Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS


Walter Driedger, P. Eng., 2000 May 20. walter(at)driedger(dot)ca

First published in H drocarbon Processing , April 1997. This Adobe file is available for download. INTRODUCTION. The purpose of a fired heater is very simple: To add heat to a process fluid. Its representation on a process flow diagram is also very simple. But, of course, fired heaters are among the most complex pieces of process control equipment. Each furnace is, after all, at least two pieces of equipment in one. Firstly, it is a special variant of the shell and tube heat exchanger since its purpose is to exchange heat. Secondly, it is a chemical reactor in which fuel and air undergo extremely exothermic reactions to produce the required heat. In previous articles of this series1, 2, 3, 4, the process aspects of controlling a piece of equipment were presented before dealing with protection and safety. This time the topics will be reversed: In the case of fired heaters, it must be safety first! SAFET . If fired heaters had not been invented and were being proposed for the first time, I would probably say, "You've got to be kidding. That thing will blow up in your face the first time you throw a match in it." However, at least a half a billion gas fired heaters are in service around the world (according to the American Gas Association). Most of them are operated by people with no technical experience whatsoever; few heaters blow up. Still, the average domestic water heater is not in the same league as a hydrogen reformer furnace. The fact that accidents and disasters are as few as they are, is due to the long experience the human race has in dealing with fire. A million years, I'm told. For the last century, this experience has been embodied in various codes and standards that have been written into law and are en-forced by inspectors around the world. THE CODE. The most popular, or notorious, of these codes in North America is NFPA 855 and 866 issued by the National Fire Protection Association. These have been considerably updated
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 1/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

in recent years, especially in terms of clarity. Nevertheless, there is still the problem of interpretation. The code is not at all easy to read as it combines many facets of construction, instrumentation and operation in a single document. Not only that, but the code5 contains the following disclaimers: It is not possible for these standards to encompass specific hardware applications, nor should these be considered a "cookbook" for the design of safet s stems. and: This standard applies to boilers with a fuel input of 12,500,000 Btu/hr (3663 kW) or greater. This standard applies onl to boiler-furnaces using single burners firing: a) Natural gas onl as defined in Chapter 3. b) Other gas with a BTU value and characteristics similar to natural gas. c) Fuel oil of No. 2.... and: Furnaces such as those of process heaters used in chemical and petroleum manufacture, wherein steam generation is incidental to the operation of a processing s stem, are not covered in this standard. What is an engineer to use for a guide when the furnace is not a boiler, but a feed heater; does not exceed 12 million Btu/hr, but is only four million; does not burn natural gas as defined in Chapter 3; but refinery off-gas with a high hydrogen content? Despite the disclaimers, the NFPA series is still an excellent guide to the instrumentation and control of any furnace. FUEL GAS FIRED, SINGLE BURNER FURNACES. The NFPA standard deals with a variety of fuels, both oil and gas. The discussion that follows restricts itself to fuel gas fired, single burners. NFPA standards have been followed as much as possible and have sometimes been exceeded by adding components and control functions where the special requirements of process control make it advisable. Figure 5-2, shows the in-line instruments typically installed on a burner fuel gas train. Diamond symbols with an "I" in them refer to I/O of the Burner Management System (BMS).

.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

2/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

FUEL GAS SUPPL INSTRUMENTS PCV-1 The fuel gas suppl regulator is onl required when the fuel gas pressure must be reduced in two stages. This is often the case in refiner service. See Figure 5-3 for t pical regulator settings.
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 3/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

PI-1 E . P -1 M 100 N FE-3 T / 10% P -3 L , . , . , . NFPA .B (700 P .I ). F PCV-1 PCV-21 . .

PILO GA LINE IN PC -11 T PI-11 O B -14 O , . O T , S I


.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

MEN . ! , .L , , , .
4/24

. .I . , , BV-24, , .

