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New York, mkrinker@aol.com Alexander Bolonkin C&R, 1310 Avenue R, #F-6, Brooklyn, NY 11229, USA (718) 339-4563, ABolonkin@juno.com, http://Bolonkin.narod.ru
1. General Approach Lets remind that the concept of VCMS is based on a paradigm of the effective current of the system, Ief, which is a portion of the total molecular current of the system composed of permanent magnets, producing mechanical action equivalent to that of some current Ief in a real wire. In turn, understanding origination of net force acting on a conductor with a current was developed by Michael Faraday and was supported later by James Maxwell. M. Faraday was the first who offered an intuitive model based on so called tensions and pressures of magnetic lines of force (which also were introduced to science by him).
Fig.1. M. Faradays concept of originating a net force acting on a powered conductor in magnetic field, B0external field, F-net force A net force F origins as a result of breaking original geometric symmetry of density of 1 magnetic energy w = B2 . 2 0
Our approach to calculating the net force is based on this concept: proportionality of the net force to deformation of resulting magnetic field. Similarity of patterns of magnetic lines of force of a real powered wire and that of VWMS is achieved by means of special allocation of the magnets, Fig.2
kBE BM S
0r
(1)
Here, w is a difference of magnetic energies in immediate vicinity of the magnets along the net force direction, Be and Bm are inductions of external field and that of the magnets, respectively. Factor 1 k 2 , depending on proportion of the object.
The experimental verification of this formula has confirmed its true within the error of the experiment. Nevertheless, to finally justify validation of this approach, we have to derive well-known formula (2) employing the exactly same approach we employed as deriving (1).
r r r F = Il B
r r r r F dr = curlF NdS
(3)
Lets remind that Amperes theorem in physics is a direct consequence of the Stokes theorem.
r r H l dl = I
l
(4)
It states that a circled integral of magnetic field H equals sum of all the currents inside the closed contour l.
For us its important that according to Stokes theorem, magnetic line of force passes over the element of interacting surface dS two times, that is the factor k=2.
This is a principal difference in paradigms of potential and solenoid fields-based approaches. Therefore,
dF = 2wdS
(5)
Fig.3. On calculating the net force acting on a powered conductor. a) - superposition of magnetic field Bm of powered wire and external field Be. b) element of the conductor of length l having elemental active surface dS and thickness dC c) - active surface S is a half of total side surface of the wire, The shaded area shows a half of the total active surface involved in calculation. Taking into consideration that
2 2 1 B ( x ) B+ ( x ) w( x ) = 2 0
while
)
(6),
(7)
w =
Bm Be sin
(8)
Bm =
Then we can write down
0 I 2R
,
(9)
w =
Taking into consideration that
IBe sin R
(10)
sin =
We get
R2 x2 R
(11)
IBe R 2 x 2 w = , R 2
(12)
It has to be noted that the surface of the conductor formed by perimeter arc C can be reduced to a batch of infinite number of elemental plates having a length l and width dC=dx, Fig. 3b, so dS = ldx . Now we can write down
dF = 2wdS = 2wldx = 2
Finally, the net force
IBe l R 2 x 2 dx 2 R
(13)
IB l F = 2 dF (x ) = 4 e2 R 0
(14)
R 2 x 2 dx = 4
Its easy now to come to a vector form of this expression: as it follows from Fig.3, the net force F is always normal to B-l plane yet depending in a sinus-like way on the angle between Be and l. The result can be shown generally as
r r r F = Il B
(15)
After we have proved the validation of such the approach on a base of the powered wire, we can refine the basic formula for calculating the net force in Virtual Conductor Magnetic Systems.
Fn = 2 w( x, y ) d S (16)
S
The factor 2 before the integrals corresponds to a solenoidal field paradigm in the calculations, that is a magnetic line of force passes over the element of interacting surface dS two times. For the special case of the systems like those shown in Fig.2, we have to write down 2kBe Bm S F= (17)
0r
Factor k indicates now the efficiency of the magnetic shunts, k 1 . The ideal shunts (k=1) prevent end lines of force of opposite directions, making the VCMS absolutely identical to a powered wire. REFERENCE
1. A. Bolonkin, M. Krinker. Magnetic Propeller for Uniform Magnetic Field Levitation http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0807/0807.1948.pdf (July 12, 2008).
2. A. Bolonkin, M. Krinker. Magnetic Propeller. Article presented as a paper AIAA2008- 4610 to 44th Joint Propulsion Conference, 20-24 July, 2008, Hartford, CT, 3. A. Bolonkin, M. Krinker. Magnetic Propeller for Uniform Magnetic Field. (Ch.13 in the book Macro-Projects: Environment and Technology, NOVA, 2009) 4. J.C. Maxwell. A Treatise on Electricity And Magnetism, vol.2, Second Edition, Oxford, 1881.