Title: Employment by Waste Management Introduction

The Employment Generation Project will provide short term employment to people in extreme poverty in support of the Government's programs for poverty alleviation. By doing so, the project will continue to support for job creation efforts undertaken since 1993, and achieve other objectives including the improvement of seriously deteriorated economic and productive infrastructure. According o the figures of Federal Bureau of Statistics the percentage of illiterate population in Pakistan is greater than the literate ones. The project is aimed to define the ways that could help not only the economy of Pakistan to flourish but also to provide the earning opportunities to the labour force of Pakistan. Someone once said, Waste can be wealth; which has tremendous potential not only for generating livelihoods for the urban poor but can also enrich the earth through composting and recycling rather than spreading pollution as has been the case. Increasing urban migration and a high density of population will make waste management a difficult issue to handle in the near future, if a new paradigm for approaching it is not created. Table 1

Table 2

Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics-2008

Definition of the Problem

Currently Pakistan is facing severe economic and social crisis that is giving rise to multiple problems. Low literacy rate and the inflation are playing the role of catalyst for developing negative behavior in the public specifically the illiterate and unskilled persons are greatly affecting from this. In the present circumstances of high rate of unemployment and growing economic pressure, the youth especially in rural areas are frustrated and remain in illusion of what to do or what not to do. The idea is to provide earning opportunities for the uneducated and unskilled that is being distracted due to these laps. The poverty rate is climbing high and the need of the time is to motivate the 43.8% of amateurish portion of country in the productive activities. To make it possible, the plan is to involve them in the waste management project.

Objectives
Objectives that are desired to achieve from this project are: To improve the Sanitation and Environmental conditions of poor community of the country. To reduce the volume of solid waste disposed off at the landfill sites. To reduce/decrease pollution (air, water, solid waste) especially by the disposal/ management of solid waste through the recycling methodologies.

To provide the earning opportunities to the unskilled and illiterate class of To support other domestic industries.

country that could help them in altering their attitude towards life.

Global Perspectives and Practices on Waste Management

Waste, also referred to as garbage or rubbish, is unwanted material that is discarded. Heaps of litter is taken to dumpsites in developed countries. However, in developing countries, waste mostly ends up on road sides and empty plots. Untreated waste bears an economic cost for residents of the area and is also an environmental hazard. Increasing pollution leading to environmental changes and economic cost related to waste in terms of health hazards and negative impact on infrastructure have changed the way authorities view it. Though waste management is a relatively new phenomenon, it has caught the attention of governments all over the globe. Today the term waste management covers Collecting, sorting, processing, recycling and reusing materials that would otherwise be considered as useless. It has moved from just being an environmental protection strategy to be an industry contributing to the economy. Source: http://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/quarterly/fy09/third/Special-section-1.pdf Recyclable material markets are developing around the globe. With revenue generation capacity of $160 billion annually, more than 1.5 million people worldwide are employed in this industry. Japans waste market stood at $67 billion in 2000 and United States at $47 billion in 2003.1 Waste is mostly exported by developed countries to developing countries where it is used in secondary and recycling industries. Major part of Asia