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

SC/O-14 At least one limit switch is required on BV-14 if it is anything more than a simple solenoid valve. This is needed to prove that the valve is shut during the purge phase. For failsafe operation it is best to have a limit switch at each end of travel. The upper limit switch proves that the valve is fully open at all times when the pilot flame is supposed to be on. The article, "Limit Switches Key to Valve Reliability"8 , explains exactly how to connect double, failsafe, limit switches. BV-15 The pilot vent valve makes certain that there is never any gas pressure on the second shutoff valve despite any leakage through the first one. Since its only purpose is to vent leakage, the vent line has a smaller bore than the supply line. It must be fail-open. The Canadian Gas Association code CAN/CGA-3.9-M879 repeats the following table from NFPA 86A 7 for determining vent line sizes: Gas Supply Line Size NPS 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 8 >8 mm ( 40 ) ( 50 ) ( 65 ) ( 80 ) ( 90 ) (100) (120) (150) (200) (>200) 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 Gas Vent Line Size NPS mm ( 20 ) ( 25 ) ( 32 ) ( 32 ) ( 40 ) ( 50 ) ( 50 ) ( 40 ) ( 90 )

>15 % line crosssectional area

For low molecular weight fuels such as hydrogen (Mol. Wt. = 2) or methane (Mol. Wt. = 16) it is sufficient to vent the valve to atmosphere outside the building. For fuels heavier than air, such as ethane, propane and butane (Mol. Wt. = 30, 44, 58 respectively), the vent should be piped to a flare header. Using the table above, it may be determined that a " or 1", simple solenoid valve is sufficient. If not, a fail-open burner safety valve should be used. It operates in a similar, but opposite, manner to BV-14. SC/O-15 Limit switches should be included and incorporated in the BMS logic, if a full-sized vent valve is required.
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 5/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

BV-16 T SC/O-16 L , PI-18 T .

, BV-14. BMS ,

. B -18 T .I BSLL-19 T .A . A .S .A . A .I (UV) , , . UV .D " .O " , BG-45A X, . UV .A . .A , , .A BMS.

.S FUEL GAS LINE INSTRUMENTS PCV-21 T . PI-21 E PSLL-22 PSLL-22 T PSHH-27. .T

. T . BV-24 T .T : -W -W
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

"

". I

. ,
6/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

a e e i if ed. a e e he e e he a e. The a e he id i e e gi ed. e ai

- Lif i g he a e a ga

A a e i h hi f c i i e i e e ed a "f ee ha d e" a e. O ce a i ha cc ed, he a a e e he fi afe h ff a e i e e he b e f eig i i g. Thi i a e e e i a afe fea e. E e if he e i i fficie e e ai ai a f a e, b ed ga a i c ec i he fi eb a d ig i e i h e i e f ce ce a a ge a i ha acc a ed SC/O-24 I addi i , BV-24 e i e a i i i ch e ha i i he ge a d ig i i ha e . I e ZSC/O-14, ab e, de ai he e fai - afe i i i ch a a ge e . BV-25 The f e ga e i i g ab e a ie . SC/O-25 The e i i a e. a e ha i che a e i i a c i e ia i h h d i g ie e f

e f BV-15. The a e he i e f he e

a , de e di g

BV-26 The ec d ai ga afe h ff a e i a i e diffe e f he fi i ha i d e e i e a a a e e . The a a ic e e fea e i acc i hed b a a e ec ic ha e he a e a a i i e e gi ed. The a e fai c ed de-e e gi a i . A a ic e e a e a e ide ified b he i e "M" i ead f he "S" i he b Fig e 5-2. The a e a i c aea e i g fea e. P e he e e h d be di c ec ed a a he a e i e ha a e a e he e id d e ca e he a e c c e. SC/O-26 BV-26 h i he BMS gic. da ha e i i i che h e a i i c a ed

PSHH-27 The f e ga high e e i ch h he f e ga e e e ceed he a i a E ce i e high e e ca b he f a e e i e , highe i he f ace.

