fig)
Result: Equivalent circuit and circle diagram drawn. Slip, efficiency, power factor and torque values
compared for the eqvt. ckt. and circle diagram.
Questions:
1) Ammeter in the rotor circuit oscillates very slowly when the rotor is running with rated voltage
applied to the stator. Why ?
2) Are the core loss and mechanical losses constant for all operating conditions? Comment.
3) How does core loss vary with voltage and why?
4) Does the no load current steadily decrease as the supply voltage is reduced? If not, explain why?
5) The motor input under blocked rotor condition is taken approximately equal to the full load copper
loss. Substantiate.
6) Discuss Stable and unstable regions of the torque-speed characteristics.
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- LOAD TEST
2.2.2.1 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE (CAPACITOR START) INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a load test on single phase induction motor and to plot the
following characteristics.
(i) Efficiency vs. output
(ii) speed vs. output
(iii) pf vs. output
(iv) Line current vs. output
Apparatus Required: Tachometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
Machine Details: Note the name plate details of the machine
Theory: Constructionally a 1 induction motor is similar to a polyphase induction motor except that its stator
is provided with a single phase winding and a centrifugal switch is used in some types of motor to cut off a
winding used only for starting purpose. It has a distributed stator winding and a squirrel cage rotor. To make
the rotor self starting it is temporarily converted into a two phase motor during the starting period. For this, the
stator of a single phase motor is provided with an extra winding known as starting (auxiliary) winding in
addition to main or running winding. The necessary phase difference is provided by connecting a capacitor in
series with the starting winding as shown in figure. When the motor reaches 75% of full speed, the centrifugal
switchS opens and cutoff both the starting winding and the capacitor from the supply thus leaving only the
running winding across the lines.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown in the fig 2.8. The motor is kept at no load and given 230V
supply. When motor attains speed almost equal to rated speed, no load readings are noted. The motor is
gradually loaded up to rated current. All meter readings including the spring balance reading are tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
Input
power
(W)
S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Power
factor
Outpu
t
power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
Calculations:
Spring balance readings S
1
and S
2
in kg.
Torque can be computed using the equation, ( )
1 2
(Nm) T S S rg
, where
r
is the radius of the brake drum.
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- LOAD TEST
FIG 2.8 Load Test on Single Phase Capacitor-Start Induction Motor
Input power (Wattmeter reading) = P
in
(watts)
power (P
in
)=VI
cos
power factor =
cos
=
Pin
VI
Output Power =
out
2 NT
P = (watts)
60
,
. The only restriction in applying the above equation is that the new torque
2
T
must not be greater than
2
2
1
1
V
T
V
_
,
. It yields an accuracy of better than 5% which is sufficient for all practical
purposes.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown as in Fig 2.11. Initially the dimmer stat is kept at minimum
position. Supply is switched on. The motor is started by increasing the voltage (by adjusting the
autotransformer) up to rated value.
The motor is loaded in steps, up to the rated value by means of a brake drum. For each step, line voltage,
line current, input power and balanced readings are noted and tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
W1
(W)
W2
(W)
Input
power
(W)
S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Output
power
(W)
Efficienc
y (%)
Sli
p
(%)
Power
factor
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- LOAD TEST
FIG 2.11 Load Test on Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
Calculations:
Input power =
1 2
W W +
(watts).
Torque can be computed using the equation ( )
1 2
~ T S S rg
, where
1
S
and
2
S
are the balance readings,
r
is the radius of the brake drum and
g
is acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s
2
).
Output power =
2
60
NT
(watts)
where N is the speed in r.p.m.
T is the torque in Nm.
% Efficiency =
100
output
input
Synchronous speed,
120
s
f
N
p
, where
f
is supply frequency and
p
, the no. of poles.
% 100
s
s
N N
slip
N
( )
1 2 1
1 2
3 ~
tan
W W
W W
1
+
1
]
power factor =
cos
Result: Load test on squirrel cage induction motor is conducted and performance characteristics plotted
(Fig 2.9).
Questions:
1. If one of the phases goes out, when and induction motor is delivering full load will the machine
continue to run? If so, what will be the effect on the motor?
2. How will you prevent the above situation?
3. Can an induction motor work as generator? Explain.
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- LOAD TEST
2.2.2.4 LOAD TEST ON SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a load test on 3 slip ring induction motor and to plot the
following characteristics.
