USAB Coaching L1

2004 version 2.
7 USA Badminton Level 1 Manual All Rights Reserved
LEVEL 1 COACHING COURSE
Version 2.7
Revised Edition Copyright 2004 USA Badminton USA Badminton 1 Olympic Plaza Colorado Springs. CO 80909 719-866-4808 ( main switchboard ) Written by USA Badminton Coaching Staff Badminton Consultant Pictures : Mohan Subramaniam : Mike Gamez and Eric Lee
All rights reserved. Except for use in review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of USA Badminton.
2004 version 2.7 USA Badminton Level 1 Manual All Rights Reserved
Acknowledgement
Special acknowledgement to the following persons: The Caffery family for their generous support of the Coaching Program. Paisan Rangsikitpho, Cliff Peters and Todd Aubin who created the original USA Badminton Level 1 Caffery Coaching Course structures. Todd Aubin who did a lot of early research to produce the information for the previous on line Level 1 course. Nicholas Lee and Casey Gustafson from Spokane for allowing me to use them as models for the stretching poses. Eric Lee who spent time to take the pictures of stretching poses. The IBF for allowing us to use some of the pictures from their previous website and past year magazines. To Mary Ann Bowles, Diane Cornell and Peggy Savosik for proof reading and suggestions. To Mike Gamez and Eric Lee for some of the pictures. Raphael Sachetat of badmintonphoto.com for allowing us to use some of their pictures. their
Please Note: Unless specific reference is made within the resource, the pronouns he, his and him are used in contexts intended to apply to both male and female players. Generally, it is assumed that the players are right handed. However, some pictures may show left handed players.
Introduction
Welcome to the Caffery Badminton Coaching Certification Program. The purpose of the Level 1 Coaching Course is to introduce badminton to Physical Education instructors, parents and individuals who are keen to develop their badminton knowledge and progress to higher levels of the game. This on line resource is not intended to be a substitute for a face-to-face course where the information relating to the teaching of technique will be much more detailed. You will be awarded a certificate of competency from USA Badminton when you attend a face-to-face course. This resource intends to give a wide range of topics such as basic badminton skills, introduction to strategies, coaching basics, safety and simplified laws of the game. As a Level 1 Coach, you become an extension of the USA Badminton high performance program. Your main task is to increase the base playing population at the grassroots by imparting your knowledge to your students, children and friends. Your responsibility is to Teach Players To Play while imparting the skills so that they understand and enjoy learning the game. Most important have fun. Good luck! Mohan
Course Contents
Badminton Background Equipment, Footwear and Clothing Simplified Laws Introduction to the game Strokes Moving on the court Introduction To Strategies Coaching basics Teaching Badminton Modified Games Principles of training Coaching Children and Young People Safety Concerns Glossary of Terms 5 7 9 15 17 29 30 33 40 44 46 47 50 58
Badminton Background
Badminton is one the world's fastest racket sports. At competitive levels one requires quick reflexes and superb conditioning. In a badminton smash, the shuttlecock flight has been timed at speeds over 200 mph in top international competition. Some people think that badminton is a garden game, but this is a myth. The United States was at one time a world power in badminton, particularly between 1949-1967. Among the notable achievements of the US team was winning the Uber Cup (women's world team championships) three times and men's team was also runner-up in the Thomas Cup (mens world team championships) during this time.
Brief Badminton History

Badminton is believed to have originated from the game of battledore and shuttlecock. It was played by one or more players. Players tried to keep the shuttlecock in the air as long as possible. Adults and children played badminton at least 2000 years ago in ancient Greece, and more recently in China, Japan, India and Siam (now Thailand). Sometimes feet were used instead of bats.
Origin of the name

Battledore was a favorite game at the Badminton House in Gloucestershire, England home of the Duke of Beaufort. Sometime between 1863 and 1866, during a party the daughters of the Duke of Beaufort were playing battledore and shuttlecock. One of them tied a string from the doorway to the fireplace and while they were playing, a gentleman who was present advised them to hit the shuttle away from each other to make more interesting. This led to the beginning of modern badminton.
Origin of rules
The first rules were drafted in Poona, India in 1873. At that time badminton was played mainly as an outdoor sport. In 1893 fourteen clubs in England got together to draft a uniform set of rules. Badminton was played on an hourglass shaped court right after 1900. In 1901, a standard set of rules was drafted and badminton was played on a rectangular court to this day.
Badminton as a sport
The International Badminton Federation was formed in 1934. The founding members were Canada, Denmark, England, New Zealand, Netherlands, Ireland, Wales, Scotland and France. In 2003, there were 153 members. The first known international tournament was the All-England, which is now 100 years old. This championship is annually held in March. The worlds most prestigious competition is the Thomas Cup (mens international team championship) and the Uber Cup (womens international team championship). Both the Thomas and Uber Cups are held every two years. The World Championship has a mixed team event and individual championship. It is held every two years. The mixed team event is known as the Sudirman Cup. Badminton officially became an Olympic sport in 1992 at the Barcelona Olympics. It received Olympic status twenty years after it was staged as a demonstration sport at 1972 Munich Games.
Equipment, Footwear and Clothing

Rackets and Tension
The racket is the most important equipment for the badminton player. Therefore, a player should feel comfortable using it. Pay attention to durability, weight and balance, grip size, string type, tension and of course cost. In the past rackets were made of a graphite shaft with an aluminium head. Today's rackets are made of composite materials inlaid with exotic materials like titanium. They are lighter and can withstand higher tensions. Most racket manufacturers recommend that the racket be strung at tensions ranging from 17 to 19 lbs but most rackets can take tensions from 23 to 24lbs. Many high-level players string their rackets at much higher tensions, however, this practice will increase the probability that the racket will break. By going higher tension, less power is produced but the sweet spot on the racket face becomes smaller and this helps improve control. On the other hand, reduced tension enlarges the sweet spot area and increases elasticity. Hence, leading to increased power and losing some control.
Shuttles
There are two types of shuttles available, feather and synthetic. Feather shuttles are used for national and international level competitions and probably among top clubs. Beginners, children and social players mainly use plastic shuttles. They are more durable but they do not have the natural touch, flight and speed of the feather shuttles. Feather shuttles are mainly made from 16 goose or duck feathers inserted in a cork base. The most important thing to look out for is shuttle speed as shuttle speed affects the game. The common shuttle speed used by many manufacturers is 75, 76, 77 and so on. The shuttles flight is affected by temperature changes, humidity and atmospheric pressure. A shuttlecock will fly further in a hot playing arena than a colder one. It will also fly much further at a height of 5,000 feet than it will at sea level. You have to be careful when purchasing shuttlecocks. It all depends on the playing conditions. It is advisable to store shuttles in a slightly damp place and the temperature should not exceed 55F. It is advisable not to store in a dry cupboard, heated room or in a refrigerator. Exposure to heat will dry the shuttle and distort the ring of feathers and this will eventually affect shuttle flight.
How to test shuttles?