d he ai f ace he ab e f a ab e f a e. ha e i eig i e, e ha

The e i a e d a d he e f a a g a i e i ead f i che f e i g ce a e ,e e f h d e . The i a e i he ga ed i he c e i ead f bei g adj ed a he i ch. Ta i e ha e bec e e e iab e ha i che a d a ide ch ei f a i 10 . If hi i he ic a i a a i , he f c i f PSLL22 a d PSHH-27 ca be c bi ed i a i g e a i e ca ed a PSLL-22. A ec d a i e ca he be ed ide e-a a a a a ic ed da c che e. FV-3 M a ge i d ia f ace hea i . De ai f he c c . The ga f c a e ea fe i g ha i d e i e .A i a e 35% f f
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

ha e a ga f c a e d a e he e a e di c ed i he ec i f e be fai -c ed b a ha e e h c e he ea a ab e f a e f i a ica i i . S e e gi ee
7/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

.O .S .I . F , .I .T . SC-3 T .T . PI-28 A .D ! BSLL-29 T (UV/IR) . B , AIR SUPPL INSTRUMENTS. T .S , , PDSH-31 I FE-32 I (A FV-32 L FE-33 T .T .A , ,
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

.T .I 0% , .I , ,

.T UV .T . , .F . , . , (FD)

FD ) .

, .A

.S
1,

. /

.I .O .H , 8/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

consuming to install and maintain. The associated transmitter is also used to provide the pre-alarm for FSLL-36. FV-33 A fail-open combustion air control valve is placed at the inlet to the wind box for those burners requiring external air control. A butterfly valve is a popular choice. Very large fans may have provision for inlet guide vanes which provide a more efficient means of doing the same thing. The valve requires a minimum stop to prevent complete closure. ZSO-33 FV-33 has a limit switch to confirm that it is fully open during purging. VSHH-34 Large fans should be provided with a seismic type vibration switch. A previous article3 discusses these devices. The switch should be connected to shut down the entire system as the heater cannot be operated without the fan. Very large fans may even include an entire bearing vibration monitoring package. YS-34 The FD fan motor status contact is used to provide information to the BMS. FSH-35 The purge air switch is used to indicate adequate purge flow. It is usually a differential pressure switch across the wind box, if any, of the furnace or it may be a signal from the flow transmitter, FT-33. As can be seen in Table 5-1, there is a variety of opinions concerning minimum purge requirements. Specification ASME Section VII11 API(RP 550 NFPA 85015 CGA B149.39 Part 4)12 Time > 5 minutes > 5 minutes not specified not specified Volume > 5 volumes > 5 volumes > 8 volumes > 4 volumes Flow > 25% full flow > 25% full flow > 70% full flow > 60% full flow

Tab e 5-1 Minimum Purge Requirements FSLL-36 The combustion air low flow shutdown switch shuts down the burner if there is insufficient flow for safe combustion. FURNACE INSTRUMENTS TE-41 One or more skin thermocouples should be provided on the tubes of the furnace. The thermocouple element is welded directly to the tubes. Note that the device that receives the T/C signal must be capable of accepting grounded signals. TSHH-42 High stack gas temperature is cause for shutdown. The furnace should also be isolated from the process feed if the feed is flammable. Tube rupture may be the cause for the high stack temperature. AE-43 For a burner to operate at peak efficiency, stack oxygen and combustibles
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 9/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