(xiv) Efficiency vs. output
(xv) pf vs. output
(xvi) Line current vs. output
(xvii) Speed vs. output
Apparatus Required: 3 Dimmerstat, tachometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter.
Machine Details: note the name plate details of the machine
Theory: The 3 slip ring induction motor can be started using dimmerstat or rotor resistance starter. The star-
connected rotor winding leads are coupled to the three slip rings. Three external leads brought out from the slip
rings are then connected to the Rotor resistance starter.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown as in Fig 2.12. Supply is switched on with rotor resistance starter
at start position. Initially, the motor is started at maximum resistance position ( Start position ), then as the
motor gains speed, its cut down to the minimum resistance position (Run position).
The motor is loaded in steps, up to the rated value by means of a brake drum. For each step, line voltage, line
current, input power and balanced readings are noted and tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
W1
(W)
W2
(W)
Input
power
(W)
S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Output
power
(W)
Efficienc
y (%)
Sli
p
(%)
Power
factor
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- LOAD TEST
FIG 2.12 Load Test on Slip-Ring Induction Motor
Calculations:
Input power =
1 2
W W +
(watts).
Torque can be computed using the equation, ( )
1 2
T S S rg
, where
1
S
and
2
S
are the balanced readings,
r
is
the radius of the brake drum and
g
is acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s
2
).
power factor =
cos
Output power =
2
60
NT
(watts)
where N is the speed in r.p.m.
T is the torque in Nm.
% Efficiency =
100
output
input
%
Synchronous speed,
120
s
f
N
p
, where
f
is supply frequency and
p
, the no. of poles.
% 100
s
s
N N
slip
N
( )
1 2 1
1 2
3 ~
tan
W W
W W
1
+
1
]
Result: Load test on slip ring induction motor conducted, and performance curves (Fig 2.9) plotted.
Questions:
1. Why resistances are included in the rotor circuit during starting?
2. What is the effect of adding external resistances to the rotor on (a) Maximum Torque and (b) Starting
Torque?
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- VARIATION OF TS WITH ROTOR RESISTANCE
2.2.3 VARIATION OF STARTING TORQUE WITH ROTOR CIRCUIT RESISTANCE FOR A SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: 1) To determine the variation of starting torque with resistance added to the rotor
circuit and to draw the graph: starting torque Vs rotor resistance.
2) To verify the above results by means of calculations based on the circle diagram.
Machine Details: note the name plate details of the machine
Instruments Required: Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters (lpf and upf)
Theory: Varying the values of resistance in the rotor circuit can affect the characteristics of the motor in 3
ways: (1) variation in the starting torque and current, (2) smooth acceleration and (3) variation in operating
speed.
The external resistances in the rotor circuit reduces the speed at which the rotor will operate with a
given load torque. If the rotor resistor is designed for continuous duty, a portion of it may be allowed to
remain in the circuit, thus obtaining reduced-speed operation. Therefore, the motor has a varying speed
characteristic; i.e., any change in load results in a considerable change in speed. However, the efficiency of
a wound-rotor motor, including the
2
I R
losses in the rotor resistance, is reduced in direct proportion to the
speed reduction obtained.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.13. The slip rings are short circuited and rated voltage
is applied through the auto transformer. All the meter readings are tabulated (Table 1.).
Then connections are made as Fig 2.14. The rotor is blocked by applying a brake-load suitably. Initially,
the rotor windings are short-circuited through the ammeters (i.e., the external resistances connected to each
rotor phase are completely cut out). Now supply to the dimmerstat is switched on and voltage gradually
increased till the current on the rotor circuit does not exceed the rated value. The brake-load is now
gradually released until the rotor tends to rotate. At this instant, the readings of the spring balances (S
1
and
S
2
), stator impressed voltage V
sc
, stator current I
s
, stator input power W
sc
, rotor current I
r
and voltage across
the external resistance connected to each rotor phase V
r
are noted (Table 3). The same procedure is
repeated with the rotor kept in different relative positions with respect to the stator and for different values
of external resistances added, keeping the rotor current always constant to some value.
Tabular Column:
Table 1:
No Load Test: Measurement of R
a
:
V
o
(V) I
o
(A) W
1
(watts)
W
2
(watts)
W
o
=W
1
+W
2
(watts)
V (V) I (A) R
a
()
'
a a
1 a
3
R = R
2
R = 1.2 R
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- VARIATION OF TS WITH ROTOR RESISTANCE
Table 2 (Test Data) :
Sl
No.
