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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ALBANY, NY 12234

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ PHYSICS

2002 Edition List of Physical Constants
Name Universal gravitational constant Acceleration due to gravity Speed of light in a vacuum Speed of sound in air at STP Mass of Earth Mass of the Moon Mean radius of Earth Mean radius of the Moon Mean distanceEarth to the Moon Mean distanceEarth to the Sun Electrostatic constant 1 elementary charge 1 coulomb (C) 1 electronvolt (eV) Plancks constant 1 universal mass unit (u) Rest mass of the electron Rest mass of the proton Rest mass of the neutron me mp mn h k e Symbol G g c Value 6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2 9.81 m/s2 3.00 108 m/s 3.31 102 m/s 5.98 1024 kg 7.35 1022 kg 6.37 106 m 1.74 106 m 3.84 108 m 1.50 1011 m 8.99 109 Nm2/C2 1.60 1019 C 6.25 1018 elementary charges 1.60 1019 J 6.63 1034 Js 9.31 102 MeV 9.11 1031 kg 1.67 1027 kg 1.67 1027 kg

Prefixes for Powers of 10

Prefix tera giga mega kilo deci centi milli micro nano pico Symbol T G M k d c m n p Notation 1012 109 106 103 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12

Approximate Coefficients of Friction

Rubber on concrete (dry) Rubber on concrete (wet) Rubber on asphalt (dry) Rubber on asphalt (wet) Rubber on ice Waxed ski on snow Wood on wood Steel on steel Copper on steel Teflon on Teflon Kinetic 0.68 0.58 0.67 0.53 0.15 0.05 0.30 0.57 0.36 0.04 Static 0.90 0.85

0.14 0.42 0.74 0.53

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wavelength in a vacuum (m) 1013 1012 1011 1010 109

X rays Gamma Rays Ultraviolet Infrared

108

107 106

105

104

103

102 101

100

101

102

103

104
Long Radio Waves

Microwaves
TV, FM AM

Radio Waves

1021 1020 Frequency (Hz)

1019

1018

1017

1016 1015

1014 1013

1012

1011

1010

109

108

107

106

105

Visible Light (not to scale) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

7.69 1014

6.59 1014

6.10 1014

5.20 1014

5.03 1014

4.82 1014

Absolute Indices of Refraction

(f = 5.09 1014 Hz) Air Corn oil Diamond Ethyl alcohol Glass, crown Glass, flint Glycerol Lucite Quartz, fused Sodium chloride Water Zircon 1.00 1.47 2.42 1.36 1.52 1.66 1.47 1.50 1.46 1.54 1.33 1.92

3.84 1014

Energy Level Diagrams

Hydrogen
Level
n= n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3 n=2 Ionization

Mercury
Level Energy (eV)

Energy (eV)
0.00 0.38 0.54 0.85 1.51 j 3.40 i h g f e d c b

Ionization

0.00 1.56 1.57 2.48 2.68 3.71 4.95 5.52 5.74

Ground State n=1 13.60 a

Ground State 10.38

Energy Levels for the Hydrogen Atom

A Few Energy Levels for the Mercury Atom

Classification of Matter
Matter

Particles of the Standard Model

Quarks
Name Symbol Charge up u +2 e
3

charm c +2 e
3

top t +2 e
3

Hadrons

Leptons

down d 1 e
3

strange s 1 e
3

bottom b 1 e
3

Baryons

Mesons

Leptons
electron e 1e electron neutrino e 0 muon 1e muon neutrino 0 tau 1e tau neutrino 0

three quarks

quark and antiquark

Note: For each particle, there is a corresponding antiparticle with a charge opposite that of its associated particle.

Electricity
Fe = kq1q2 r2 A = cross-sectional area E = electric field strength Fe = electrostatic force I = current k = electrostatic constant L = length of conductor P = electrical power q = charge R = resistance Req= equivalent resistance r = distance between centers t = time V2 R V = potential difference W = work (electrical energy) = change = resistivity

F E= e q V= W q q I= t R= V I L R= A P = VI = I 2R =

V 2t W = Pt = VIt = I2Rt = R

Series Circuits
I = I1 = I2 = I3 = . . . V = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . .

Parallel Circuits
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + . . . V = V1 = V2 = V3 = . . . 1 1 1 1 Req = R1 + R 2 + R3 + . . .

Circuit Symbols
cell battery switch
V A

Resistivities at 20C
Material Aluminum Copper Gold Nichrome Silver Tungsten Resistivity (m) 2.82 108 1.72 108 2.44 108 150. 108 1.59 108 5.60 108

voltmeter ammeter resistor variable resistor lamp

Waves and Optics

v = f T= 1 f c = speed of light in a vacuum f = frequency n = absolute index of refraction T = period v = velocity = wavelength = angle i = angle of incidence r = angle of reflection

i = r n= c v n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 n2 v1 1 n1 = v2 = 2

Modern Physics
Ephoton = hf = hc Ephoton = Ei Ef E = mc 2 c = speed of light in a vacuum E = energy f = frequency h = Plancks constant m = mass = wavelength

Geometry and Trigonometry

Rectangle A = bh Triangle A= Circle A = r 2 C = 2r Right Triangle c 2 = a2 + b 2 sin = a c cos = b c tan = a b
a 90 b c
1 bh 2

A = area b = base C = circumference h = height r = radius

Mechanics
d v = t a = v t vf = vi + at d = vit +
1 2 at 2

a = acceleration ac = centripetal acceleration A = any vector quantity d = displacement/distance ET = total energy F = force Fc = centripetal force Ff = force of friction Fg = weight/force due to gravity FN = normal force Fnet = net force Fs = force on a spring g = acceleration due to gravity or gravitational field strength G = universal gravitational constant h = height J = impulse k = spring constant KE = kinetic energy m = mass p = momentum P = power PE = potential energy PEs = potential energy stored in a spring Q = internal energy r = radius/distance between centers t = time interval v = velocity/speed v = average velocity/average speed W = work x = change in spring length from the equilibrium position = change = angle = coefficient of friction

vf2 = vi2 + 2ad Ay = A sin Ax = A cos F a = net m Ff = FN Fg = g= Gm1m2 r2 Fg m

p = mv pbefore = pafter J = Ft = p Fs = kx PEs =

1 2 kx 2

Fc = mac
2 ac = v r

PE = mgh KE =
1 mv2 2

W = Fd = ET ET = PE + KE + Q P = W = Fd = F v t t

DET 611 (803200,000) 93-93705 93-043 CDC