To test a shuttle, use a full underhand stroke to strike the shuttle from above the back boundary line at about 45 degrees so that it will fly parallel to the sideline and land within not less than 530mm (19) and not more than 990mm (33) short at the other boundary line. (See Law at IBF website www.worldbadminton.net)
Footwear
Remember badminton movement involves quick changes of direction, explosive take offs at various angles, jumping and landing. These place a lot of pressure on the knees and feet. Therefore players need to wear shoes that can cushion the force on the feet and are able to provide adequate friction on the court surface. It is also advisable for players to wear comfortable socks to protect the soles of their feet.
Clothing
Clothing is a personal choice. However, as badminton requires a wide range of movement, it is highly recommended that players wear loose fitting clothing so that they will have freedom of movement. Loose clothes also allow the body to breathe. When purchasing clothing it is best to seek material that readily absorbs sweat, as badminton players tend to sweat profusely. For beginners and social players casual clothes may be good enough. However, an organized club may have specific guidelines.
Simplified laws
Badminton is a sport for everyone. Anyone can learn the game and play at his own pace. It can be modified for the disabled and the young. In competition, there are various events for both males and females. Many Americans have played badminton as a backyard game, but top class badminton is a very fast racket sport. In a smash, the shuttle can leave the racket at a speed of over 200 mph. Elite badminton players need to be quick all the time - running, jumping, twisting, stretching, running forward or backwards, striking and making decisions. They have to be explosive, possess quick reflexes and excellent hand-eye coordination and possess superior aerobic endurance. In a typical two-game singles match, top players must cover the whole court and possibly travel more than a mile. The game is played by opposing players on a rectangular court which is divided into two halves by a 51 high net (see court dimensions). Two players make a singles game, four players make a doubles or mixed doubles game. The main objective in badminton is to place the shuttle away from the opponents so that they are forced to make errors such as hitting into the net, missing the shuttle or even hitting the shuttle out of the court. A player or a doubles pair who achieves this after they have served will be awarded a point. Another way to get points is to hit the shuttle at the opponents body. The first player or pair to reach the required number of points wins the game.
Simplified Laws
Starting the game
To start the game a toss has to be made. A coin or a shuttle can be used in the toss. The side or person winning the toss has the choice to serve first, receive service or choose which side of the court they prefer. The losing side has the remaining options.
Scoring
Points are only awarded to the server or the serving pair. If the server makes an error, the receiver wins the right to serve. In doubles when the serving pair makes an error, a second service is awarded before the other pair serves. The score is tied when either side needs only one point to win the game or match, the side which reaches that score first has the option of setting. Many people use the wrong term deuce, which is actually a term used in tennis.
Players always set to three points. The latest revised law is effective from 15 April 2003. The scoring system below applies to all international and formal competitions: Original Points Per Game 15 11 15 15 15 Setting Point 14 10 14 14 14 Setting To 3 3 3 3 3 Final Score In A Set Game 17 13 17 17 17
Events
Mens Singles Womens Singles Mens Doubles Womens Doubles Mixed Doubles
Source: IBF Statutes
Some times social players may like to have their own scoring rules. It does not matter. Remember the whole idea of playing is to have fun. Some examples: Examples of scoring systems 3 games of 9 points (third game is played if there is a tie) 1 game of 21 points Setting Point Setting To Final Score In A Set Game
8 20
3 3
11 23
Please note: Some social players do not adhere to the setting rule.
The users of the scoring system make the decisions based on their own situations. For instance, the 3 games of 9 points is a popular scoring system used by a province in New Zealand, Southland particularly in the fast doubles; an event created for the pre-season to attract people to play shorter games. Whereas in some schools competition in Malaysia they use the 21 point system to save time as the entries are very large.
A game or a set?
In mens singles for instance, when a player gets 15 points (or 17 points if there is setting) he is deemed to have won the game. Officially, a match shall consist of a maximum of three games. If a player won the first two games, the third game need not be played. This player then won in straight games. The third game is only played if both players have won a game each.
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In official competitions, there is a 90 second interval between the first and second game. Between the second and third game there is an interval of 5 minutes. During both these intervals, coaches may speak to and advise their players.
Serving In Singles
In singles the server serves either from the right service court when the score is 0 or any even number (2,4,6.) and from the left service court when the score is an odd number (1,3,5...). The server serves from the appropriate service court and the receiver shall follow on the opposite side. The same thing applies for setting where the servers current score decides where he shall serve. The player who wins a game serves first in the next game.
Left Service Court Right Service Court A Right Service Court B Left Service Court
Note: Shaded area is the playing area
Serving In Doubles

Left Right When beginning a game of doubles, the server of the Service Service serving pair serves from the right service court. Court Court The commencing pair will have only one serve. A1 B1 If the serving pair wins a point, the same server Right B2 Left Service Service continues to serve from the next service court. Court Court Only the serving pair will determine the service court A2 they are going to serve from. Upon losing a rally, service is awarded to the receiving pair. Note: Shaded area is the playing area From this point onwards both pairs will have two serves. If the server's side loses a rally, the right to serve passes to the server's partner. No player shall receive two consecutive services in the same game. Players stand and receive within their own service courts. During service, the servers partner and receivers partner may take up any position within the court without blocking the server or receivers view. The side winning a game serves first in the next game.
Receiving in Doubles
Unlike singles, the receivers do not change court to receive serve. Only the players on the serving side will change service courts. After the receiver has returned the shuttle, any player can hit the shuttle from any position. If an error (serve out of turn or receive in the wrong service court) is discovered before the next service, it is a "let" (i.e. played over) unless only one side was at fault and lost the rally.
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Service
Server and receiver always stand diagonally in opposite service courts. The whole shuttle must be hit below the servers waist at the instant of hitting it. At the point of hitting the whole racket head shall point downwards and should be discernibly below the whole of the servers racket hand The servers racket shall initially hit the base of the shuttle. Some parts of both feet of the server and receiver must remain in contact with the surface of the court until service is delivered. The movement of the servers racket must continue forward after the start of service until service is delivered.
Change Ends
Players change ends at the end of the first game. If there is a third game, players will change ends when the score reaches 6 for Womens Singles and 8 for the other events. If the players or umpire forgets, change ends immediately once the mistake is discovered. However, the score stands.
Shuttle in play
If the shuttle falls on the line, it is considered IN. In order to be considered out the shuttle has to fall completely clear off the line.
The court
The court has standard measurements. The standard line width is 1.5 (40mm) The lines can be drawn or marked on any surface. The nets height is 51 (1.55m) at the post and 5 (1.524m) at the center of the court. See the diagram below for a clearer picture of the badminton courts dimensions. For singles and doubles, the area between the short service lines is out during service. In doubles, the areas between the back lines and the doubles service lines are out during service. During play in doubles the whole court (20x44) is used whereas in singles the areas along both the singles sidelines are out (17x 44).
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Playing Areas and Court Dimensions
Singles
Doubles
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Let
A let (or play over) is awarded when a rally is stopped with neither side winning or losing. A let may be given by the umpire (or by a player if there is no umpire) if: There is an accidental interference during play. During play the shuttle gets caught in the net after passing over the net (except during service). The shuttle disintegrates and the base separates from the rest of the shuttle. The server and receiver are both faulted at the same time. The server serves before the receiver is ready. The line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision. Both sides committed a service court error. One side committed the service court error and won the rally.
Faults
A player or players side loses the rally if: The service is not correct. The server misses the shuttle during service. The shuttle lands outside the court. The shuttle passes through the net. The shuttle fails to cross over the net. The shuttle touches the walls or ceiling or ground before being retrieved. The shuttle is hit twice. The shuttle hits a player, attire, equipment or any person or object outside the immediate surroundings of the court. The shuttle is hit by both of the doubles partners in succession. A player invades the opponents court or obstructs him from making a legal stroke. While the shuttle is in play, the players racket, part of his body or his clothes touch the net or its support.
For more information on SERVICE, LETS and FAULTS please refer to latest IBF Statutes at the IBF Website www.worldbadminton.net
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Introduction to the game

Badminton is a game of out-witting and out-maneuvering the opponents in order to force them to make mistakes or make them to play a poor return which can be killed. In order to be able to play effectively all players need to have: Good strokes - Racket Control skills; that is hitting techniques Movement skills - Coordination, Flexibility, Agility and Footwork Good Physical Condition - Efficient Energy Fitness and Muscular Fitness Quick to cope pressure - Mental skills for coping and adjust to stress Decision making skills - Understand how and when to play shots and get winners
How do you play the shuttle?