consists of developing countries, which are the potential markets for secondary and recycled material. Some of the Asian countries like China and India are becoming recycling workshops for the West. Similarly, Pakistans ship breaking provides jobs for tens of thousands of people, as well as cheap raw material for the industry. In order to make things more clear and precise, a reference from a global report on Global Waste Management Market Assessment 2007 This report analyses the global waste market, with particular reference to municipal solid waste (MSW). According to the estimates the amount of MSW generated worldwide in 2006 was 2.02 billion tones. There is a link between growth in wealth and increase in waste the more affluent a society becomes the more waste it generates. As the less wealthy nations develop, they too are creating more wealth, thus adding to the world's waste output. There are two ways to manage municipal solid waste (MSW). The high-waste approach involves leaving it somewhere, burning it, or burying it. Landfills, the symbol of the high-waste approach, have the proven reputation of preventing MSW from degrading, not to mention attracting a lot of traffic, noise, and dust to the surrounding areas. On a side note, burning MSW in incinerators disinfects it and reduces the volume and weight, but incinerators emit small but noticeable amounts of lead, cadmium, mercury, and other toxic substances into the air we breathe. The most frightening item piped into the atmosphere due to this method is dioxins. http://www.afn.org/~recycler/waste.html Each year the world is producing approximately 4 billion tons of waste out of which 1.2 billion tons is municipal waste. According to an estimate only 1 billion ton is used. Out of this 600 million tons of waste is recycled to make 170 million tons of paper, 405 million tons of ferrous scrap, 25 million tons of non-ferrous scrap, and 5 million tons of plastics. Around 200 million tons of waste is used for energy production, which produces 220 million
barrels of oil/600,000 barrels per day of oil.2

Waste is treated in various ways; such as, recycling, burning, and burying. In global practices the goal is either to generate power from waste, to produce fertilizer from it, or recycle it for re-use. Currently Europe3 is recycling 41 percent of its municipal waste and US 32 percent. China is investing US$ 6.3 billion to achieve its target of recycling 30 percent of its waste by 2030.4 Incineration is a technique which is very popular worldwide and is used to convert waste into energy. At present there are more than 800 incineration plants worldwide of which, around 400 are in Europe, and 236 are in Japan alone. Waste-to-energy incineration plants are producing more power than all worlds wind turbines and solar panels projects. Incineration plants in Europe provide 27 million inhabitants with electricity. Japans incinerating plants produce energy equivalent to a nuclear power plant. Alexandria, Egypt, has a recycling plant where 120,000 tons of fertilizer is being produced annually. Europe plans to achieve an objective of 12 percent of domestic energy consumption and 22 percent of electricity from waste by 2010. Similarly USA aims to produce 5 percent of its power, 20 percent of its transport fuel, and 25 percent of its chemicals from bio-mass from farm, forest and municipal waste.6 Developing countries though late starters , have also started focusing on waste management and its economic value. International organizations, like United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) are working closely with the developing countries to help them in their capacity building to deal with issues related to handling of waste.

Waste Management Practices in Pakistan

Pakistan, like other developing countries, is facing similar threats of depletion of ozone layer, global warming, natural resource degradation and environmental pollution. Rapid population growth (reported at an average annual growth rate of 3.10 percent a year) and impressive GDP growth (of about 6.4 percent a year) have put enormous pressure on the countrys natural resource base and have significantly increased levels of pollution.

The people are continuously migrating from rural to urban areas due to concerns related to the agriculture sector, such as low crop yields, lack of alternate employment opportunities and environmental degradation due to water logging/salinity, deforestation and desertification. In Pakistan, sources of waste include households, commercial areas, institutions, construction and demolition sites, industrial areas and agricultural disposals. According to various studies conducted on waste management in the country, about 54,888 tons of solid waste is generated daily in urban areas of Pakistan and 60 percent of it is collected by the municipal authorities. However, according to official estimates, 30 percent to 50 percent of the solid waste generated within most cities is not collected. The municipal institutions do not have sufficient resources, means and technical capacity to accommodate the needs of increasing urban population. The poor communities in urban settlements play a key role in waste recycling. The only waste which remains on streets and collection points is the organic waste. This could be used for making compost but neither the municipalities nor private sector has moved towards full utilization of this business. According to various studies conducted on waste management in the country, about 54,888 tons of solid waste is generated daily in urban areas of Pakistan and 60 percent of it is collected by the municipal authorities. However, according to official estimates, 30 percent to 50 percent of the solid waste generated within most cities is not collected. Currently solid waste in Pakistan has not been carried out in a sufficient and proper manner in collection, transportation and disposal or dumping regardless of the size of the city: therefore the environmental and sanitary conditions have become more serious year by year, and people are suffering from living such conditions. The scope of problems regarding solid waste management is very wide and involves the consideration of all the aspects relating to solid waste and its management, either directly or indirectly. These aspects may include rate of urbanization, pattern and density ofurban areas, physical planning and control of development, physical composition of waste, density of waste, temperature and precipitation, scavengers activity for recyclable separation, the capacity,

