UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (CoICT)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING (ETE)

TE 498:FINAL PROJECT I TITLE:DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CELL PHONE OPERATED CONTROLLER USING DTMF TECHNOLOGY
A Project Report in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Bachelor of Science in Telecommunication Engineering Name: JOHN, Alchard Reg #:2008-04-03312 Supervisor: Prof H.R Mgombelo Submission Date: November 17th, 2011

DECLARATION Certification Statement of authorship and originality

I declare that this report and the work described in it is my own work, with any contributions from others expressly acknowledged and/or cited. I declare that the work in this report was carried out in accordance with the Regulations of the University of Dar-es-Salaam and has not been presented to any other University either in Tanzania or Overseas. Any views expressed in the report are those of the author and in no way represent those of the University of Dar es Salaam.

SIGNED: .. DATE: ...

This report may proceed for submission for assessment for the award of BSc. In Telecommunications Engineering at the University of Dar-es-Salaam.

Review Committee Signature:..Date Supervisor Signature: ...Date....

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to thank God for giving me strength and health to do this project work up to this point. My sincere gratitude goes to Prof. H.R Mgombelo my project supervisor and Madam Josephine Steven together with other CoICT staffs for giving me support and guiding me through this project. Also I would like to thank my family for being close to me through my life, giving me advice whenever I needed and other social economical support. Last but not least my friends were providing support and encouraging me through my project. Especially Mr. Paschal Maduhu who provided a good advice which made me believe that I can do what I am planning to Implement.

Thank you all.

1.0 ABSTRACT The human mind always needs information of interest to control systems of his/her choice. In the age of electronic systems it is important to be able to control and acquire information from everywhere. Although many methods to remotely control systems have been devised, the methods have the problems such as the need for special devices and software to control the system. This project suggests a method for control using the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone generated when the user pushes mobile phone keypad buttons or when connected to a remote mobile system. Since analog devices are rapidly changing with digital devices, digital DTMF decoders become important. In this competitive world human cannot spare his time to perform his daily activities manually without any fail. The most important thing he forgets to switch off the room lights wherever not required. With this, even the power will be wasted up to some extent. This project gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. The main function of the system is to control any electrical devices through mobile phone. In this concept two mobile phones with different service numbers are used, the control phone at receiving end, where the appliances are controlled is interfaced with microcontroller unit which controls the devices through relays. To achieve this, the output of the mobile is amplified and fed to DTMF decoder chip, which generates binary code according to the received information from the other mobile phone. After establishing a communication link between the two mobiles by dialing the home mobile number, the corresponding keys of calling phone must be activated to generate different DTMF signals. Based on this signals, the DTMF decoder generates different binary codes through four outputs, and this data is Fed to the microcontroller. Now the program is prepared for the microcontroller to energize or de-energize the corresponding relay based on the code produced by the DTMF decoder chip.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Acronym DTMF MF IR DSP FFT PC AC DC EEPROM RF HF SMPS IC Definition Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Multi-Frequency Infra-Red Digital Signal Processing Fast Forrier Transform Personal Computer Alternate Current Direct Current Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Radio Frequency High Frequency Switched-Mode Power Supply Integrated Circuit

CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION In the present world of wireless technology everything is going to be digital and wireless, and the cell phone is the key player in wireless technology today. And today technology made the possessing of a mobile phone, considered as a basic commodity. Controlling home and office appliances regardless of time and space is an important challenge. As the mobile phone enables us to connect with the outside devices via mobile communication network regardless of time and space, the mobile phone is a suitable device to control home and office appliances. The system proposed uses the DTMF generated when a keypad button of the mobile phone is pressed by the user. The mobile phone user controls the system by sending the DTMF tone to the access point.

1.2 WHAT IS DTMF? DTMF stands for Dual Tone Multi Frequency, is an international signaling standard for telephone digits (number buttons). When you press the buttons on the keypad, a connection is made that generates two tones at the same time. A "Row" tone and a "Column" tone. DTMF signals can be transmitted over a radio to switch ON or switch OFF home appliances such as Electric fan, Electric iron, security system.

1 4 7
*

2 5 8 0 1336

3 6 9
#

697 770
852

941 Frequency (Hertz)

1209

1447

Figure 1: The DTMF Frequencies and corresponding keys

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT Existing methods for control and monitoring, using remote control have usage problems. y y y Lack of feedback during the process Most of Remote Controls have short working range, Infra-Red Remote Controls produce radiations which are harmful to human being,

The proposed system will solve problems stated above by increasing coverage area since signals will sent to control unit via GSM, so the user can control appliances any time and from anywhere without his/her presence. The system will reduce effects to human being caused by radiations emitted by Remote Controls such as Infra-Red Remote Control. Also the user will be able to know the status of the device.

