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/* The herewritten code is copied (word to word) from (except Comments & Documentation): "Windows 2000 Programming from Ground Up" By "Herbert Schildt" */

#include<windows.h> // Must include this file, it contains API function prototypes, Macros, & definitions LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM,LPARAM); /* A simple Window Function CALLBACK: Will be called by Windows to communicate with program */ char szWinName[]="My First Window"; // The Name for Window class (one of the field in WNDCLASSEX structure).

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR lpszArgs, int nWinMode) /* The main() function for windows: -> hThisInst: Handle to current Instance -> hPrevInst: Handle to previous Running Instance of this program (currently NULL) -> lpszArgs: Command Line Arguments, same as arguments for main() in simple C program -> nWinMode: Value that determines How Window will be displayed */ { HWND hwnd; // Handle for new window, will be created after. MSG msg; // msg will store windows messages /* MSG Structure: { HWND hwnd; UINT message; WPARAM wParam; LPARAM lParam; DWORD time; POINT pt; // POINT Structure: { LONG x,y; } } */ WNDCLASSEX wcl; // Used to define Window Class /* WNDCLASSEX Structure { HINSTANCE hInstance; UINT cbSize; UINT style; WNDPROC lpfnWndProc; HICON hIcon; HICON hIconSm; HCURSOR hCursor; HBRUSH hbrBackground; LPCSTR lpszMenuName; LPCSTR lpszClassName; int cbClsExtra; int cbWndExtra; } */

wcl.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); // cbSize (UINT): Stores size of WNDCLASSEX structure wcl.style = 0; // style (UINT): Default Style wcl.lpfnWndProc = WindowFunc; // lpfnWndProc (WNDPROC): Long Function Pointer to Window Function wcl.cbClsExtra = 0; // cbClsExtra (int): Extra Memory Size for class if needed wcl.cbWndExtra = 0; // cbWndExtra (int): Extra Memory Size for Window if needed wcl.hInstance = hThisInst; // hInstance (HINSTANCE): Handle for This (Current) instance wcl.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); // hIcon (HICON): Handle for large icon (32x32 or bigger) /* LoadIcon(): Use to load Large Icon "HICON LoadIcon (HINSTANCE hInst, LPCSTR lpszName)" hInst: Handle of module that contains Icon

lpszName: Name of ICON >> To use built-in ICON << >> Use NULL for hInst >> Use one of the following for lpszName :: IDI_APPLICATION :: IDI_ERROR :: IDI_QUESTION :: IDI_INFORMATION :: IDI_WARNING

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:: IDI_WINLOGO */ wcl.hIconSm = NULL;

(Not Working on My system)

// hIconSm (HICON): Handle for small icon (16x16) /* >> NULL: no small icon >> Specify Nothing: Small icon is searched for in large icon's resource file, if not found large icon is shrunk >> LoadImage(): Used to load icon of any size */

wcl.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); // hCursor (HCURSOR): Handle for Cursor style/type /* LoadCursor(): Use to load mouse cursor "HICON LoadIcon (HINSTANCE hInst, LPCSTR lpszName)" hInst: Handle of module that contains mouse cursor

lpszName: Name of Cursor >> To use built-in CURSOR << >> Use NULL for hInst >> Use one of the following for lpszName :: IDC_ARROW :: IDC_CROSS :: IDC_HAND :: IDC_IBEAM :: IDC_WAIT */ wcl.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); wcl.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH); /* hbrBackground (HBRUSH): paints the window background (Not working on My system) */ wcl.lpszMenuName = NULL; // lpszMenuName (LPCSTR): No class Menu required wcl.lpszClassName = szWinName; // lpszClassName (LPCSTR): Window Class name if(!RegisterClassEx(&wcl)) return 0; hwnd = CreateWindow( // Registering the Window Class

// Create Window szWinName, // Name of Window Class "Windows 2000 Base", // Title of window WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // Window style - Normal CW_USEDEFAULT, // X-Coordinate (Default) CW_USEDEFAULT, // Y-Coordinate (Default) CW_USEDEFAULT, // Width (Defult) CW_USEDEFAULT, // Height (Default) NULL, // No parent Window NULL, // No Menu hThisInst, // Instance Hnadle NULL // No additional arguments ); // Display Window in mode defined by nWinMode /* Not necessary, however it tells Windows 2000 to send a message to the application that main window needs to be updated */

ShowWindow(hwnd,nWinMode); UpdateWindow(hwnd);

while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0 , 0)) /* GetMessage():Receives the messages, returns 0 on program termination, -1 on unexpected error, else non-zero "BOOL GetMessage(LPMSG msg, HWND hwnd, UINT min, UINT max)" msg: pointer to MSG structure hwnd: handle to intended window min & max: range of messages to be received, 0 for all messages */ { TranslateMessage(&msg); /* Not necessary here, however it translates Virtual Key Codes into character messages */ /* Dispatches messages back to Windows 2000 Windows 2000 then holds these messages until they are passed to Windows Function ("WindowFunc"). */

DispatchMessage(&msg);

} return msg.wParam; // contains return code generated by the program.

162: 163: LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) 164: // The Windows Procedure, will be called by Windows (CALLBACK) 165: { 166: switch(message) 167: { 168: case WM_DESTROY: 169: PostQuitMessage(0); // Argument to this function is returned in msg.wParam in WinMain() 170: // This function causes a "WM_QUIT" message to be sent to the 171: // application which causes GetMessage() to return false. 172: break; 173: 174: default: 175: return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam); 176: // Process required messages and let the rest messages 177: // be processed in the default windows way 178: } 179: return 0; 180: } 181: