Hydraulics

Experiment No. 4

Experiment No. 4
1.0 Title:
To study the type of flow by Reynolds experiment

2.0 3.0

Prior Concepts:
Properties of fluids like density, viscosity, discharge

New concepts:
3.1 Propositions Proposition 1: Laws of Resistance to Flow in pipes
Osborne Reynolds in 1883 conducted a number of experiments to determine the Laws of Resistance in pipes to classify types of flow.

Proposition 2: Reynolds number

Reynolds number 'Re' is the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force where viscous force is shear stress multiplied area and inertia force is mass multiplied acceleration. Re = where, Re = Reynolds number V = Velocity of fluid (m/s) D = Diameter of pipe (m) (mu) = Coefficient of Dynamic viscosity of fluid (N-s/m) or Pascal -sec. (nu) = Coefficient of Kinematic viscosity of fluid (m/s) (rho) = Mass density (kg/m3)

3.2

Concept Structure

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Experiment No. 4

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4.0

Learning objectives
4.1 4.2 Intellectual skill
a) a) b) To observe dye filament and identify laminar, turbulent or transition flow To measure the actual discharge in collecting tank To operate valves gradually & carefully.

Motor skill

5.0

Apparatus
1. Reynold's apparatus consist glass tube with one end having bell mouth entrance connected to water tank. The tank is of sufficient capacity to store water. At the other end of the glass tube a cock is provided to control the flow. A small dye (fig 4.1) container is placed at the top of tank. Potassium Permagnet (To give brightly visible reddish colour streak) Thermometer Measuring tank Stop watch

2. 3. 4. 5.

6.0

Diagram

Figure 4.1 Reynold's Apparatus Reynolds carried out experiments to decide limiting value of Reynold's number to a quantitatively decide whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. The limits are as given below.

The motion is laminar or turbulent according to the value of Re is less than or greater than a certain value. If experiments are made with decreasing rate of flow, the value of Re depends on degree of care which is taken to eliminate the disturbances in the supply or along the pipe. On the others

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Hydraulics

Experiment No. 4

hand, if experiments are made with decreasing flow, transition from turbulent to laminar flow takes place at a value of Re which is very much depends on initial disturbances. The valve of Re is about 2000 for flow through circular pipe and below this the flow is laminar in nature. The velocity at which the flow in the pipe changes from one type of motion to the other is known as critical velocity.

7.0

Procedure
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Measure and note down dia of pipe, size of measuring tank and also room temprature Open the main supply valve and fill the tank of apparatus with water, with outlet of glass tube is partly open so that no air is entrapped in the glass tube Close the outlet valve of the glass tube and the inlet valve of the tank when the tank is full. Leave the apparatus for sometime so that water in the tank is at rest and no disturbance. Partly open the outlet valve of the glass tube and the inlet of the tank so that the velocity of the flow is very small and the water level in the tank is fairly constant. Open the inlet of the dye injecter so that the dye stream moves at a straight line throughout the tube showing that the flow is laminar Increase the velocity of the flow and again measure the discharge Take six to seven readings till the dye stream in the glass tube breaks up and gets diffused in water. Also encircle the velocity reading for which the dye flame at waves for the first time near the outlet end of glass tube. Repeat the experiment with decreasing rate of flow and encircle the reading for which dye filament waves for the last time near the end of the glass tube; as the flow changes from turbulent to laminar.

9.

8.0

Observations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Inner diameter of glass tube, D = Cross - sectional area of glass tube, A = ( / 4) x D Mass density of water, = Average Room temperature, = Dynamic viscosity of water at room temp, = Volume of water collected Vol. = Name of dye used

Observation Table

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Experiment No. 4

Hydraulics

9.0

Sample Calculations
Re =

10.0 Results
i) ii) When discharge and Re was small dye line was seen almost straight. This was clearely seen from stretches, till Re = 2000 i.e. Run No. this indicates laminar flow. When the discharge was further increased, the dye line moved towards pipe walls and still remains in a single line. This was seen till run nowhen Re = 4000. This indicate flow is transition state. When the discharge is further increased, the straight streak line of the dye was seen for a small distance less than one third length of the pipe and then dye is thoroughly mixed in the flow this was turbulent flow. Re is more than 4000.

iii)

11.0 Conclusion
Note: Teachers should guide the students to write the conclusion keeping in view skills acquired and results obtained.

12.0 Questions
Note : Distribute any 3-5 questions to each students for writing the answer in lab manual. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is Reynold's number? State some practical examples of laminar and turbulent flow. What is critical velocity of flow? List any four names of the dyes may be used in Renold's experiment. Can we used the concept of Renold's number in open channel? State the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow. What is viscosity of fluid? Which liquid has more viscosity? Water and Oil what is the behavior of path lines i) laminar flow ii) turbulent flow what are the application of Reynolds's No. other than type of flow

13.0 (Space for Answers)

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Hydraulics

Experiment No. 4

(Space for answers)

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Experiment No. 4

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(Space for answers)

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Experiment No. 4

GRAPH

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Experiment No. 4

Hydraulics

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