Hitting Techniques
1. Hit very high to the back of the court 2. Hit very hard downwards from the back of the court 3. Hit very gently close to the net from the back of the court 4. Pushed flat almost parallel to the floor to the back from the net area 5. Lift to the back of the court from front court or mid court 6. Hit flat almost parallel to the floor just skimming the net from mid court or back court 6. Caress shuttle delicately placing shuttle closely over the net
Stroke
Clear Smash Drop shot Push Lift Drive Net shots
Different hitting techniques are used in different parts of the court and for different intentions.
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For beginners to understand how they can play the game, ask them to imagine that the court can be divided into areas of play Front Court, Mid Court and Back Court. We will delve more into the court areas at Level 2. By having a picture of shuttle locations in different areas of the court, the players will have a better understanding of what shots can be played and what shots might be played by the opponent.
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Strokes
Back Court - Underarm Strokes
1. Defensive Clear 2. Attacking Clear 3. Drop Shot 4. Fast Drop Shot 5. Smash
Back Court - Underarm Strokes
6. Drive 7. Baseline Underarm clear
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Mid Court - Underarm Strokes
8. 9. 10. 11.
High Serve Short / Low Serve Flick Serve Block
Front Court Strokes
12. Net Lift 13. Straight Net 14. Tap / Net Kill
Mohan 2002 2004 version 2.7 USA Badminton Level 1 Manual All Rights Reserved
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Shuttle Position
It is important to know some basic terms regarding shuttle locations. First, imagine that the player on the court is inside a huge box. There are many boxes inside this huge box. Here the player is shown as being in two sets of boxes.
A stroke refers to the shuttle trajectory and limb - body movements involved when player hits the shuttle
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Basic Grips
A correct grip is most important. The purpose of different types of grips in holding the racket handle is to give control of the racket head and face. A poor grip results in a poor quality stroke and a lack of power. Players need to change grips according to the stroke they are going to play. When the shuttle is on the racket side, the forehand grip is used whereas when the shuttle is on the non-racket side the backhand grip is used. At Level 1, we will keep it simple and focus on two basic grips. There are many ways to teach players grips.
The Forehand Grip

Coaching points: Hold the racket in your free hand or non-racket hand. Spread the palm of the racket hand flat on the strings. Glide hand down the shaft towards the handle.. Gently shake hand with the handle. A "V" forms between the thumb and index finger. The forefinger should be slightly separated from the other fingers and it is slightly higher on the racquet handle than the thumb. Grip the handle in a relaxed manner and not squeeze tightly. The fingers will tighten on the handle just before impact with the shuttle - the greater the power needed, the tighter the grip
Forehand Grip
The Basic Backhand Grip
The basic backhand is used when the shuttle is played on the non-racket side or when tapping the shuttle close to the net. There are many ways to teach players the backhand grip. Here is one suggestion:
Notice the V shape
Hold racket in the forehand grip. Move the thumb and place it on the flat side of the handle for leverage. For very young beginners tell them to place the thumb on the flat side of the handle and ensure that their thumb on the handle should be pointing towards the throat of the racket.
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Ready Position
This is a position of alertness after service or during play. In order to be able to cover the court well, players must wait in a strategic position (base of operation) where they can cover the whole court or the probable areas when the opponent is going to send the shuttle. The waiting player should adopt a certain stance so that he can move quickly. In this position he should: Keep racquet in front almost parallel to the ground. Keep feet at least shoulders width apart. Racket foot slightly further forward. Trunk leaning forward slightly. Keep knees slightly bent. Heels slightly off the ground. Maintain some movement to keep the momentum so that you can take off quickly.
The first ready position shows a player in a defensive attitude. Whereas the second ready position shows a player who is in neutral attitude.
Note: This is not the ready position when receiving serve
The Service
There are basically two serves the high serve and the low serve. The high serve is mostly used singles. Variations include the deep high serve, the flick serve and the drive serve. The high and flick serves are commonly used in singles. Here the main focus is the high serve.
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The High Serve

Serving high and making the shuttle fall vertically in the back court will make it difficult for the opponent to play an aggressive shot. First, he has to move backwards. Second, he needs to use a greater back swing and use more body parts to produce a greater force. Third, the string will make contact with the feathers (or skirt when plastic shuttles are used) first, rather than the cork. In this way, some of the power will be absorbed. Stand sideways near the center line approximately in the middle of the court. Non racket leg forward. Use forehand grip. Hold the shuttle at eye level in front of the body. Swing racket to the back. Use a big forward swing. Transfer weight from racket leg to non racket leg. Follow through in the intended direction of the shuttle.
The Short Serve

The aim is to skim the net so that the opponent cannot hit the shuttle down. The server can either use the forehand or backhand serve for both singles and doubles.
Forehand serve
The stance is the same as the high serve. Use the forehand grip but hold half way up the racket handle. This is called the short grip. The shorter grip results in better control. Lock the wrist and use a small swing. Hold shuttle at waist level. Guide the shuttle low over the net with a smooth action.
Backhand Serve
The backhand serve is commonly used by many players in doubles. Stand close to the service line. Use the backhand grip. Keep racket leg forward. Hold shuttle by the feathers. Use a small swing and hit the shuttle out of the hand.
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Flick Serve
This serve is mainly used in doubles as a surprise. The idea is to make the opponent believe that you are going to play a short serve. The flick serve must resemble the short serve until the last split second when with the flick of the wrist the shuttle is driven over the opponents outstretched racket. The follow through of the racket is higher than the short serve. The trajectory of the flick serve is lower than the trajectory of the high serve. If used sparingly, it will be a great asset to surprise opponents and at the same time make those who love to rush at a short serve to be more cautious.
Receiving Service
When receiving service a player has to be alert not only mentally and visually but also physically. It is important the racket is held in front of the body and the knees slightly flexed with the non-racket foot forward. In short, the receiver should be in attacking mode. In this position, he should be able to react to any type of service.
Receiving Stance In Singles
In singles, the service area is larger and therefore standing slightly further back in mid court is more appropriate as it will give him a more central position. In doubles the receiver stays closer to the service line. This is because in doubles he needs to control the front court and the service area is smaller.
Receiving Stance In Doubles
Back Court Strokes

Overhead Strokes Forehand Clear
The clear is the most important overhead stroke. It is mainly used in singles to move the opponent to the back court and create space in the front court. By playing the clear, a player has more time and he is able to recover to
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the central position (waiting position). If the clear is hit flatter and faster, it is an attacking clear. This will force the opponent to move faster to the back court. When the shuttle is hit very high, it is a defensive clear. This stroke is played when players need time or when they are on the defensive. The clear is basically a throwing action. It is the foundation for all other overhead strokes. It is very useful with beginners to practice the throwing action using a shuttle. A player with a good throw has the potential to hit a good clear. Stand side ways to the net with the non-racket shoulder facing the net. Keep elbows and upper arm almost parallel to the ground and racket head above the head. (see pictures) Swing racket towards shuttle and bring the elbow through high and close to the head. At the same time thrust racket hip forward. Contact with the shuttle high. Follow through with the racket and racket leg.
Overhead Drop Shot

The purpose of the drop is to bring the opponent in close to the net and open up a gap in the back and mid court. The basic preparation is the same as for the clear except at impact: Just before impact, take the power out of the shot by checking racket head speed and by keeping the grip relaxed. The contact point with the shuttle is slightly further forward than the clear.
Smash
The smash is the main attacking stroke. It is usually used to end a rally or speed up the pace. The preparation for the smash is the same as for the clear and drop shot. The impact point is further upwards from the body slightly in front of the racket shoulder Transfer the body weight onto the shuttle Use the racket hip, forearm rotation and a tighter grip at impact to add power to the smash A fast and explosive forward swing of the racket will assist in producing a more explosive smash
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If the smash is taken high, the angle will be steeper and it will be very difficult for the opponent to retrieve.
Backhand Overhead Clear

Most average players have difficulty in returning backhand shots. Most players are advised by their coaches to use the around the head when returning shots heading to the backhand area. However, it is not possible to do so when the shuttle has passed. Therefore, it is important to teach our players to exploit the backhand. The back is turned towards the opponents court with the weight on the racket foot. Keep eyes on the shuttle. The racket is held across the body with the backhand grip with the racket elbow low until ready to hit. Just before impact, the racket travels across the body from a low to a high position towards the shuttle. Hit shuttle with a whip like action. There is no big follow through. Turn the body in the direction of the shuttle.
Mid Court Strokes

Drive
The drive is an attacking shot. It is widely used in doubles. It can also be used in singles to counter flat smashes and pushes at the sides. The aim is to pressure the opponent and also limit the opponents options to attack. If the shuttle is hit away from the body, turn body side ways to the net. Lunge with racket foot and hit almost at the same time as the racket foot lands. Hit shuttle at net height with a short and explosive swing on either the backhand or forehand. If the shuttle is not too far away from the body, it is not necessary to turn body side ways.
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Forehand Drive
Backhand Drive
Block
In singles the most effective way to return the smash is blocking the shuttle and keeping it as close to the net as possible. In this way, the player who smashes will have more ground to cover. The block can also be used in doubles but it must be done with caution as one of the opponents at the front court area may take advantage. This stroke requires good soft control. So beware of the grip! Make sure that the grip is relaxed; almost holding with the fingers Absorb the smash with a gentle forward movement towards the shuttle The racket face angle determines the height of the shuttle crossing at the net.
Forehand block
Backhand block
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Front Court Strokes