adequacy and limitations of respective municipalities to manage the solid waste i.e. storage, collection, transportation and disposal (SAIAN, 1995). According to the 1998 census, of the 130.579 million persons living in Pakistan, 67% live in rural areas, while 33 % live in urban areas. Furthermore, out of 33 % of persons living urban areas, 54 % of them live in ten major cities of Pakistan (GOP, 1996). During the last several decades, migration has occurred from rural to urban areas. The major factors responsible for this migration are: slow progress in the agriculture sector, low crop yields, lack of alternate employment opportunities and environmental degradation due to water logging / salinity, deforestation and desertification. The large rural influx has, in turn, contributed to the overburdening of urban infrastructure and urban services (Robert, 1998). This concern has led to a growing recognition that economic development and the health and well-being of Pakistans population are closely linked with improved environmental management and protection. Resource capture opportunities often prompt a migration of dispossessed inhabitants from affected areas in search of a better life. Receiving areas-whether rural or urban- are frequently ecologically vulnerable and are further degraded as incoming migrants place an additional stress on existing resources.

Waste Proportion Region-Wise

The Ministry of Environment undertook a study during 1996 on Data Collection for Preparation of National Study on Privatization of Solid Waste Management in Eight Selected Cities of Pakistan. The study revealed that the rate of waste generation on average from all type of municipal controlled areas varies from 0.283 kg/capita/day to 0.613 kg/capita/day or from 1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in all the selected cities. It shows a particular trend of waste generation wherein increase has been recorded in accordance with city's population besides its social and economic development. Table 3 presents city wise waste generation rate with respective daily and annual estimate of solid waste.

Table 3

Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics

Table 4

Physical Composition of Waste in Pakistan

Given below is the table exhibiting the classification of the waste mostly in the big cities of Pakistan, that could result in the profitable opportunities in context to the waste management. Table 5

Physical composition of Waste (% weight)

There is considerable content of plastic in the solid waste generated in Pakistan which is a cause of great concern. Plastic waste is released during all stages of production and post consumption every plastic product is a waste. Both the quantity and quality of plastic waste cause environmental problems. Quantitatively post consumption plastic waste is more important. This is so as they are found in large volumes and less weights. Most waste plastic recovered by the formal sector comes from industrial waste, which is less contaminated than the post-consumer stream. This waste is taken care of by the formal recycling sector. The much more heterogeneous domestic waste stream is left to the mercy of the informal sector. Some of the environmental issues of plastic waste are litter, emissions of hydrogen chlorides and dioxins from incinerators; and contamination from chemical additives. Plastic waste also presents a direct hazard to wildlife. Eliminating plastic bags improves the quality of compost and reduce the amount of waste requiring disposal. Kraft bags decompose with the compost, whereas plastic bags don't break down and must be land filled. Currently, no technology exists that is capable of screening out all plastic from the compost. The removal of the plastic bags from the composting program will dramatically reduce the operational costs associated with our composting operation.

The composition of waste has revealed that there is a considerable potential in solid waste management to make it a profitable enterprise. It may be realised that through sale of recyclable, composting, energy production and use of waste as earth filler; almost whole of the waste can be put into one of the above said uses. Only hazardous waste from hospitals and industries needs separate arrangements for its management.