Impressed
Voltage Vsc
(volts)
Stator
current Is
(A)
3 stator
input
power
Wsc
(watts)
Rotor
Current
Ir (A)
Voltage
across
External
Resistance
of the rotor
circuit Vr
(volts)
Brake - Load
1
S
(kg)
2
S
(kg)
1 2
~ S S
(kg)
Table 3 (Test Results) :
Sl.
No.
Starting Torque
s
T
(kg-m)
(from balanced
readings)
Starting Torque based on circle diagram External
resistance
R
R
V
r
I
()
01
R
()
'
2
R ()
SN
W
(watts)
s
T
(based
on circle
diagram)
(kg-m)
Fig 2.13 No- Load Test on Slip Ring Induction Motor
Fig 2.14 Blocked Rotor Test on Slip Ring Induction Motor
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- VARIATION OF TS WITH ROTOR RESISTANCE
Calculations:
Starting torque (with normal voltage applied V
o
) as calculated directly from the balance readings is given
by
( )
2
0
1 2
~
s
sc
V
T S S R
V
_
,
kg-m where R = effective radius of brake drum in metres.
To calculate
s
T
based on circle diagram:
01 2
3
sc
s
ph
W
R
I
()
Stator resistance per phase,
1 a
R = 1.2 R
()
Equivalent rotor resistance per phase referred to stator,
'
2 01 1
R R R
Blocked rotor power with normal voltage applied is
2
0
SN sc
sc
V
W W
V
_
,
(watts)
Starting torque based on circle diagram is,
( )
'
0 2
01
2 9.81
SN
s
s
W W R
T
N R
_
,
kg-m
Fig 2.15 Starting Torque vs Rotor resistance
Result: The starting torque computed directly from the balance readings and that based on circle diagram
are tabulated as in Table 3. From Table 3, variation of starting torque (
s
T
) vs. additional rotor resistance per
phase (r) is plotted.
Questions:
1) What do you mean by critical slip (Scr) of an induction motor? Give an expression for Scr in
terms of the machine parameters.?
2) Sketch a family of torque-slip curves with different values of resistances inserted to the rotor circuit.
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- POLE CHANGING MOTOR
2.2.4 POLE CHANGING INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: 1) To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test for the different pole (speed) configurations and to
draw the circle diagrams (on same sheet) for all the cases. From the circle diagrams, compare the following
for the different pole configurations:
(i) Maximum output, (ii) Starting torque,
(iii) Maximum torque (iv) Full load slip.
Machine Details: Note the name plate details of the machine.
Apparatus Required: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeters (lpf and upf)
Theory: By providing an induction motor with a winding or windings developing alternative numbers of
poles, it is given a number of possible synchronous (and therefore running) speeds. Since squirrel cage
rotor can adjust itself to any number of poles, the cage rotor can be conveniently used with pole changing
method of speed control.
Procedure:
No Load Test: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.16. Supply is switched on and voltage gradually
increased with the help of dimmerstat to rated voltage. The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are
taken for 4 pole operation. The same procedure is repeated for 8 pole configuration.
Blocked Rotor Test: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.17 for 4 pole configuration. Supply is
switched on and voltage gradually increased with the help of dimmerstat till the current in the ammeter
reads the rated value. The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are taken. The same procedure is
repeated for 8 pole configuration.
Stator winding resistance: To find the stator winding resistance/phase, connections are made as shown in
Fig 2.18. DC supply is given, keeping the rheostat at the maximum position. Voltmeter and ammeter
readings are recorded.
Tabular Column:
Table 1:
No Load Test: Blocked Rotor Test:
No. of
poles
Vo (V) Io (A) W1
(watts)
W2
(watts)
Wo=W1~W2
(watts)
No. of
poles
Vsc
(V)
Isc (A) Wsc
(watts)
Measurement of R
a
:
No. of
poles
V (V) I (A) R
a
()
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- POLE CHANGING MOTOR
a a 1 1 1
a a
1 a
R = R (in case of 4-pole, keeping U , V , W shorted)
R = 4 R (in case of 8-pole)
R = 1.2 R
Table 2:
Test Results:
No. of poles Maximum power
output (watts)
Starting torque
(N-m)
Maximum torque
(N-m)
Full load slip
(p.u.)