Net Shots
Net shots may be taken above the net level or below. If the shuttle is taken above net level a net kill (tap), an explosive downward shot may be played. If the shuttle is taken at net height, the shuttle can be played as tight as possible to the net so that it is difficult for the opponent to return the shuttle or it can be pushed into an open space or into the opponents body. The essential thing in playing net shots is to keep the racket up in front of the body. The other key points are: Keep racket foot forward and racket arm elbow slightly flexed. Contact shuttle as early as possible to have more options. Grip racket loosely. Manipulate racket face with fingers, thumb and wrist. Caress shuttle instead of striking it The follow through is minimal.
Net kill Shuttle taken above net level
Forehand Net Backhand Net
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Net Lift or Underarm Clear

This is a defensive shot performed from the front court to the back court. The shuttle is hit underarm either forehand or backhand. Use the forehand grip for Forehand Net Lift and backhand grip for Backhand Net Lift. Body weight transfers from the non-racket foot to the racket foot as the shot is played. Swing racket from the elbow as racket foot lands. Contact shuttle slightly outside the racket foot. Follow through in the direction of shuttle flight
Forehand Net Lift
Backhand Net Lift
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Moving On The Court

Movement is the essence of any racket sport. A player with excellent racket skills will become average without efficient movement. Badminton movement is very much situation specific. It involves the whole body. As shots during rallies go all over the court at different speeds, angles and heights, the movements involve a series of stops and starts.
Movement Patterns
Movement to the front and mid court involves mainly side way movements and ends with a racket leg lunge. Movement to the back court involves body and hip rotation with the racket leg at the back. Most of the time players jump off with racket leg when attempting to hit and rotate.
Movement Skills
Badminton footwork involves starting, stopping, lunging, twisting, stretching, running, walking, jumping, bending and all the possible movements that can help a player to reach and retrieve the shuttle economically. Some of the important ones are:
Lunge for ending side way Movements or movements at the corners and front court Split jump for initiating movement
Chasse for quick side way movement
Jump and rotate when hitting aerial shots 2004 version 2.7 USA Badminton Level 1 Manual
All Rights Reserved
Stretch to retrieve far away shots. 29
Introduction To Strategies
As a players skill level improves, his game will become more and more complicated. Play will progress from hitting over the net into the opponents court to a more complicated one involving disguised shots, controlling opponents, changing directions, pace and angles. All these elements will vary according to a players game plans strategy. In trying to develop a strategy, a player must consider one's own and the opponent's strengths and weaknesses. A player wants to hit shots that will favor his strengths and take advantage of the opponent's weaknesses. Do not be afraid to change a losing plan, and never change a plan that is working. Sometimes when a plan is not working, one can abandon it temporarily and get back to it if the other fails.
Singles
In a game of singles, it is important to maximize the court. Remember the singles court has more depth than width. For this reason singles players use more clears, drops and net control to move the opponent and open up gaps before they can play a point winning shot. A simple strategy employed by most singles players is to serve the shuttle very high and deep to the opponent's court with the aim of moving the opponent to the backcourt and to direct the flight of the shuttle in such a manner that it will fall in a vertical position. In moving the opponent to the backcourt, you force the opponent to expend more energy in returning the shot and at the same time create situations to make the opponent cover the most amount of distance. It is important to observe the opponents strengths, weakness, favorite stroke, dislikes and pattern of shots. For instance if a player is weak in retrieving fast drops in his forehand front court area, an attacking clear to his backhand at the backcourt may produce a week return which can be capitalized for a kill or enable you to play a fast drop to his weak forehand front court. Sometimes a strategy to manipulate his strong area can also help you to catch him off guard because more often he may send the shuttle to his favorite spot. Generally, always employ a strategy that exploits the opponents weakness and avoids his strengths. In order to apply a variety of strategies, movement efficiency and consistent stroke production are required. The most important thing when playing any shot in singles is to try to return to a central base position base of operation in the mid court area. This is not a fixed position but it is a comfortable position whereby you can cover all the possible shots of the opponent.
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Doubles Tactics
The basic serve in men and womens doubles is the low or short serve. The server immediately takes the frontcourt position and part of the mid court. His partner will cover the backcourt. They take up a frontback position. By doing this, the receiver is forced to lift the shuttle to the backcourt giving advantage to the serving side. The only way the receiving side can get an upper hand is to play net shots or play flat shots to the sides, body or backcourt. The flick serve is used as variety, especially if the receiver is slow to the backcourt. However, this puts the serving pair on the defensive. The serving side will take a defensive stance by going side-side. The same system should be applied during rallies; that is when attacking a pair should go front-back and when defending they should go sideside. When defending it is recommended to lift deep and make sure that the front player opponent is not able to intercept the shot. The defending pair can also counter attack by driving the shuttle past the front player or blocking the shots to the frontcourt. When such shots are played, it is important that the defender who hit move towards the net. In this way, a defending pair can move into attacking position. Once in attacking position, the back player should maintain attacking mode by playing downward shots of Defending formation: varying angles and pace in order to force the opponents Side-Side to make weak replies. In other words, the back player is constantly trying to create opportunities for his partner the front player. The front or net player should always look for opportunities to kill the weak returns or intercept any shuttle that is within reach. He should keep his racket above the net so that the shuttle could be struck early. A word of caution: the back player should attack straight most of the time so that the front player will know where the attack is aimed. Cross court shots should be used sparingly as it will put the front player out of position and also create a gap for the opponent to take advantage. Womens doubles follow the same principles as above but there is even greater emphasis on moving opponents out of position before attacking. Another useful strategy is to isolate one player in the backcourt. By moving her side to side or pinning her to one area at the back court, the defending side creates gaps to counter attack and eventually gets a chance to win the rally.
Attacking formation: Front-Back
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Mixed Doubles Tactics

The basic formation for Mixed Doubles involves the man covering the backcourt and mid-court while the woman covers the frontcourt. The woman should immediately assume this role right from the time of service by positioning herself at the frontcourt. The low service should be emphasized as in the mens and womens doubles but with frequent application of the flick serve to the woman in order to force her to the back court. When attacking the pair should assume the front-back position with the women playing the role of front player unless forced to move to the back. She should always be vigilant enough to intercept passing shots and pressure the opponents. When forced to lift, the pair should immediately assume the side-side position. The woman should always position herself diagonally opposite the opponent who is hitting the shuttle (see picture). In this way, the man will take the powerful straight attack whereas the woman will have a little more time to track the shuttle as it will have a slightly longer distance to travel. Mixed doubles is a tactically complicated event. Therefore, small children and beginner juniors should just play normal doubles as the physical differences between male and female players do not start to occur until puberty. Most often, at the same age, girls are more physically developed than boys. There is no shame in reversing the typical roles of players to produce winning effects.
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Coaching Basics
What is Coaching?
Coaching involves more than just developing the athletic skills of an athlete or about imparting your knowledge. It is also about character building and helping them to develop their talent. The most important thing that a coach does is to create environments for people to experience fun. You can achieve this through planning, training organization, assessment of feedback and reviewing the current program to suit everyones needs. Another important thing a coach must always remember is that everyone is a unique individual. If you are keen in coaching what matters most is the way you do your job. As a coach you will play many roles: a teacher, a communicator, a motivator, a manager, a role model, a friend, etc. You need not to be an expert in any of these. As a rookie in coaching, enthusiasm, a little badminton knowledge, coaching and most important a lot of common sense will take you a long way.
Being a successful coach