1.4 OBJECTIVES 1.4.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE Designing and implementation of Cell phone operated controller using DTMF Technology
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES y y y Programming Microcontroller Designing mobile application Interfacing the whole system with the mobile phone

CHAPTER TWO 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY (DTMF) DTMF is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF that is used in push-button telephones for tone dialing is known as Touch-Tone. It was developed by Western Electric and first used by the Bell System in commerce, using that name as a registered trademark. DTMF is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4. The Touch-Tone system, using the telephone keypad, gradually replaced the use of rotary dial starting in 1963 and since then DTMF or Touch-Tone became the industry standard for both cell phones and landline service.

2.3 GEORTZEL ALGORITHM The Goertzel algorithm is a digital signal processing (DSP) technique for identifying frequency components of a signal, published by Gerald Goertzel in 1958 While the general Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm computes evenly across the bandwidth of the incoming signal, the Goertzel algorithm looks at specific, predetermined frequencies. A practical application of this algorithm is recognition of the DTMF tones produced by the buttons pushed on a telephone keypad. It can also be used "in reverse" as a sinusoid synthesis function, which requires only 1 multiplication and 1 subtraction per generated sample.

2.4 MULTI-FREQUENCY SIGNALING (MF) Is a group of signaling methods that use a mixture of two pure tone (pure sine wave) sounds. Various MF signaling protocols were devised by the Bell System and CCITT. The earliest of these were for in-band signaling between switching centers, where long-distance telephone operators used a 16-digit keypad to input the next portion of the destination telephone number in order to contact the next downstream long-distance telephone operator.

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling was developed for the consumer to signal their own telephone-call's destination telephone number instead of talking to a telephone operator. The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 44 matrix, with each row representing a low frequency, and each column representing a high frequency. Pressing a single key (such as '1' ) will send a sinusoidal tone for each of the two frequencies (697 and 1209 hertz (Hz)). The original keypads had levers inside, so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for calling the system multi frequency. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to determine which key was pressed.

2.6 MOBILE PHONE

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smart phones. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 1 kg.[1] In 1983, the Dyna TAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phone

subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion, penetrating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid

2.7 MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller (also MCU or C) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and cost effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller typically integrates additional elements such as read-write memory for data storage, read-only memory, such as flash for code storage, EEPROM for permanent data storage, peripheral devices, and input/output interfaces. At clock speeds of as little as a few MHz or even lower, microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to modern day microprocessors, but this is adequate for typical applications. They consume relatively little power (mill watts), and will generally have the ability to sleep while waiting for an interesting peripheral event such as a button press to wake them up again to do something. Power consumption while sleeping may be just nano watts, making them ideal for low power and long lasting battery applications. Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size, cost, and power consumption compared to a design using a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically control many more processes.

2.8 RELAY Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.

2.9 POWER SUPPLY A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source

2.9.1 TYPES OF POWER SUPPLIES Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into line-frequency (or "conventional") and switching power supplies. The line-frequency supply is usually a relatively simple design, but it becomes increasingly bulky and heavy for high-current equipment due to the need for large mains-frequency transformers and heat-sinked electronic regulation circuitry. Conventional line-frequency power supplies are sometimes called "linear," but that is a

misnomer because the conversion from AC voltage to DC is inherently non-linear when the rectifiers feed into capacitive reservoirs. Linear voltage regulators produce regulated output voltage by means of an active voltage divider that consumes energy, thus making efficiency low. A switched-mode supply of the same rating as a line-frequency supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but will be more complex. 2.9.2 LINEAR REGURATED POWER SUPPLIES The voltage produced by an unregulated power supply will vary depending on the load and on variations in the AC supply voltage. For critical electronics applications a linear regulator may be used to set the voltage to a precise value, stabilized against fluctuations in input voltage and load. The regulator also greatly reduces the ripple and noise in the output direct current. Linear regulators often provide current limiting, protecting the power supply and attached circuit from over current. Adjustable linear power supplies are common laboratory and service shop test equipment, allowing the output voltage to be adjusted over a range. For example, a bench power supply used by circuit designers may be adjustable up to 30 volts and up to 5 amperes output

2.9.3 SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLIES A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) works on a different principle. AC input, usually at mains voltage, is rectified without the use of a mains transformer, to obtain a DC voltage. This voltage is then switched on and off at a high speed by electronic switching circuitry, which may then pass through a high-frequency, hence small, light, and cheap, transformer or inductor. The duty cycle of the output square wave increases as power output requirements increase. Switchedmode power supplies are always regulated. If the SMPS uses a properly-insulated highfrequency transformer, the output will be electrically isolated from the mains, essential for safety.