Fig 2.16 No- Load Test on Pole Changing Induction Motor
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- POLE CHANGING MOTOR
Fig 2.17 Blocked Rotor Test on Pole Changing Induction Motor
Fig 2.18 Circuit to determine Stator Winding Resistance
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E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- POLE CHANGING MOTOR
Calculations:
No-load phase angle,
-1 o
o
o o
W
= cos
3V I
s
o1
s
V ph
Z =
I ph
sc
o1 2
sc
ph
W
R =
3 I
2 o1 1
= R R R
Draw circle diagram (refer fig 2.4):
rated
SN S
sc
V
I =I
V
= _____ / (c:s) = _____ cm
2
rated
SN SC
SC
V
W =W =______watts
V
_
,
Assume the current scale (c:s) to draw the circle diagram
Power Scale =
rated scale
3V I (W/cm)
Circle diagram is drawn for both 4-pole and 8-pole connections (on the same graph sheet).
Full load power factor, cos
1
=
NH
OH
Slip =
KL
LH
Efficiency =
HK
HN
100%
Deduction from circle diagram
Starting torque
s scale
T =ADP (syn. watts)
Maximum torque T
m
=
scale
QQ P (syn.watts)
Maximum output P
m
=
scale
SS P (syn.watts)
Result: The No- load test and Blocked Rotor test conducted, and various parameters compared for 4-pole
and 8-pole.
Questions:
1) Can slip ring induction motor be used for pole changing method of speed control? If not, why?
2) Mention the fields of application of pole changing.
3) Explain the principle adopted in the connection of the stator coils for obtaining different speeds.
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
3.1 Introduction
Synchronous machines are rotating machines which run at synchronous speed. The
synchronous speed is a function of the supply frequency and the no. of poles of the machine. There
are two types of synchronous machines based on rotor construction, namely, (i) the cylindrical
rotor machine and (ii) the salient pole machine.
The performance characteristics of interest are voltage regulation, V-curves and power angle
measurement.
The terminal voltage of the alternator varies with changes in magnitude and power-factor of
the consumer demand (i.e. load current and load power factor). Voltage regulation is defined as the
rise of voltage expressed in percent of rated voltage when the load is reduced to zero, the field
excitation and frequency remaining at their initial values. The phrase rise in voltage in the
definition presupposes an inductive or non inductive load, because if the load is sufficiently
capacitive, the magnetizing effect of leading current may cause voltage under load condition to be
higher than that at no load. In that case, effect of reducing the load to zero is to produce a fall in
voltage and the regulation must then be treated as negative instead of positive.
The factors which affect alternator regulation are armature reaction, armature leakage
impedance and the change in field leakage with change in excitation. These are fundamentally the
same as those involved in d.c. generators, the differences being due to the effect of power factor
upon armature reaction and the substitution of armature impedance in place of armature resistance
in case of dc machine.
The regulation of an alternator can be determined by actually loading it and observing the
change in terminal voltage when the load is disconnected keeping speed and excitation fixed. This
method is out of question under full load condition except in the case of small machines, because
of the cost of providing motive power and auxiliary apparatus for absorbing the output. So,
predetermination methods have to be used, such as (1) EMF Method, (2) MMF Method, (3) Zero
Power Factor (Potier) method and (4) ASA Method.
In the case of a salient pole machine, the air gap around the field is not uniform. So, the
reluctance offered to MMF wave also varies, being lowest when it is aligned with field pole axis
(d-axis) and is highest when it is aligned at 90 to field pole axis (q-axis). Thus we can say that flux
established by armature MMF wave is varying with special position of wave axis with respect to d-
axis. So to find regulation, the methods based on cylindrical rotor theory are not accurate. The
effect of saliency can be taken into account by resorting to two-reaction theory suggested by Andre
Blondel. This introduces the concept of two reactances, one along the d-axis and the other along q-
axis. To find out these quantities, slip test is conducted.