In order to be a successful coach you need to observe some guidelines; for example: Make badminton fun, friendly and easy to learn. Emphasize fair play. Be supportive, sensitive to your players differences and most important listen to them. Be a leader. Be organized and time focused. Plan an active practice. Keep activities and tactics simple.
Roles of Coaches
The coach may have to assume different roles at the same time. The multi roles that a coach may assume are:
Friend Guardian
- support and sustain the athlete - protect the athletes from injury and harm, promoting their health and well-being Instructor - direct activities and practices Manager/administrator - organize and plan sessions, programs and competitions Motivator -create a positive and decisive environment in which the performer can develop Scientist - analyze, evaluate and solve problems Social worker - counsel and advise the athletes Student - listen, learn and develop their coaching skills and knowledge Talent scout - discover new talent
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Teacher
-share information and empower the athletes to take ownership for their own development and performance
The roles of coaches depend on various factors such as the administrative and coaching support, the community, his personal time and commitment and most important his athletes aims and ambitions, skill level, experience, age and maturity. Most often coaches start off as instructors and teachers but as their athletes mature and as their level of play moves up the ability ladder the relationship develops and their roles also change to mentors or consultants (see figure below)
The hierarchy of coaching roles
Maturity and Level of play
HIGH PERFORMERS
CONSULTANTS
DEVELOPMENT MENTORS
BEGINNERS INSTRUCTOR
mohan 2002
Among the importance of roles of a coach is to be a leader who initiates, thinks and plans activities ahead. Always strive to bring the best out of your players.
Variety is fun
People take up badminton to have fun. They should learn as many skills as possible. Variety will help people particularly the young to develop a wide range of skills and cater to their different goals and abilities. It will keep them enthusiastic about the sport.
Fair Play
Earlier we discussed that coaching is also about character development. One of the things coaches need to inculcate is fair play. Fair play is a positive attitude. But first as coach we are role models it is important that we teach fair play by example. This will be a big influence on
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the players. Fair play is about fairness in all areas of competition. It involves coaching, playing, umpiring and spectators. It is important players abide by the laws and accept the decisions of officials and respect officials and opponents.
Give Everyone a Go
Badminton is for everyone children, seniors, non-competitive adults and the disabled. Everyone deserves to have the same opportunity. After all everyone wants fun. Fun is what everyone looks forward to when they take up badminton. Focus on similarities and individual needs. Try to adapt badminton to help them.
Coaching Skills
In order to be a successful coach, one must have the knowledge of badminton and the science of coaching, but most important of all every new coach should focus on developing these skills: Communication Planning Feeding
Coaching Skill 1
Communication
Successful coaches know how to get their message across. Communication is not just about talking. It is about how you handle people, how you listen, how you use your voice and your body language. It is not how much you know but how you are able to relate to people that matters. Communication is not about talking, instead it is about people skills - it is about understanding others and yourself and striking a pathway to reach out to others and presenting what you want. Communication styles vary with individuals and cultures. It is a two way process which contains emotion and content. We communicate verbally and non-verbally. Verbal communication involves appropriate choice of words and talking style. At the same time, we also communicate (more than 70%) non-verbally. This involves gestures, facial expressions, body language, touching and voice.
Feedback
People improve and strive to do better when they know that they are on the right track. Your feedback what you say and the way you say it can make all the difference to your success as a coach. It is important to tell the players your thoughts and you need to listen to what they are saying to you. Besides talking to them, it is also important to watch them.
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Coaching Skill 2
Planning
Introduction to Planning
In order to increase coaching effectiveness it is always advisable to write down your plan to develop the player[s]. Planning skills will be discussed in detail as we move on to Level 2 and 3. For now, you should look at how to plan a single or a series of sessions. A lesson plan should include: the major units you plan to divide the lesson into, the duration of each of these units and the exact content of the individual units. Badminton lessons usually consist of: warm up, instruction, skill practice and modified games. In a lesson that lasts for 50 to 60 minutes, the warm-up usually lasts for about 10 to 15 minutes but a big part should focus on skill practice. Remember there are considerations to be taken into account player background, player age, player goals, facilities, available time, etc.
Planning A Session
What are the elements of a practice session: 1 2 Briefing: Pre-Practice Meeting Coach should provide an overview of the practice session. Warm-up - The length and structure of the warm-up varies according to the nature of the activity and readiness of the players, however its purpose is the same. Warm up is designed to prepare muscles for action, stimulate the release of free fatty acids, increase the blood flow throughout the body, prepare the mind for action, prevent injury and increase the ability of muscles to slide freely about one another. The warm-up includes: 3 A general body aerobic component. Loosening. Flexibility exercises. And some simple badminton-specific exercises.
Skill Instruction - Following the warm-up, the coach usually delivers instructions relating to the skill and /or strategy for the session. It is better to give the instructions before the warm up so as not to lose the effect of the warm-up. Skill instructions should be limited to 2 3 important points and accompanied by demonstration. Skill Practice - Usually skill practice involves the revision and maintenance of previously acquired skills and/or strategies and the introduction of a new skill and/or strategy. Games Training - Most young players have come to play the game of badminton itself, so it is essential to include a reasonable amount of time for games or modified games. Too much emphasis on skill learning can be boring.
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4 5
Cool Down - A cool down of 5-10 minutes helps to distribute metabolic wastes through the body gradually and restore physiological responses to resting levels and reduce the harmful impact of dramatic changes to the body's activity level. Cool down immediately after training and include jogging or walking and mild stretching exercises. Evaluation - The evaluation of a practice session should occur either during or immediately following the cool down. It involves a discussion by the coach and players of the important components of the practice session, especially focused on skill training. The information gained from a worthwhile evaluation session contributes to the planning of future practice sessions.
There are many ways to write session plans. Customize your session plans for your own convenience. Use diagrams to explain the drills and codes like FHD for forehand, BKHD for backhand, FC for front court, etc.
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SAMPLE COACHING SESSION PLAN

Class/ Team Date / Time
Under 12 Sand Creek School Team Venue 5 25 / 3-5.30pm Sand Creek Community Hall
Objectives
1. players able to perform net lift 2. players able to change grips 3. able to combine net lift and net
Notes / Reminders: Equipment, Injuries, etc

# Remind next weeks friendly match # Feeling after last session? # Angela work on lunge Absent = Nick
Time Planner
8 8.10 8.10 -8.25 8.25 9.00 9.00 9.15 9.15 9.30 9.30 9.40 9.40 9.45 Brief training information and demonstration Warm up and fast feet training Net lift and combining with net Modified game Free play Cool down Review session and final remarks
Session Breakdown
1. Demonstrate the lift focus on footwork various contact points grips impact force 2.Warm up loosen joints, jog and stretch fast feet circuit for quickness = 5 exercises / series x 4 series exercise during per rep. 5 10 secs rest between series : 30 - 45 seconds Free hitting 3. Practice footwork to FHD FC and BKHD FC 4. Net lift practice multi-shuttle: 20 ! x 4s FHD and 20 ! x 4s BKHD Random multi-feed : 20 ! x 4s for HFD and BKHD 5. Modified game _ court game 1 vs 2 # A1 plays FC - B1 B2 play FC + BC A1 = net / net lift - B1B2 = net / drop Progression : _ court game A1 and B1 B2 = net / net lift / drop 6. Game time free play 5 point singles * to watch Sandy vs Gabby, Steve vs Dan 7. Cool down stretch
Evaluation and Remarks