must be measured and controlled. However, the additional cost and maintenance of stack anal ers limit their use to large burners. High and low alarms should be programmed. PI-44 A draft gauge must be provided to give a grade level indication of the pressure in the furnace. This is a special t pe of pressure gauge sensitive to inches of water pressure. BG-45 A o X FG-45 A o X Viewing windows were mentioned previousl with respect to aligning the flame detectors. Other windows ma be needed as well. These are usuall made of glass and require a small air purge to keep them cool and clean. Regulators are often used control the air flow. This is rather pointless since it is flow control that is required. The presence of pressure ma onl mean that the line is plugged. The absence of pressure ma mean that the purge is flowing freel at a rate be ond the capacit of the regulator. Pressure alone proves nothing. The appropriate instrument is a rotameter with a needle valve. 15 SCFH is a common flow setting. The rotameter provides proof that purge is actuall occurring. A number of purge rotameters can be mounted on a plate and pre-tubed to a small instrument air header. This greatl reduces field labour and provides a convenient wa of checking all purge rates from a single location. PROCESS RELATED SAFETY INSTRUMENTS. The details of process related safet instrumentation depend ver much on the individual process. It is hard to generali e. The majorit of furnace incidents occur during light-off. Therefore, it is not necessaril a good idea to add ever automatic shutdown function that might suggest itself. The safet value of each interlock must be weighed against the risk of unnecessar shutdown and relight c cles. At least one nuisance trip is bound to occur during the life of the equipment for ever shutdown device installed. Furnace isolation valves are especiall problematical.

XV-51 It ma sound desirable to automaticall shut isolation valves if it appears that a tube rupture has occurred. However, remember that an closure of an isolation valve during operation results in loss of flow. Further interlocks must be provided to shut down the burner if this occurs. Even after the shutdown, radiation from the refractor continues to heat the trapped fluid. Boiling ma result in overheated tubes. If the fluid is susceptible to coking, tubing damage ma accumulate even after the immediate incident is past.
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 10/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

If ca ef a a i h ha a i a i a e d ide a e c ib i afe , he a e be i a ed c ec . De ai f XV-51 a e h i Fig e 5-4. The a e be a fi e a ed a e. Tha i , i be ca ab e f ai ai i g a ea i he e e ce f fi e. API SPEC 6FA13 a d 6FC14 i e he e i e e . The i i g f b h e id a d f he a cia ed i i i che h d a be fi e f. Mi e a i a ed (MI) cab e i a a ia e ch ice. V-51 h d be ca ed a ea 50 fee (15 e e ) f he f ace. P i i be ade a a i i ia e a e c ef a ca i a ea a he 50 fee f he a e i e f. The DCS c e i he ai c i a idea ca i . O/C-51 If he ce f id i fficie ha a d ha i a i a e ae c ide ed ece a , a diffic i e be add e ed: Wha h d he fai e de f he a e be? If he a e fai h d i g a e e ge c , a ha a d i a i e i . If he a e fai c ed d e a e i e fai e, he ha a d cc . O e i hi be i e d b e-ac i g, fai - a (- c ed) a e ac a . The e h d be i a ed i h e aae e id : XYO e he a e a d XYC h i . If hi i d e, fai e a e e i ed ca e a de i ed a e ac i . F e a e, if he a e i e i ed be i he e a e, XYO i be e e gi ed. A ig a fai e e i b h e id bei g de-e e gi ed. H e e , he a e i e i ce ai e e he i i i ba a ced. I e i e e e gi a i f XYC bef e a hi g ha e . A a e ha ha bee h beca e f a fi e i e- e d e b ed i i g. I cide a , d b e-ac i g ac a aec ide ab e e e i e ha i g- e ac a . SC/O-51 Li i i che 8 a e ided bef e f ace ig i i i e i ed, a d f he a e e e ha i i f h he ece a . e

V-52 If he f ace c ai a a ge i e f fa ab e f id, a de e i ai a e a be e i ed. I h d be ca ab e f d i g he e i ec e f he f ace he f a e. A chec a e h d be added a he e f he f ace ha he b d a ed e a e de e e he e i e d ea ce . O/C-52 The be a cia ed i h a fai - e de e i ai a e a e i e i e ha i d be acce ab e eai .A e ai fai e d e i a i e f a i g. Th a fai - a a e ac a a a ged i a e a a XV-51 i he ea ab e ch ice. SC/O-52 Li i i che XV-52 h d be i e 51 he he de e i ai a ei e . FSLL-53 Mea i g he ce Re e be ha a ce f ace i ce f , he f ace be i f e ga i e hea e ec i be a ed e a e de he e c If he i e
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

c ed

e e

e i g XV-

e f i a e ce e afe fea e. e e ia a hea e cha ge . If he e i e hea a d a c e e e e. The f he f ace a d he ac . N f ace ca di i . e i , i ca ea ha a