Process of connecting an incoming generator in parallel with others already in operation is
called synchronization. Before synchronization it is necessary that (1) the speed of the incoming
generator corresponds exactly to the frequency of the system to which it is to be connected, (2) its
voltage must be numerically equal to that of the system where the connection is made, and (3) its
voltage must be in phase with that of the system. This requirement means that phase sequence of
incoming machine must be same as that of the system. When the individual generators are
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
relatively small, synchronization is done manually. In this case, the exact moment of
synchronization is indicated by incandescent lamps or synchroscopes, connected properly in the
circuit. But with the growth of system capacity and rating of generating units, it becomes necessary
to resort to automatic devices.
In a synchronous machine, the real electrical power exchanged with the bus bars is
controlled by the mechanical shaft power irrespective of excitation. The excitation on the other
hand governs only the power factor of the machine without affecting the real power flow. The
operating characteristics of the machine can be studied under conditions of the variable load and
variable excitation, keeping one of these quantities constant and varying the other. The variation of
armature current with excitation at constant load gives the V-curves of the synchronous machine. It
is seen that the magnitude of armature current exhibits a minimum when its excitation is
continuously increased from an under excited state. This minimum corresponds to upf condition.
Since the synchronous motor is not self starting, the unexcited rotor is speeded up to near
synchronous speed by some method and the excited by the d.c. source. Then the rotor gets
magnetically locked with the stator field and runs at synchronous speed. The coupling between
stator and rotor is not an absolutely rigid one. As the load on the motor is increased, the rotor
progressively tends to fall back in phase by some angle but still runs at synchronous speed. The
machine meets the changing requirements of load torque by adjustment of this angle. This angle is
known as load angle or power angle or torque angle.
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY DIRECT LOADING
3.2.1 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY DIRECT LOADING
Aim: 1. To determine the regulation of the 3-phase alternator by direct loading, and
to draw the regulation vs. load curve.
Instruments Required: Ammeter, Voltmeter, tachometer
Machine Details: note the name plate details of the machine
Theory: Voltage regulation is defined as the change in terminal voltage expressed as a percentage of the
rated voltage, when the load at a given power factor is removed, with speed and field current remaining
unchanged.
Voltage regulation =
o
E -V
100%
V
The voltage regulation may be positive or negative depending on whether the power-factor load is lagging
(E
o
increases) or leading (E
o
decreases). The importance of computing the voltage regulation are:
(i) When load is thrown off, voltage rise must be known, since the winding insulation
should be able to withstand this increased voltage.
(ii) Voltage regulation determines the type of automatic voltage control equipment to be
used.
(iii) Steady-state short-circuit conditions and stability are affected by the voltage regulation.
(iv) Parallel operation of one alternator, with other alternators is affected considerably by its
voltage regulation.
In case of small machines, the regulation may be found by direct loading.
Procedure: Make connections as shown in Fig 3.1. Run the alternator at synchronous speed, adjust the
terminal voltage to rated value by adjusting field current using rheostat, R
h
. Note the field current and
terminal voltage. Now switch on S. Adjust the load simultaneously keeping the terminal voltage at rated
value. Open S and note the terminal voltage. This gives the induced emf corresponding to that field current,
given by the ammeter, A
2
. Repeat the procedure for different values of load currents. Tabulate the results.
Tabular Column:
A1 A2 V (on load) Vo (Off load) % Regulation
(Vo-V)/V*100
Results:
1. Regulation of alternator at various loads
2. Graph showing variation of regulation with load current
Questions:
1. Can the regulation on lagging pf loads be obtained by this method of direct loading?
2. What are the causes of changes in voltage in alternators when loaded?
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY DIRECT LOADING
3. What practical steps are adopted to ensure that the voltage at the generator terminal, under varying
load conditions, remains constant?
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
3.2.2 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
Aim: 1. To plot the open circuit and short-circuit characteristics
2. To predetermine the full load regulation of an alternator at different power factor
(upf, 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf lead) using (a) EMF (Synchronous Impedance) method
and (b) MMF (Ampere Turn) method.
Instrument Required: Ammeters, Voltmeters
Machine Details: Note machine specifications from machine name plate
Theory: In the case of large machines, the cost of finding the regulation by direct loading becomes
prohibitive. Hence synchronous impedance or EMF method and Ampere-turn or MMF method are two
indirect methods used to determine voltage regulation. Both the methods require (1) Armature (or stator)
resistance R
a
, (2) Open circuit / No load characteristic and (3) Short circuit characteristic.