# Sandy played well especially FC # Net lift ok but Alex needs to improve lunge FC FHD # Homework = fast feet 5 reps X 5 series, skipping 100 jumps x 3 4 series, abdomen strength work # Enquire about Nick? # Where to meet for friendly match 2004 version 2.7 USA Badminton Level 1 Manual 38
All Rights Reserved
Coaching Skill 3
Feeding
There are two types of feeding: Multi-shuttle feeding - one or more persons feeding a series of shuttles for the trainee to hit Single-shuttle feeding - one or more persons hit one shuttle according to coachs plan Multi-shuttle feeding can be carried out by hand or racket. Hand feeding is recommended for beginners and when space is limited. Racket feeding is more demanding. At this level the focus is on hand feeding.
Hand feeding
Overhead Hand Feeding
Overhead feeding Hold the cork of the shuttle between the thumb and forefinger and throw it like a dart to the intended point of contact. Underarm feeding Hold the shuttle in the open hand and, with cork toward target, throw to intended point of contact.
Racket feeding
When feeding with racket, it is often helpful for new coaches to have an assistant to hand shuttles. This person can be sitting down next to the feeder or resting for his turn to drill. The person handing the shuttle should have the desired number of shuttles ready to be handed to the feeder. It is often helpful to hold the shuttle cork up so as to allow the feeder to easily take the shuttle and feed it. Having a participating player as an assistant is important because part of our task as a coach is to instill the spirit of unity and team work. We shall go more into feeding techniques in Level 2.
Underarm Hand Feeding
Underarm Racket Feeding
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Teaching Badminton
Badminton is an open skilled sport. The situations are constantly changing. It is important to teach skills in game context as soon as the player is able to execute the skills. Skill teaching will take a long time to master. We will focus on this in Level 2. Being a successful coach means that you must to be able to explain how to execute skills, correct errors and provide guidance (in aspects of the game and life itself). If a coach cannot execute the skill personally then the coach should find someone to demonstrate the skills or use video to show the skills for a game situation.
Technique Drills
Technique drills focus on the development, stabilizing or correction of specific skills. A coach may not be able to perform the stroke perfectly but he should know the mechanics of the stroke and be able to "feed" the drill. Generally, many coaches focus on technical finesse, particularly Asian coaches. However, many coaches in Europe and Oceania on the other hand are moving more and more into game sense training (This is explained below). In the technical drills approach, the skills are taught in blocks before they progress to game related training. The initial emphasis is on the biomechanics of a basic stroke and then eventually application in drills. Technical oriented coaches balance it out with game training [play]. The play hungry players have a free hand in exploring their abilities in their game training sessions. Whether to focus on game sense or technical approach is a matter of philosophy and culture. Whatever approach is followed, remember that the essence of quality tactics is a rich repertoire of strokes. Therefore, skill development must be considered important, and it is not advisable to stray away from technical drills completely. It is important to identify appropriate drills for each athlete so that specific aspects of technique can be developed or corrected. Eventually, as the players progress, drills should be carried out in a realistic setting. Whatever drills the coach prescribes, they must be suitable for the required action and should be the result of careful analysis and accurate observation. On the following page is a suggested technical drill for a young beginner.
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Skill Stations
One way to teach skills if you have many players is to use skill stations or coaching grids. Each skill station will focus on a particular aspect of badminton. For example:
Station
1 2 3 4
Skill
= forehand net lift = backhand or forehand block = forehand net lift + backhand or forehand block = forehand net lift + backhand or forehand block -
Training Approach
shadow shadow random shadow multi-shuttle
In order for the skill stations to be successful, certain factors have to be observed - varying the skill of the players, ensuring that each group consists of at least one individual who understands the skill being performed, limiting the time of beginning players and encourage quick rotation to avoid fatigue or boredom. Once players have acquired the skills, it is time to put them to use in drills and modified games. Drills consolidate the learned skills whereas modified games can work on specific aspects of a game while getting the players to apply the skills in game like situations and at the same time get used to the stresses of competition. Creating a modified game is only limited to the coachs imagination.
Example of drills
Shadow Master and Copy Cats
Procedure: This drill aims at developing a players court sense as well as conditioning. The drills involve stroke imagery, footwork and readiness. Above all, the drills stress leaving from, and returning to, the center of the court. Emphasize form (technique) before speed. Be precise! The net is optional. A line of Shadow Masters wait at one end of court (A) and a line of Copycats at other end. The first Shadow Master A1 and first Copy Cat B1 enter the court at same time and assume ready position in the center of the court. B1 attempts to imitate moves and strokes of A1. After time limit, another Shadow Master and Copycat enter the court. All moves commence from the center of the court and the ready position. Keep the time short: 20 30 seconds. Remember this is strenuous activity.
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Basic Singles Attack and Defense

Procedure: This drill aims at developing a players defense and attack. A = Smash and Straight Net B = Block and Lift The training dosage depends on the players ability. Start easy say 2 minutes per role and swap back again. If they do this 5 times, they would have done 10 minutes of work.
Basic Singles Attack

Procedure: This drill aims at developing a players attack ability, court coverage and conditioning. mF = Multi-Feeder (coach) A = Smash Straight and Net Straight Go easy on the players. Watch your feeding speed. The training dosage depends on the players ability but since this is speed focused and anaerobic in nature, keep the repetition small. Start easy say with 10 shuttles per set (including smash and net) x 5 sets. Increase the repetitions to a maximum of 15 and decrease the number of sets.
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Game Sense Training

Game sense is an approach to coaching that uses games as the focus of the practice session. This approach to coaching is game centered rather than technique centered. While most traditional coaching sessions focus on the practice of techniques, game sense focuses on the game itself. By focusing on the game (not necessarily the full game), players are encouraged to become more tactically conscious and able to make better decisions. It will eventually make them focus on the tactical side of the game during the game rather than the stroke. Game sense approach also helps to develop skills within a realistic and enjoyable context, rather than practicing them in isolation. It helps develop a greater understanding of the game being played, particularly with young learners. Sometimes technique is over-emphasized during practice sessions. While technique is an important part of the overall skill, skills are often taught in isolation for too long without requiring players to think and apply the techniques to the situations required in the game. By using a game sense approach, players are challenged to think about what they are actually doing and why. However, we have to consider that badminton is a very open skilled sport. The situations change all the time. Even if a certain situation is repeated, it is not exactly the same. There are many skills to be mastered before a player can become an elite player. Most important, players need to acquire stability in skills before going into game sense training. The game is the best teacher!
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Modified Games
This approach will be effective if players have acquired the necessary skills involved.
1.
Simple Team rotation
This is useful if you have many players. Divide players into 2 or 4 teams. One team takes up position at the end of the court. Each team appoints a captain. Start with a high serve. Thereafter players play clears only. Each player has one shot. Then he moves to the back of the line. When a player misses or makes a mistake, the opposing team scores a point Other Variations: Change the team order Each team has only one racket so that after players have had their turn they must pass the racket to the next player in line. Add or take away certain strokes such no smashes or clears to backhand and slow drops.
The variation depends on the ability of the players. The better the players, the more complex the conditions.
2.
Prince or Princess of the Court
In this modified game the focus is on singles play. Both genders can play together or they can play separately. It can be played on half court or full court. It consists of two players competing to three points (depends on player and situation). The winning player will stay on the court and the losing player will step off allowing a new player to come on. The new player will get to serve first and the two players will play to three points again.
3.
Half court singles
Half court singles is an excellent way to maximize court space and player involvement and still have the feeling that you are really playing badminton. This is a very popular game and it is highly recommended for learning and for competition. The coach can set conditions: Divide court into two halves lengthwise Play is full length of court and from center line to doubles (outside) sideline Two games may be in progress at same time Official rules apply, except that the serve is not truly diagonal; more straight-ahead; serve may be short or high
Example In Drop-Lift Singles one player has to perform the high serve, play drops within the short serve line and the other [Lift Player] can perform net lifts shuttle into the back alley or
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play a net shot. The player who performed a drop can re-net or net lift. The other player becomes the Drop Player. Other variation may apply.
4. Attack versus Defense

One player takes up the role as attacker and one will become the defender. The attacking player covers the whole court whilst the defending player covers the front and mid court. The attacking player can play only shots to the front court and mid court. They can also modify this and make it into winner stay or Prince or Princess of the Court.
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Principles of Training
Training is about preparing a player. It is about getting a player to adapt. Therefore, coaches have to adhere to certain principles in order to help the player to develop progressively and also to minimize the risk of injuries. Individual responses Overload Adaptation Progression Recovery Specificity Variation Competition Reversibility = People come in all different sizes, shapes, strength, ways of thinking, motivation, fitness level and in many other ways. = As the player improves, the load has to increase for further improvement. = As the body adapts, subtle changes take place in the body improved physiological process. = In order for the overload principle to work, training has to be increased gradually and systematically. = Adaptation occurs when the body is well rested. = Make training badminton oriented for learning to take place and at the same time motivating your trainees. = Avoid boredom. Therefore it is important to change venues and training activities. = Make training activities competitive. = What is not used will disappear. Training has to be consistent. All the hard work will go to waste if a player stops training.
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Coaching Children and Young People