11/24

ce

, FE-33, i high a d he

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

be ha

ed. I

edia e h d

i i

e a i e. ea ha he e be h d . ea ec

TSHH-53 High ce e e ea e ae f ci i g e : The f ace

The e de PSHH-27 c ce i g he e f a i e i ead f i che a a ie he e. M de ga ab e gic c e (PLC ) a d di ib ed c e (DCSe ) a e i e ca ab e f i e e i g he c e a d RTD ig a di ec . C ide a i h d be gi e i g he i ead f he e e iab e e e a e i che he c bi a i f he c ea d i i i 10 . ea PSV-54 I a babi i he e i be b c a e e he e ei he ide f he hea e ha i ca be i a ed a a . If he e e i , a e ief a e be ided. SUPERVISED MANUAL. The NFPA a age e e : A A S a da d 5, 6 ecif e ea e fb e

a ic (Rec c i g) a ic (N ec c i g) e i ed Ma a . The e c ed i i d ia ce f ace i e i ed a a , f e ca ed e ia a ic. NFPA de c ibe i be : Supervised Manual. A s stem b which the furnace is purged and a burner started, ignited, and stopped manuall , with interlocks to ensure that the operation follows proper procedures. Tha hi ea i ha he e a be e e a he b e c he ig i i ced e. A a i e i he he a b a e e he ac i ad a ce he e e . The BMS e i e he e a a d c fi ha a c di i aea ia e f ha e bef e a i gi ceed. If c di i ae g, he BMS h d he e i e e e ce a d he e a ec if he be a d a a e agai . I ' a i e i e a i g S a e a d Ladde e ce ha he e i ic a he . A de ai ed e a e f he ig i i e e ce f a f ace i h a FD fa i gi e be . The i de ed a ag a h a ed " " i dica e a a ic ac i . STEP 1: C e he ga f c a e, FV-3, i i i . O e he c b i ai a e, FV-33, f . , HS-34. (The fa ea .) a be a ed f . he ai c

P h he S a Fa b a e b e he

The g ee Fa R i g igh , YL-34, c e PAUSE The e e ce a ai i defi i e a hi i .

STEP 2: S i ch he E ab e i ch, HS-2, ON. (Thi ca a be d e bef e he fa i a ed.) A he h d , ch a f he Mai C Pa e a a e e ge c h d (ESD) be c ea ed bef e hi ha a effec . The g ee Read igh , XL-2, c e if he e a e ac i e h d . A a ic f c i a e e ab ed ce he i ch i ON. U i ha i , igh a e e ce he Fa R i g igh , a d hb f ci
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 12/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

e ce

he La

Te . A b c a d e

a e a e de-e e gi ed.

PA

E The e

e ce

ai i defi i e a hi

i .

EP 3: P EP 4: P

h he La Te b , HS-9. A igh h d c e . h he S a P ge, HS-35, b . The f i g c di i be e bef e he ge e begi : - B h afe h ff a e a e c fi ed h . - The ga f - The c b c i fi ai c ed a ei c fi ed fi i i ed ide

e ce ca

. e .

a ei c i g (YS-34). .