Typical composition of Solid waste in Pakistan Cities (%)

Waste Collection and Street Sweeping

A number of municipalities of selected cities have deployed the sweepers and sanitary workers. The workers collect the solid waste from small heaps and dustbins with the help of wheel borrows, brooms, etc. and store at formal and informal depots and carry out sweeping of streets and roads. It has been noted that the service of street/road sweeping is not regular and mainly limited to administrative, commercial and other industrial areas. Further, the number of formal collection bins such as masonry enclosures, containers and trolleys are too less to accommodate their waste generated in these

cities. Further these points are not located according to population and area requirements. It is the reason that a large number of open heaps are visible in some cities.

Effect of Solid Waste Management on Supporting Industries in Pakistan

1. Composting of Organic Content of Municipal Solid Waste in Lahore, Pakistan.

Once the solid Municipal Waste has been collected and sorted, organic fertilizer can be produced from it. It uses state of the art aerobic windrow type composting technology to produce organic fertilizer. The compost is instrumental in reducing environmental degradation of the soil by replenishing organic content in the soil. Decomposition of solid municipal organic waste mainly results in methane emissions. Composting reduces methane emissions into ambient air and atmosphere and contributes towards sustainable development. It reduces significant amount of greenhouse gas (Methane) emissions and contributes to the regional and national sustainable development. Financial Outlay of the project: According to the estimated financial costs for the Fiscal Year 2008, the brief on total project cost of Producing organic fertilizer from solid waste is:

2. Glass recycling and reuse

Food and beverage glass containers can be reused or recycled. Windows, mirrors, and other non-recyclable glass can be crushed for use as aggregate in construction projects. Glass comprises a significant portion of municipal waste streams, has a reasonable market value (with an added redemption value in some states), and the public is generally

aware that it is recyclable. In addition, a simple glass-recycling program requires no processing equipment.
Materials Compatibility: Recycled glass must not contain contaminates, such as non-recyclable glass (window glass, Pyrex, and drinking glasses), ceramics, plastic and metal bottle caps, lids, bottleneck rings, stones, and dirt.

Safety and Health:

Precautions must be taken when handling glass. Safety gear such as heavy gloves, long sleeves, boots, and eye protection should be worn to protect handlers from broken and flying glass shards. Consult your local industrial health specialist, your local health and safety personnel, and the appropriate MSDS prior to implementing this technology.

Benefits:

Reduces the volume of glass waste disposed in landfills by an average of 26.3% (U.S. EPA, 2000). Achieves cost savings from reduced landfill disposal fees. Generates revenue from sale of recyclable glass. Reduces the purchase of aggregate for construction. Returnable bar bottles can be less expensive than disposables.

Disadvantages:

Extreme care must be taken to avoid glass contamination. Glass commodities markets fluctuate frequently. Training of waste generators will be required to ensure glass waste is properly separated.

Economic Analysis: Glass recycling can be incorporated into residential and commercial/industrial recycling programs with minimal additional capital costs. The same collection containers used for curbside collection of residential recyclables can be used for glass collection. Dedicated collection containers can be purchased for offices or other commercial/industrial areas to increase glass recovery from the commercial/industrial waste stream (see Equipment-Recycling Containers). Operating costs for recycling glass include labor costs for a coordinator/monitor, collection costs (if applicable), materials handling costs (e.g.

separation of glass by color), and transportation costs to deliver the material if pick up service is not arranged with a contractor. According to the Glass Packaging Institute, transportation costs will vary depending on the location of the collection site and the proximity of a recycling center. These operating costs are usually offset by savings incurred from reduced landfill disposal fees and revenue from the sale of the glass. Market prices for glass are currently $0 to $15/ton from local recycling centers, based on recent surveys in selected regions, with prices on the West Coast considerably higher ($10 to $50/ton). A higher market price could be obtained if good quality glass is consistently delivered or the glass is delivered directly to a glass processing facility.