For coaches who are in charge of children and young learners, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of child growth and development. Coaches need to know how players will progress from one phase of training to another. We shall re-visit the training phases under The Badminton Player Development Model in Level 2. But first what do we mean by children. The term children usually refers to anyone up to the age of 16 and generally, young people refers to anyone above 16 years of age. At Level 1, we shall focus on children between 6 14 years old. A diagram has also been included to show the overall Age Related Training And Competition. Children are not miniature adults. They are growing beings. The training for young children should revolve around the fundamentals. It is advisable to incorporate elements from other sports in order that they will have fun and do not burn out too early. They grow at different rates. To assist the coaches at level 1, we suggested things to focus on at different periods of development. However, the ages described are general guidelines. Individuals may differ in their development or maturation. This individual rhythm or tempo will influence how athletes may reach the training phases and how they will react or adjust to training. By understanding the age adjusted training, coaches can get the best out of the players and systematically develop their skill in terms of their individual abilities. While developing their badminton skills, coaches must not forget the players overall growth physically, mentally, socially and emotionally. So, adapt badminton to children!
Initiation Phase
This is a very crucial phase. Children need to have fun, explore their environment and develop their fundamental motor skills. We have to remember that badminton movements like any other sport are not natural movements. In fact badminton movements are complex modifications of fundamental movement skills. Therefore for children to grow up and become better badminton players they have to develop the fundamental movements such as catching, running, jumping, throwing, etc.
6 10 Years
Basic movement patterns become more refined. Show more and instruct less as learning through seeing becomes more effective. Imitation begins to play a more important role. Instructions should be simple and precise. Minimize waiting time. Introduce games with simple rules. Introduce games in pairs and in small groups. Encourage boys and girls to play together. Focus on the fundamental motor skills running, jumping, throwing, etc. Keep working on flexibility.
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Involve a lot of movement games such as fun relays incorporating basic agility and reaction to sound and sight. Adapt badminton to the children- Incorporate them with familiarization activities with the shuttle and racket. Always reinforce what they have learned. Allow them to observe and be exposed to real badminton so that they absorb the sport unconsciously. Gradually introduce to systematic learning of basics skills and basic tactics of the game. Use demonstrations as concrete learning situations. Allow them to experience fun through play. Emphasize fair play. Develop activities for children to work with others. Develop a positive attitude towards badminton. Introduce decision making.
Learning To Play and Train

11 14 Years
Systematic training is like going to high school. To succeed players must have the basics and also understand what training will be like as they progress up the competitive player pathway.
Introduce systematic training. Refine basic skills and reinforce through drills. Reinforce tactics and strategy through drills. Introduce motor fitness training. General strength development using body weight or light weights Develop aerobic capacity through running and game training. Develop very moderate anaerobic training through short sprints, shadow badminton and motor fitness training. Gradually develop concentration through complex drills. Inculcate the element of competition during on court training, conditioning or game training. Introduction to competition gradually expose from low level to high level pressure competition. Develop independent thinking, ownership and courage to fight. Develop a positive attitude towards badminton. Encourage players to play a lot of matches to consolidate fitness, learn concepts and make decisions.
The chart on the following page will give you an idea on where your players are and what you could do for them. Both the information above and the chart are not exhaustive information. Instead, they intend to give you a guideline. You need to read more on growth and development of children, motor learning and basic physical conditioning for young athletes so that you will be better equipped to help your players to be the best that they can be.
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AGE RELATED TRAINING AND COMPETITION

HIGH PERFORMANCE
High to extremely high pressure competition involving mainly world class players. Competitions range from 3 Star. Skill range from skilled to exceptionally skilled. Moderate to high pressure competition involving national and world class players. Competitions range from satellite to 2 Star competitions. Moderate to high level pressure competition. Skill level range from average to skilled.
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH PERFORMANCE SERIOUS COMPETITION RECREATIONAL COMPETITION RECREATION
Very low to moderate pressure competition. Skill level range from beginners to skilled.
Opportunity for everyone to learn to play badminton as a social skill, fitness and for fun. Skill level range from beginners to skilled. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18+
AGE
INITIATION TO BADMINTON FUN
LEARN TO PLAY LEARN TO TRAIN SYSTEMATIC TRAINING
TRAIN TO COMPETE AND TRAIN TO WIN ENHANCE DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH, COMPETITION SPEED, POWER, QUICKNESS, AGILITY, STAMINA, MENTAL SKILLS START TO SPECIALIZE ON EVENTS
LEARN THOUGH PLAY FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS LEARNING BASIC SKILL DEVELOP COORDINATION AND BASIC AGILITY INTRODUCTION TO GAME CONCEPT INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PATTERN OF PLAY BEGIN TO DEVELOP PHYSICAL CAPACITY DEVELOP SPECIFIC COORDINATION AND AGILITY DEVELOP BASIC PATTERN OF PLAY START TO TRAIN TECHNIQUE INCORPORATED IN GAME SITUATION
MORE COMLEX GAME SITUATION TRAINING MORE INDIVIDIUAL APPROACH TRAINING
DECISION MAKING HOLISTIC LEARNING
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Safety Concerns
Injuries can occur any time in sports. One of the main responsibilities of a coach is to make sure that you take all possible measures to prevent injuries from happening and if it does happen, that you to act appropriately.
The court and the playing area

Always ensure that badminton courts are kept clear of any over-hanging objects to avoid racket breakage. The court surface should be dust free and dry to avoid players from slipping and hurting their ankles. Care must be taken to ensure that the surface is not sticky which could lead to knee and other injuries. If feather shuttles are being used the court must be swept on a regular basis as the small feathers and feather "dust" will reduce traction. Water by the court should be kept in closed containers. Nets should be held by posts on their own court rather than strung in succession through the length of the hall and posts and their weighted bases should not encroach into the court's boundary. The court area and three feet around the outside of the court should be free of shuttles or other objects to avoid players tripping over or running into them.
Equipment
Players should use shuttles of proper speed to avoid injuries or stress to the shoulder or eyes. Shoes should have a good grip and be in general good condition. Shoes designed for activities other than racket sports (i.e. basketball, wrestling) are not recommended as during sudden changes of direction players may hurt their ankle. Softer or gum soled shoes like volleyball shoes are often favored because they grip very well on wood floors. Players should be warned about the danger of using damaged rackets. Handles of rackets should not be slippery to prevent the racket from flying out of the hand during play. It is recommended that players often place an over grip on their racket and replace it as it wears out.
Vision Protection
Special care must be taken in badminton to ensure that eye damage does not occur. There is risk of serious eye injury when the shuttle is in play either in practice or a competition setting. The risk is especially great when the eyes are not protected by eyewear designed for racket sports. When players and coaches are involved in practice or game situations where they are close to one another, at the net, or where several shuttles are used for training purposes, protective eyewear should be worn. USA Badminton strongly recommends that players and coaches protect their vision at all times while on the court.
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Preventing injuries
Make sure that the activities are appropriate for the players condition, age and ability Make sure that you have a first aid kit in the training area For children - Make sure that you have their parents consent for medical treatment Know emergency contact numbers and ensure that there is an access phone nearby Organize appropriate warm up and cool down
Warm up and cool down

Warm up Warm up is vital part of any competition or training session. Warm up includes physical activities to raise the core body temperature and prepare the body for training. It results in improved flexibility, and prepares the mind, the heart, the muscles and joints. Most important it helps to reduce the likelihood of injury. With younger and new players, it is important to introduce a regular warm up process. Start with general warm up: Loosen joints Light aerobic activity - e.g. Jogging forward, backward, sideways Stretching
Then let the players spend some time on specific warm up - shadow the badminton movements but watch the pace not too fast. Cool down Remember the body has got itself into this formula one pace during training. The muscles have worked hard and by slowing down the body rhythm, we help the body to regenerate. At the same time, you help the mind to switch off. Slowdown by walking around and stretching.
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Stretching guidelines
Never stretch cold muscles. Avoid bouncing. Stretch big muscles first. Stretch to the point of discomfort not pain. Stretch between 5 10 seconds repeat 2 to 3 times. Do not make stretches competitive.
QUADRICEPS
1. 2. 3. 4. Stand tall on one leg. Flex the other leg and hold at the ankle. Heel to rest on the buttock. Keep body straight and move hip slowly forward until you feel the tension on the quadriceps.
HAMSTRING
1. 2. 3.
Stand straight and place one leg (bend a little) on a chair. Toe of foot on the chair should point upward. Go down slowly until you feel the tension on the hamstring of the leg on the chair.
UPPER CALF
1. 2. 3. 4.
Place hands against wall. Keep back leg straight and bend the knee of the other leg. Both heels on the ground and toes pointing towards wall. Push the wall.
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LOWER CALF
1. 2.
Same procedure as above. Bend both knees and remember to keep both heels on the ground.
LEGS AND LOWER BACK
1. 2. 3.
Lie flat on the back. Bend one leg and bring knee to chest. Hold knee and pull towards opposite shoulder.
TRUNK
1. 2. 3. 4.
Stand away from the wall. Keep feet apart. Keep hips locked. Turn around and place hands flat on the wall.
SITTING GROIN STRETCH