- The fa i c - The ge f

ig a , FSH-35, i

PA

O ce he e c di i a e e , a i e , KC-35, i a ed. The i e i e ha a i i f eigh ai cha ge f he f ace i a ed. (See Tab e 5-1, Mi i P ge Re i e e .) The g ee P ge C ee igh , FLH-35, f a he hi e he i e i i g. A i e a f he c di i ae e , he i e i e e a d he igh g e ff. O ce he i e ha c e ed he ge i e a , he g ee P ge C e e igh i ead . E The e e ce a ai i defi i e a hi i a g a he fa i i g. h he S a A e e The ig i i The g ee The i The fi The ec Ig i i b , HS-14. ec d i e , KC-14, i a ed. a f e , BY-18, i ed . Pi F a e O igh , BLH-19, i f a hi g. e a e, BV-25 i h . i h ff a e, BV-24, i e ed. d i h ff a e, BV-26, i e ed.
13/24

EP 5: P

.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

Pi f a e, BSLL-19, be c fi ed f ec d i e a he BMS e e S e 4. O ce he i f a e, BSLL-19, i c fi ed. The ig i i a f e , BY-18, i ed ff. The g ee Pi F a e O igh , BLH-19, i PAUSE The e e ce a ai i defi i e a hi i a de ec ed. STEP 6: P

ec

d d i g he

e e

ead . ga i

fa e i

h he O e Mai F e b , HS-24. A ec d e e ec d i e , KC-24, i a ed a d he g ee Mai F a e O igh , BLH-29, i f a hi g. The f e ga e a e, BV-25, i h . The fi f e ga afe h ff a e, BV-24, i e e gi ed. STEP 7: Lif he e e he fi f e ga afe h ff a e, BV-24, i hi e ec d . The a e i he a a ched i he e ii .I i e a a if c di i ae afe. If hi i no c fi ed b ZSO-24 i hi he a ed e ec d , he e e ce e e S e 4. If i i , he e i i i ch i igge he BMS e he ec d f e ga afe h ff a e, BV-26. Mai f a e be c fi ed b BSLL-29 f ec d d i g he e e ec d i e a he BMS e e S e 4. O ce he Mai f a e i c fi ed, he g ee Mai F a e O igh , BLH-29, i ead . PAUSE The f ace i i g i i f a e (a a " fi e"). The e e ce a ai i defi i e a hi i . STEP 8: The e a a e he ga f c a e a a i e. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN. Va i b e i dica i i igge a a ia a f ace h d . The a e ab a ed i Tab e 5-2. The e h d , e ce he f a e fai e , a e ac i e a a i e , i c di g d i g he ig i i e e ce. The f a e de ec a e b a ed d i g he ia f ig i i e i d. B e ESD ca VSHH-34 fa HS-2 a a e Mai Ga BV-24/25/26 De-e e gi e De-e e gi e De-e e gi e De-e e gi e ai De-e e gi e De-e e gi e De-e e gi e
14/24

Pi

Ga

FD Fa S

Ma

a e a a Se 1

BV-14/15/16 De-e e gi e De-e e gi e De-e e gi e De-e e gi e

FSLL-36 ai BSLL-19 i BSLL-29

Se 4

PSLL-22 f e PSHH-27 f e
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

TSHH-41 TSHH-43 FSLL-53 TSHH-53

be ac ce ce

De-e e gi e De-e e gi e De-e e gi e De-e e gi e Tab e 5-2 F ace ESD Ke

Se 6

O he , ce a a be i ha e e, if a

e a ed ESD f c i ch a i a i a d de e e e ed. A h gh a a i f he e i e ce hi g, a be e i ed.

i ai f he f ace, i e i ed de e i e

LOCAL CONTROL PANELS. Fig e 5-5, The Ba ic L ca C Pa e , h he i i a igh , hb a d i che e i ed a he b e . Thi i i a e ha a aa a d h d a e di a ed a ai c c e, e ha a DCS, e he e e e i he a . The ca e a a d he c e ea be i c e c ica i d i g he igh - ff e e ce. A he i e he b e i a e ded. Ma b e a e ied a e f-c ai ed ac age . F ch i a a i ,a ec ee ca a e i e i ed. E e e-a a , h d aa a d a e a i di a ed a a e a a e i dica i g igh he a e . I ge e a , a g d c c de i : P e-A a Sh d Aa O a ge Red G ee G ee Red