EMF method: This procedure can be applied to cylindrical rotor synchronous machines only, because the
resultant air gap flux is not affected by the angular position of the rotor. In this method, the armature
reaction is treated as an additional voltage drop by introduction of the fictitious armature reaction reactance
X
a
. The synchronous impedance is determined by conducting OC and SC test. The value of regulation
using this value obtained from actual loading conditions. Hence this method is known as pessimistic
method.
MMF method: In this method, the leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction. The
mmf required to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on full load, is obtained from SC
test .The field ampere turns required to produce to produce full load current on SC balances the armature
reaction and impedance drop. The regulation calculated by this method is less than that in practice .Hence it
is known as Optimistic method.
Procedure:
Open circuit and Short circuit characteristics:
1) OC Test: Connections are made as shown in fig. 3.2. Keeping the switch open and rheostat in maximum
position alternator is driven by the prime mover at rated speed in the appropriate. The field current is
adjusted by means of rheostat for different values upto 125% of rated excitation. Each time OC voltage and
corresponding field current are noted.
2) SC Test: Here after the alternator is driven at rated speed. Switch is closed and stator current is adjusted
to its rated value by adjusting the rheostat. Corresponding field currents are noted.
To measure the stator resistance per phase keeping the rheostat in maximum position the supply is switched
on. The voltmeter and ammeter reading is noted.
3) Stator Resistance: To measure stator resistance per phase keeping the rheostat in maximum position
and supply is switched on (Fig 3.3). The voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
Tabular Column:
Voltage(V) Current (I) R
a
a dc
R 1.2 r
OCC
E
o
(V) I
f
(A)
SCC
I
fsc
(A) I
L
(A)
Calculations:
Draw the graphs
1. OC phase voltage vs. field current
2. SC phase current vs. field current
EMF method (synchronous impedance method)
V Rated phase voltage on open circuit
I
sc
The short circuit current corresponding to the field current producing rated voltage
Z
s
Synchronous impedance/phase=
sc
V OC voltage
I SC current
at some excitation
R
a
The resistance per phase of the winding
Xs=
2 2
Zs Ra
At any load current, I and pf, cos
sc
s
Eo=V+I Z
At 0.8 pf lag
( ) ( )
2 2
0
cos sin
sc a sc s
E V I R V I X + + +
At 0.8 pf lead
( ) ( )
2 2
0
cos sin
sc a sc s
E V I R V I X + +
At upf
( ) ( )
2 2
0 sc a sc s
E V I R I X + +
Then calculate,
% regulation =
Eo-V
V
100 % for the three cases.
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
MMF Method (Ampere Turn Method)
From graph for MMF method, find the corresponding value of E
0
for the field current at 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf
lead and upf. The find the voltage regulation from following relation:
Then regulation=
Eo V
V
100 %
Results: The OCC and SCC characteristics were plotted and regulation was determined by
EMF and MMF methods.
Questions
1. Explain the shape of OCC. Why do you get a straight line for SCC?
2. What is meant by synchronous reactance?
3. What is the practical application of pre-determining the regulation of an alternator?
Fig 3.2. Regulation of Alternator by EMF and MMF Method
Fig 3.3
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY POTIER AND ASA METHOD
3.2.3 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY POTIER AND ASA METHOD
Aim:
1. To plot the ZPF characteristics, armature reaction MMF, Potier reactance of a given alternator
2. Predetermine the full load regulation at 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf lead and upf using Potier and ASA method.
Theory:
Potier method or ZPF method: In the Potier method, the leakage reactance drop and the mmf required for
overcoming the armature reaction can be determined. This method is more accurate than the emf and the
mmf methods.
The experimental data required for this method are
1) OCC
2) SCC
3) Armature resistance
4) Zero Power Factor characteristics
Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in terminal voltage expressed as a percentage of
rated voltage, when the load is reduced to zero the field excitation and frequency remaining constant.
Synchronous impedance Z
s
= OC and SC current for the same excitation. (OCC is a drooping curve because
of the effect of saturation. During SC condition the power factor is zero. Power factor lagging and therefore
the effect of armature reaction is demagnetizing. Thus the net flux during SC condition is small and hence
SCC is a straight line. Significance of potier method is that the effect of armature reaction and leakage
reactance are separately accounted.