1. 2. 3. 4. Sit on the floor. Soles of feet against each other. Keep back straight. Use hands to gently press knees to the ground.
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ELBOW EXTENSION
1. 2. 3.
Bend arm and place the palm on the back. Use the other hand to push the elbow down. Do for both arms.
RIB AREA
1. 2. 3.
Hold hands and keep back straight. Bend side ways. Do for both sides.
NECK STRETCHES
1. Keep neck as straight as possible. 2. Tilt head to the left. 3. Slowly lower head toward left shoulder. Repeat in four positions: right; back; front,
54
FOREARM AND WRIST
1. Sit on your knees and heels. 2. Place palm on the floor with wrist facing outwards and the fingers facing you. 3. Lean a little backwards. Stop when you feel the stretch on the inner forearm.
LOWER BACK ROTATION

1. Sit on the floor with right leg stretched out. 2. Bring left leg across, bend knees and place left on the outer side the right knee. 3. The left foot must be flat on the ground. 4. Turn towards your left and place both hands on the floor. 5. Use right elbow to apply pressure on the left thigh or knee.
SHOULDER
1. Stand facing the wall. 2. Lift up arms and place them on the wall. 3. Look downward and push downward. Make sure that the arms are straight.
Note: Modeled by Nicholas Lee and Casey Gustafson from Spokane.
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Injury Management
When an injury occurs deal with it immediately. Inform the people concerned - parents, guardians or teachers. All coaches should attend a first aid course. For serious injuries or if in doubt refer to a doctor or call for an ambulance.
Soft tissue injuries

The signs and symptoms of a soft tissue injury are pain, swelling, tenderness, bleeding sometimes visible and restriction of normal movement. Sprains and Strains A sprain is the result of over-stretching or tearing a ligament. A ligament is a band of tissue that connects two or more bones at a joint. A strain is an injury to a muscle or a tendon. A tendon is a tough fiber like tissue that connects the muscle to bone. Growth Plate Injuries The growth plate is the area at the end of the long bones such as the bone of the upper leg, the lower leg bones, the ankle, and the foot in growing children and adolescents. Young badminton players have soreness at the growth plate because of excessive stress. Overuse Injuries Untrained and young players may experience stress fractures or tendonitis as a result of overuse or stress. When the ligament pulls off small pieces of bone, stress fractures occur. Tendonitis is the inflammation of a tendon. This occurs from overuse of muscles and tendons. They cause pain and discomfort. Overuse and mild acute injuries may require only R.I.C.E. Here is a guide on managing them. However, see a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan if injury does get better within 48 hours. R.I.C.E. stands for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.
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R.I.C.E. Application
R I C E
_ _ _ _
Reduce or stop using the inured part immediately. Rest prevents further damage and reduces uncontrolled bleeding. Thereby, reducing excessive pain and swelling. Ice cools tissue and reduces pain, swelling and bleeding. Wrap crushed ice in a damp cloth or use a reusable ice pack or package of frozen peas / corn to mold the injury site. Apply on the injured area for 10-20 minutes for each treatment. Repeat treatment every 3 4 hours for the first 48 hours. Compression helps to stop bleeding and reduce swelling. Maintain bandage compression in between ice treatments. Use elasticized bandage or cloth. Wrap firmly but do not impair blood supply. Tight compression may cause more swelling. Elevation helps to stop bleeding and reduce swelling. Raise the injured area and provide support.
The guidelines above are suggestions only. If injury fails to improve within 48 hours, a medical DIAGNOSIS is essential. Remember it is always advisable to consult a doctor.
57
Glossary of Terms
Alley Around the head shots Attacking clear Backhand Shots Base of operation Bird Block Butt Chasse Clear Cross Court Deception Drive Drop shot Fault Feeder Flick Serve Follow through Forehand Shots Hand feed Multi-feed Net kill Net lift Open Skilled Sport Racket hand Racket leg Random shadow Shadow Skill
The space between the singles and doubles sidelines, and between the back line and the doubles service court. Shots hit overhead on the non racket side of the body. Fast clear high enough to be beyond the reach of the opponent but low enough to give the opponent little time. Strokes hit on the non-racket side. The center of the court a player starts from and returns to between shots. American term for shuttle. A soft return of a smash or a drive. The end of the racket handle. Sideway movement where the back foot comes up to or slightly behind the racket foot. (fencers movement) A high overhead shot to the back of the opponent's court. Some people call this a lob. Any shot played in a diagonal direction. The skill of preventing the opponent from anticipating A powerful, flat shot which just skims the net A slow overhead shot from the back court which goes just over the net An action or shot in violation of the rules. A coach or player who continuously places the shuttle by throwing or hitting according to specific directions for the trainee to practice specific shots or sequences A service hit with a trajectory just high enough out of the receivers reach and lands in the back alley. Forward movement of the racket and parts of the body after the shuttle has been hit in a stroke. Strokes hit on the racket side of the body. Throwing shuttles to a specific place or places so that the player can train a specific shot or exercise. Hitting or throwing shuttles continuously so that the player can train a specific shot or exercise. Hitting a shuttle just above the net to the floor to end a rally An underarm stroke from the net lifting the shuttle high to the opponent's back court Open skilled sports are those sports that have changing situations. The hand which holds the racket The leg on the same side of the body as the hand which holds the racket Mimicking game like movement at random without specific set pattern Mimicking or practice a movement / movements or a stroke without hitting a shuttle Application of a technique in a situation or situations
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Strategy Split Jump Tactic Technique Trajectory
A plan to out maneuver the opponent Part of footwork movement. A small hop taken just as the opponent is about to strike the shuttle. A combination of several racket and movement skills to win a point or a rally Movement of body parts to produce a physical action such a clear, etc The flight pattern of the shuttle.
References
Martens, R, Christina, R.W, Harvey, J.S, Sharkey, B. J. (1981). Coaching Young Athletes. Human Kinetics Australian Coaching Council (1990). Beginning Coaching Level I Coachs Manual The Coaching Association of Canada (1993) Coaching Theory Level 1. National Certification Program Bompa, Tudor O, (1995) From Childhood To Champion Athlete, Veritas Publishing Reynolds, K. (1995). Step By Step Biomechanics Coaching Excellence Gerrard, David F and Farquhar, Stephen J. Children In Sports A Resource for Parents, Teachers And Coaches. New Zealand Federation of Sports Medicine and Hillary Commission For Sport, Fitness and Leisure. Davy Janet, Parker Robbie, Patterson John (1994) Human Movement. Heinemann
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2004 version 2.

7 USA Badminton Level 1 Manual All Rights Reserved

LEVEL 1 COACHING COURSE

Brief Badminton History

Origin of the name

Equipment, Footwear and Clothing

How to test shuttles?

Note: Shaded area is the playing area

Playing Areas and Court Dimensions

Introduction to the game

How do you play the shuttle?

Back Court - Underarm Strokes

6. Drive 7. Baseline Underarm clear

Mid Court - Underarm Strokes

High Serve Short / Low Serve Flick Serve Block

Front Court Strokes

The Forehand Grip

The Basic Backhand Grip

Notice the V shape

The High Serve

The Short Serve

Receiving Stance In Doubles

Back Court Strokes

Overhead Drop Shot

Backhand Overhead Clear

Mid Court Strokes

Front Court Strokes

Net kill Shuttle taken above net level

Forehand Net Backhand Net

Net Lift or Underarm Clear

Forehand Net Lift

Backhand Net Lift

Moving On The Court

Chasse for quick side way movement

Stretch to retrieve far away shots. 29

Attacking formation: Front-Back

Mixed Doubles Tactics

Being a successful coach

The hierarchy of coaching roles

Maturity and Level of play

SAMPLE COACHING SESSION PLAN

Notes / Reminders: Equipment, Injuries, etc

Evaluation and Remarks

Overhead Hand Feeding

Underarm Hand Feeding

Underarm Racket Feeding

Basic Singles Attack and Defense

Basic Singles Attack

Game Sense Training

Simple Team rotation

Prince or Princess of the Court

Half court singles

4. Attack versus Defense

Coaching Children and Young People

Learning To Play and Train

AGE RELATED TRAINING AND COMPETITION

INTRODUCTION TO HIGH PERFORMANCE SERIOUS COMPETITION RECREATIONAL COMPETITION RECREATION

INITIATION TO BADMINTON FUN

LEARN TO PLAY LEARN TO TRAIN SYSTEMATIC TRAINING

MORE COMLEX GAME SITUATION TRAINING MORE INDIVIDIUAL APPROACH TRAINING

DECISION MAKING HOLISTIC LEARNING

The court and the playing area

Warm up and cool down

LEGS AND LOWER BACK