Read Ligh Va e O e Va e Sh A

id he e f b e i dica i g igh a he a e ac ica i i ib e i b igh da igh . A a gic be ided d i e he a a i dica a dah acc di g he a da d ISA A a ic Re e e e ce A. The Fi O a d La Te fea e (ISA e e ce15 F3A-14) a e f e e e ed The e ca be acc i hed b dedica ed a a a cia gic b a PLC. L gic a d c ha d a e a be h ed i hi he ca a e e e he e i he a . FEEDBACK FUEL CONTROL. The i e c b i c a a ge e i ha e a e ea ec e (TIC) he ce e c i g he f e ga fi i g a e. Thi e i e e ia i e he edi ide, i e h i g, a a ge e de c ibed "C i g She a d T be E cha ge "3. The TIC a d i e he f e a e di ec , i hich ca e he a e i agged "TV", i a ca cade a f c e (FIC) he f e ga . FEEDFORWARD FUEL CONTROL. I he , feedbac fi e e e hi g. I ac ice, he e a e b e . Fi ed hea e ha e a c ide ab e e e ag cha ge i ei he he fi i g a e ce i e c di i . The e i be a ie di b he e e a ig ifica cha ge cc a ce , f e , ai a iab e. If de ia i f e i i he di ea e, he feed.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 15/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

.B F I "C

(28

) . , "3. S . D

(454

.T

.T .I , , .I , .F .A .F C .T . I "T ".) T .A W .I .T .T , , FFIC-33. AIR CONTROL. A .T .S : T T


.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

5-6

" .

". I

, PT, TE

, FT

, "W B / /( I ". (I ' ) 1/2 . T "W

.I " "

".

.T no .I ,

.I

. .N 90F (50C )
16/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

18% 9% T I , / .A N A O2 .E . ION CON , 5-7 .M XIC , , XIC-99 FFIC-33. T .B / SCFM, BTU/ .I :S .E .O . , , XIC 0 , 100% .S , .S OL. I .T ; , .A 1.8% ,

.B , . . . . .T /

LEAD/LAG COMB .F ,

.F

, XIC-99, .T .T DCS FY-3B FY-33B, ,

, FIC-3, ,

/ SCFM

.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

17/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

So far, so good. But this arrangement does not allow for either rapid transients in the fuel demand nor the possibilit that either the fuel or the air valves ma not be responding correctl . This is where the two limiters come in. The are arranged in what is commonl called a
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html 18/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

"

" .) S

. (N :T "

"

/ ;

" ; ".

T .O .O , . B . T .T .I XIC-99. O .B FY-3B "K" .T .I K FL E GA MEA .I EMEN . M , .T (Z O 2), . A , O2 , .T .T O2 . A , 21 , , 10%


.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

, FT-3, .T .I ,

, : FIC-3 .I . FY-33C /

FFIC-33. I

DCS FFIC-33

. , .T .T ' .A ,

.E , , .T .T 10% , .S 2% .N
19/24

.T

O2 .T O2

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

6% . L ,

O2. T , O2 .T (CO) .E .A , / , .T .E , .D 1% / FFIC-33. .T

.T . S G

BURNER CONTROL and MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. NFPA5, 6 : Boiler Control S stem. The group of control s stems that regulates the boiler process including the combustion control s stem but not the burner management s stem. Combustion Control S stem. The control s stem that regulates the furnace fuel and air inputs to maintain air/fuel ratio within the limits required for continuous combustion and stable flame throughout the operating range of the boiler in accordance with demand. This control s stem includes the furnace draft control where applicable. Burner Management S stem. The control s stem dedicated to boilerfurnace safet , operator assistance in the starting and stopping of fuel preparation and burning equipment, and prevention of damage to fuel preparation and burning equipment. F . C .T , PLC DCS CGA C NFPA 8500 .W NFPA ,

U I

The logic s stem performing the safet functions for burner management and boiler control s stems shall not be combined with an other logic or control s stem. " " , " ". T , .O "NFPA DCS, PLC ."
20/24

.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

T E O A T PLC, , PLC .I PLC PLC DCS. T


10?