Procedure:
1) OC Test: Connections are made as shown in figure 3.4. Keeping the switch open and rheostat in
maximum position alternator is driven by the prime mover at rated speed in the appropriate. The field
current is adjusted by means of rheostat for different values upto 125% of rated excitation. Each time OC
voltage and corresponding field current are noted.
2) SC Test: Here after the alternator is driven at rated speed. Switch is closed and stator current is adjusted
to its rated value by adjusting the rheostat. Corresponding field current is noted
To measure the stator resistance per phase keeping the rheostat in maximum position, fig 3.3, the supply is
switched on. The voltmeter and ammeter reading is noted.
3) Potier Method: Connections are made as shown in figure 3.5. The alternator is driven at its rated speed.
The load is connected to the alternator by means of a 3 pole switch. Now the field excitation is adjusted so
that the alternator line current is equal to its rated value. Corresponding terminal voltage and field current
are noted, ensuring armature current is maintained at its rated value and speed is also maintained at its rated
value. Terminal voltage V
ph
and I
f
are noted.
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY POTIER AND ASA METHOD
Circuit Diagram:
Fig 3.4. Circuit diagram to plot OC and SC characteristics
Fig 3.5. Circuit Diagram to plot ZPF Characteristic
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-SLIP TEST ON ALTERNATOR
Tabular Column:
Stator Winding Resistance
Voltage(V) Current (I) Ra
Zero power factor
Voltage I
F
Ia Iph
SCC
I
fsc
(A) I
L
(A)
Calculations:
The OCC is reproduced from the previous experiment. The field current required to circulate full load
armature current on short circuit is also taken from previous experiment. With these datas the potier triangle
and the full load zero power factor characteristics are drawn by Fischer-hinnen construction. From the potier
triangle the full load leakage reactance drop and the field current required to overcome armature reaction are
measured. The full load regulation is calculated at the desired power factor
X
L
-- obtained from potier triangle
R
a
-- obtained from resistance measurement
( )
a l
E V I R jX + +
Potier Method:
Full Load Current, I
FL
= ?
Per phase resistance, R = ?
From Potier Triangle, IX
L
= full load leakage reactance drop
At upf
( ) ( )
2 2
L
E V IR IX + + , then
1
f
I =field current corresponding to E
,
2
f
I field current to overcome armature reaction
1 2
2 2
f f f
I = I +I
E
0
= Voltage corresponding to I
f
At 0.8 pf lag
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + + + , then
1
f
I =field current corresponding to E
,
2
f
I field current to overcome armature reaction
1 2 1 2
2 2
f f f f f
I = I +I 2I I cos(90 ) +
E
0
= Voltage corresponding to I
f
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E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-SLIP TEST ON ALTERNATOR
At 0.8 pf lead
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + + , then
1
f
I =field current corresponding to E
,
2
f
I field current to overcome armature reaction
1 2 1 2
2 2
f f f f f
I = I +I 2I I cos(90 )
E
0
= Voltage corresponding to I
f
% regulation =
Eo V
V
+
s1
f f f
I =I I
+
Voltage in OCC corresponding to I
f
, E
0
= ?
At 0.8 pf lag
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + + +
s2
f
I = field current from air gap line to E in OCC
1 n 1 n
2 2
f f f f f
I I I 2I I cos(90 )
+ +
s2
f f f
I =I I
+
Voltage in OCC corresponding to I
f
, E
0
= ?
At 0.8 pf lead
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + +
s3
f
I = field current from air gap line to E in OCC
1 n
2 2
f f f
I I I
+
s3
f f f
I =I I
+
Voltage in OCC corresponding to I
f
, E
0
= ?
% regulation=
Eo V
V
% Regulation at 0.8pf lag
E= OE (obtained from phasor
diagram 2.)
DEPT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
MAR BASELIOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NALANCHIRA, TVM-695015 43
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-SLIP TEST ON ALTERNATOR
% Regulation = 100%
o
E V
V
, where
f
is supply frequency and
p
, the no. of poles.
% 100
s
s
N N
slip
N
( )
1 2 1
1 2
3 ~
tan
W W
W W
1
+
1
]
power factor =
cos
Result:
Questions:
1.Explain the working of an eddy dynamometer.
2.Can an induction motor work as generator? Explain.
E M LAB MANUAL II SPECIAL MACHINES INDUCTION GENERATOR
3. Compare the performance characteristics of an ordinary and eddydynamometer type squirrel cage
induction motor.