Table 1. Annual Operating Cost Comparison of Diversion and Disposal for Glass Recycling Diversion Operational Costs: Labor: Transportation: Landfill Fees: Total Operational Costs: Total Recovered Income: Net Annual Cost/Benefit: Economic Analysis Summary: Annual Savings for Glass Recycling: $120 Capital Cost for Diversion Equipment/Process: $1,100 Payback Period for Investment in Equipment/Process: < 10 years $1,560 $600 $0 $2,160 $180 -$1,980 $0 $1,800 300 $2,100 $0 -$2,100 Disposal

Employment Generation from the project: It is expected that a project of such nature requiring finances for infrastructure and development would generate job opportunities for the already skilled people in Pakistan.

Paper Recycling
Paper products have been estimated to represent 35-40% of the waste presently disposed in landfills. The pollution prevention goal for federal facilities reduction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is 50%. Significant progress toward this goal can be achieved through waste paper recycling. Recycling offers the opportunity to decrease the cost of landfill disposal and provide a renewable source of fiber for recycled paper production as well as a number of other uses. The quality of recycled paper products continues to improve, thereby increasing the demand for recyclable paper, especially, Office Waste Paper (OWP), which is normally of higher quality due to a higher fiber content. This paper is now recycled for use in printing and writing paper, graphics stock, and tissue paper. The paper industry has been improving and integrating paper de-inking processes in existing mills in order to improve their ability to increase the quantity and quality of their recycled pulp feedstocks. Some projections indicate that there could be a shortage of recycled feedstocks in the near future if the quantities of recycled paper do not increase. To achieve the most effective recycling and reuse program for recovered paper, it is important to understand the different types of recoverable paper generated and develop programs that minimize commingling of non-compatible paper types. Typical types of paper to be segregated include office paper, newspaper, cardboard, and other lower quality papers such as wrapping paper and waxed paper.

Safety and Health:

Proper storage and handling of recycled paper prior to off-site shipment should include an evaluation and reduction of potential fire hazards associated with accumulating loose, waste paper. Most hazards can be reduced by regular collections and storage in appropriate containers away from heat sources. Consult your local fire prevention officials for specific recommendations. Consult your local industrial health specialist, your local health and safety personnel, and the appropriate MSDS prior to implementing this technology.

Benefits:

Reduces the volume of paper of waste disposed in landfills by an average of 45.4% (U.S. EPA, 2000). Reduces the use of non-renewable fossil fuels if pelletized and reused as solid fuel source.

Disadvantages:

Requires handling and transportation to recycling facilities. Requires sorting to obtain most beneficial reuse for each type of paper. Requires personnel training to be effective.

Economic Analysis:

The following cost elements for a recycling program represent those anticipated for a typical Navy application: 2,000 tons of waste paper per year with no capital costs and operating costs associated with establishing and managing recycling program. Assumes local recycler will provide storage containers and pick up the waste paper and recycle at no cost to the facility

Assumptions: The facility/base produces 2,000 tons/year of paper waste Capital costs: None Labor: 12 hours/week Labor cost: $30/hour Solid waste transport and disposal cost: $20/ton

Table 1. Annual Operating Cost Comparison for Diversion and Disposal of Waste Paper Diversion Operational Costs: Labor: $18,700 $0 Disposal

Material: Energy: Waste Disposal: System Maintenance: Total Operational Costs: Total Recovered Income: Net Annual Cost/Benefit: Economic Analysis Summary:

$0 $0 $0 $0 $18,700 $0 -$18,700

$0 $0 $40,000 $0 $40,000 $0 -$40,000

Annual Savings for Recycling: $21,300 Capital Cost for Diversion Equipment/Process: $0 Payback Period for Investment in Equipment/Process: Immediate

References
http://docs.google.com/gview? a=v&q=cache:eCtRClFnlA8J:www.cdmpakistan.gov.pk/cdm_doc/brief-%2520lahore %2520compost%2520saif

%2520group.pdf+benefits+uses+of+solid+waste+management+in+pakistan&hl=en&gl= pk http://205.153.241.230/P2_Opportunity_Handbook/7_I_A_4.html