. .F , . .

.W DCS , . .N .T ,

BMS F , . P . A DCS, .C : 1. T DCS F R 21 :A L BMS " B .T B 13. A .S .A "I HS-12 ON, BMS . 2. O " BMS " BMS. F BMS 3. I " " BMS. F BMS. 4. N BMS
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

' , .T NFPA .T . A DCS .A " L B 13 ON" 13 .A . BMS. T B DCS 13 BV-24 ON" B 13 "S

:T

BMS .T .

BMS :T

BMS .T BMS. I

.S
21/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

, BMS. 5. I . 6. A .I DCS. T 7. A DCS , , .A .T . I BMS . But... I .I . B " " . COMMISSIONING. N B . NFPA M : S .I , DCS , , ' BMS .I , DCS " " .T 5 DCS. T BMS .I . ' .T BMS

T .

The safet interlock s stem and protective devices shall be jointl tested b the organi ation with the s stem design responsibilit and those who operate and maintain such s stems during the normal operating life of the plant. These tests shall be accomplished before initial operation. .N demonstrated

REFERENCES 1. D , W. C., "C J 1995.


:// . .

C
/CE1_CP/CE1_CP.

"; H drocarbon Processing,

2. D , W. C., "C Processing, M 1996.


:// . .

"; H drocarbon

/CE2_PDP/CE2_PDP.

.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

22/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

3. D iedge , W. C., "C Processing, Ma ch 1998.


h ://

i g She a d T be E cha ge "; H drocarbon

.d iedge .ca/CE3_STX/CE3_STX.h

4. D iedge , W. C., "C N e be 1996.


h ://

i g S ea

Hea e "; H drocarbon Processing,

.d iegge .ca/CE4_SH/CE4_SH.h

5. NFPA 85, B i e a d C 8502, 85A, 85C).


h ://ca a g. f a. g/

Ha a d C de (F

8501,

6. NFPA 86, S a da d f
h ://ca a g. f a. g/

O e

a dF

ace .

7. D iedge , W., Li i S i che Ke


h :// .d iedge .ca/ i i

Va e Re iabi i ; Intech, Ja

1993.

/Li i S .h

8. CSA B149.3, C de f he Fie d A A ia ce a d E i e .


h :// .c a-i . g/ i e e/ e c

a
e.a

f F e -Re a ed C

9. G h , P. a d Cheddie, H.L., Safe Sh d J ifica i , ISA.


h :// .i a. g/

: De ig , A a

i a d

10. ASME B i e a d P e
h :// .a

e Ve

e C de, Sec i

VII, Ca e f P

e B ie .

e. g/ca a g/

11. API RP 556, Fi ed Hea e


h :// .c i f .c

a d S ea

Ge e a

/a iga e.h

12. API SPEC 6FA, S ecifica i


h
.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

f Fi e Te

Va e .

://

.c

i f .c

/a iga e.h
23/24

11/22/11

CONTROLLING FIRED HEATERS

13. API SPEC 6FC, Specification of Fire Test for Valves with Selective Backseats.
http://www.cssinfo.com/apigate.html

14. ISA 18.1, Annunciator Sequences and Specifications.


http://www.isa.org/

15. ISA 77.41, Fossil Fuel Power Plant Boiler Combustion Controls.
http://www.isa.org/

16. CSA 3.9, Automatic Safet Shut-Off Gas Valves.


http://www.csa-intl.org/onlinestore/welcome.asp

.driedger.ca/ce5_fh/CE5_FH.html

24/24

Вам также может понравиться