2.0 MICROPHONE (TRANSDUCER) A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders, karaoke systems, hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, FRS radios, megaphones, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors. 2.0.1 CONDENSER MICROPHONE The condenser microphone, invented at Bell Labs in 1916 by E. C. Wente is also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone capacitors were historically called condensers. Here, the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates. There are two types, depending on the method of extracting the audio signal from the transducer: DC-biased and radio frequency (RF) or high frequency (HF) condenser microphones. With a DC-biased microphone, the plates are biased with a fixed charge (Q). The voltage maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in the air, according to the capacitance equation (C = QV), where Q = charge in coulombs, C = capacitance in farads and V = potential difference in volts. The capacitance of the plates is inversely proportional to the distance between them for a parallel-plate capacitor.

2.0.2 METHODOLOGY Steps and techniques that I will use to design the system are: y Literature review of operation of different components in the system such as micro controller, relays y Making a study of different computer languages which can be used to program a full system y y y y y Consultation with the supervisor and department staffs Programming microcontroller Interfacing the whole system with the mobile phone Test the system Implement the system

CHAPTER THREE 3.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM Mobile phone DTMF Decoder Microcontroller

Channel

Audio Amplifier

RelayControl Device

Home Appliances

Receiver

Condenser Microphone

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 3.4 MOBILE PHONE ON THE TRANSMITTING SIDE The person who wants to switch ON/OFF any device kept at the controller side calls from a phone and, once the call gets picked up, enters the password and tones for a corresponding device. Every key has to be pressed for a minimum amount of time to get it latched at the decoder IC.

3.5 RECEIVER The mobile phone on the receiver side picks up the phone automatically after 5seconds, and then makes the tones available to the DTMF tone decoder IC through Condenser microphone which is connected to the ear piece

3.6 CONDENSER MICROPHONE The capacitor has two plates which has a certain amount of voltage between them. One of the plates in the microphone is made up from light material which acts as a diaphragm. The diaphragm then will vibrate when it is struck by sound waves, which changes the distance between the two different plates which in turn changes the capacitance. When the plates are closer together, capacitance increases which is when the charge currents occur. When the plates are split farther apart, capacitance decreases which is when the discharge currents occur. 3.7 AUDIO AMPLIFIER The audio amplifier is one of the most critical components of a sound system or a speaker unit, because it performs the major function of sound amplification. These amplifiers simply receive low frequency signals (In the range of 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz) and convert them to high frequency signals. Basically, these amplifiers do the conceptually simple task of converting an input signal of few hundred megawatts to a signal of thousands of megawatts. Technically, these amplifiers are designed on the metrics of frequency response, gain response, noise and distortion. The gain factor is probably the most important factor amongst all of them. Increase the gain factor slightly and the noise and the distortion levels in the amplifiers could increase significantly. On the other hand, reducing the feedback ensures that the gain and the distortion levels also come down.

3.8 DTMF DECORDER The DTMF tone decoder IC converts the received tones to their respective binary values and then gives them as an input to the microcontroller.

The DTMF tone decoder ICs internal architecture consists of a band split filter section which separates the low and the high tone of the received tone pair, followed by a digital decode(counting) section which verifies both the frequency and duration of the received tones before passing resultant 4-bit code to the output bus. These 4-bits along with a bit which validates a received tone are given as an input to the port1 of microcontroller.

3.9 MICROCONTROLLER The five output bits of the decoder IC serve as an input to port 1 of the microcontroller. Then each tone is verified by the programmed microcontroller and once a correct sequence of code is received, output corresponding to the tones sent by the user is made available at the port0, which is connected to relay through a relay driver.

3.0.0 RELAY CIRCUITRY The output from the port0 of the microcontroller is given to the relay driver IC which drives the corresponding relay, to which the home appliances are connected.

3.0.1 HOME APPLIANCES One terminal of each appliance is connected to relay and the other terminal is connected to 230v AC. As soon as the relay gets driven by the microcontroller the device gets switched ON/OFF