WAN technologies There are two prevailing definitions of a Wide Area Network (WAN).

The book definition of a WAN is a network that spans large geographical locations, usually to interconnect multiple Local Area Networks (LANs). The practical definition of a WAN is a network that traverses a public network or commercial carrier, using one of several WAN technologies. WAN technologies operate at both Physical and Data-link layers of the OSI models WAN DEVICES Devices on the subscriber premises are called customer premises equipment (CPE). The subscriber owns the CPE or leases(rents) the CPE from the service provider. A copper or fiber cable connects the CPE to the service providers nearest exchange or central office (CO). This cabling is often called the local loop, or "last-mile". Devices that put data on the local loop are called data communications equipment (DCE). The customer devices that pass the data to the DCE are called data terminal equipment (DTE). The DCE primarily provides an interface for the DTE into the communication link on the WAN cloud.

The DTE/DCE interface uses various physical layer protocols, such as High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) and V.35. These protocols establish the codes and electrical parameters the devices use to communicate with each other. For digital lines, a channel service unit (CSU) and a data service unit (DSU) are required. The two are often combined into a single piece of equipment, called the CSU/DSU. The CSU/DSU may also be built into the interface card in the router

Modems transmit data over voice-grade telephone lines by modulating and demodulating the signal. The digital signals are superimposed on an analog voice signal that is modulated for transmission.

WAN Standards WAN standards typically describe both physical layer delivery methods and data link layer requirements, including physical addressing, flow control, and encapsulation. WAN standards are defined and managed by a number of recognized authorities.

-Physical Layer Standards The physical layer protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical, operational, and functional connections to the services provided by a communications service provider.

WAN Connection Types

WANs are generally grouped into three separate connection types: Point-to-Point technologies Circuit-switched technologies Packet-switched technologies >>>Point-to-Point technologies (often called dedicated or leased lines) are

usually the most expensive form of WAN technology. Point-to-Point technologies are leased from a service provider, and provide guaranteed bandwidth from location to another (hence point-to-point). Cost is determined by the distance of the connection, and the amount of bandwidth allocated. Generally, point-to-point links require no call-setup, and the connection is usually always on. Examples of point-to-point technologies include: T1 lines T3 lines >>>Circuit-Switched technologies require call-setup to occur before information can be transferred. The session is usually torn down once data transfer is complete (this is identified as an On-Demand Circuit). Circuitswitched lines are generally low-speed compared to point-to-point lines. Examples of circuit-switched technologies include: Dial-up ISDN >>>Packet-Switched technologies share a common infrastructure between all the providers subscribers. Thus, bandwidth is not guaranteed, but is instead allocated on a best effort basis. Packet-switched technologies are ill-suited for applications that require consistent bandwidth, but are considerably less expensive than dedicated point-to-point lines. Examples of packet-switched technologies include: Frame-Relay X25 A worksite within a company can be categorized as: A central site A branch office Or a telecommuter site

WAN Encapsulation Protocols Recall that WAN technologies operate at both Physical and Data-link layers of the OSI models, and that higher-layer protocols such as IP are encapsulated when sent across the WAN link. A WAN is usually terminated on a Cisco devices serial interface. Serial interfaces support a wide variety of WAN encapsulation types, which must be manually specified.

WAN Connection Dedicated

Protocol/Usage

PPP, HDLC e.g T1 Connection

CircuitSwitched PacketSwitched

PPP, LAPD e.g Dialup connections and ISDN

LAPB, LAPF e,g X.25 and Frame Relay

WAN Topologies Star or Hub-and-Spoke

FULL MESH

Partial Mesh

WAN Considerations Many enterprise WANs will have connections to the Internet(public WAN). This provides an alternative for inter-branch connections.Since the Internet probably exists everywhere that the enterprise has LANs, there are two principal ways that this traffic can be carried. Each LAN can have a connection to its local ISP, or there can be a single connection from one of the core routers to an ISP. The advantage is that traffic is carried on the Internet rather than on the enterprise network, possibly leading to smaller WAN links. The disadvantage of permitting multiple links, is that the whole enterprise WAN is open to Internet-based attacks. It is also difficult to monitor and secure the many connection points. A single connection point (private WAN) is more easily monitored and secured, even though the enterprise WAN will be carrying some traffic that would otherwise have been carried on the Internet.

>>DSL Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a broadband technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data to service subscribers. All forms of DSL service are categorized as ADSL or SDSL and there are several varieties of each type

>>>Cable Coaxial cable is widely used in urban areas to distribute television signals. This allows for greater bandwidth than the conventional telephone local loop. Enhanced cable modems enable two-way, high-speed data transmissions using the same coaxial lines that transmit cable television.