Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Objective
Least Squares is known to be the most appropriate method for adjusting and analyzing surveying measurements. This statement is correct only if the measurements and their accuracies have been examined and assessed carefully prior to performing the adjustments. STAR*NET is a prevalent Least Squares adjustment software. As with any software, one has to understand what the program does, how it does it and how to evaluate or assess the quality of the results it produces.
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 2
Objective
The objective of the seminar is to provide an in-depth understanding of the theoretical and practical aspect of measurement adjustment with STAR*NET. It will introduce the Least Squares concept, error theory, error estimation terminology and statistical analysis of the results as it pertains to STAR*NET. The seminar will include an overview of the software, problem solving examples and a discussion on how it should be used to obtain honest results. Seminar attendants are encouraged to bring their own laptops loaded with STAR*NET. A demo copy of STAR*NET can be downloaded from http://www-ec.njit.edu/surveying/goodies.htm Intro to LS with Star*Net
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 3
Outline
Introduction to Star*Net Program manus and options Data input issues
What How Why
STAR*NET
The STAR*NET program is a general purpose, rigorous least squares analysis program designed to adjust 2D and 3D survey networks. Its 2D inputs include horizontal angles, horizontal distances, directions, azimuths or bearings, and station coordinates. In a 3D adjustment, slope distances, zenith angles, elevation differences and station elevations can also be input. In addition, GPS vectors can be input together with traditional surveying measurements.
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 5
STAR*NET
The output consists of: A file of adjusted station coordinates and a statistical analysis of the adjustment. Graphical facilities are provided to allow the user to plot the network, including error ellipses of the adjusted points and relative error ellipses between stations.
STAR*NET
One of the main features of STAR*NET is the capacity to weight all input data both independently or by category. This means that data can be defined as being FREE or FIXED and anything in between. Giving accurately known measurements more weight than those measurements known to be less accurate is a fundamental principle on which Least Squares is based. The ability to control the weighting of data provides the user with a powerful adjustment tool.
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 7
STAR*NET - Menus
o ott P Pl ott or or Pllo ellp lle He or Fii e o xt Fiille ) ) tt F Te on on a T ex ex uttt ta bu on) iint a T a o b atiion) ott !! a P e Pr w Pll d p ew r P Fille ed rropag F vie ork re p o re ar ng y a e rrorr Pr ettw iistii by tes er b c s Ne Ls d dicat tt L w ew tpu catte ind s pu e V Vii e es ica (e O Ou iind t ( Fiill F a ew rs m n ata ew rs ( me V o Vi D D rro ust Er d u putt t E djj npu n L s an Liis an A diitt II s Ed ns n on ct or tiio Ru Ru e o Opt rojje tte o Op P ea c P ea ctt C Cr oe ojje tiing ctt Pr ec xiis ojje tt P Ex Pro Se Se an E Pr a n ew w en en N e O ea Op tte a a a re Cr
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
STAR*NET menus
STAR*NET Options
When to apply?
10
S' D = R R+h
S=D(
R ) K12 R+H+N
Where: S- Grid Distance D- Horizontal (Measured) Distance H- Mean Elevation (Above Mean Sea Level) N- Mean Geoid Height (About -32m in NJ) R- Mean Radius of the Earth (About 6,372,000m) K12-Grid Scale factor of the Line.
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 12
STAR*NET Options
When to apply?
Grayed out?
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 13
STAR*NET Options
15
Definition: Given independent variables each with an uncertainty, error propagation is the method of determining an uncertainty in a function of these variables. Error propagation is the evaluation of errors in computed quantities as a function of the errors in our measurements or known errors from previous computations. Examples: Computed errors Measurement or given Errors Ex, Ey Angular and distance Earea Coordinates
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 16
Error Propagation
Error Propagation
Error propagation is a way of combining two or more random errors together to get a third. It can be used when you need to measure more than one quantity to get at your final result. For example, an angle and a distance to compute coordinates Error propagation can also be used to combine several independent sources of random error on the same measurement.
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 17
Examples:
(a) Random error of a sum If y = x1 + x2 + x3 +
2
...
+ xn
2 2
Then y = x1 + x2 + x3 + + xn
2
A leveling loop was measured with the following accuracies: H1 = 12.34 0.01 H2 = -8.72 0.02 H3 = 4.93 0.005 H4 = -8.53 0.01
Intro to LS with Star*Net
19
Refraction
E D Rod (r) V B
m Z Zm C
tC tal a rizon Ho
Level Line G
Earth Curvature
Level Line H
hi
A
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 20
10
LEVELING METHODS
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING For distances larger than 1000 ft. (Curvature) C = 0.0239 F 2 (Refraction) R = 0.0033 F2 The combined correction is: h = C R = 0.0206 F 2 (F = 1000ft.) = 0.0675 K 2 (K = 1000 Meters) elevb = eleva + S x cosZ + h + HI - HT
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 21
LEVELING METHODS
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING H > 1000 ft. Example: The slope distance and zenith angle between points A and B were measured with a total station instrument as 9585.26 and 814220. Assume HI = HT. If the elevation of A is 1238.42 ft, what is the elevation of B? V = 9585.26 cos 814220 = 1382.77 ft h = 0.0206 x (9585.26 x sin 814220 / 1000)2 = 1.85 ft elevB = 1238.42 + 1382.77 + 1.85 = 2623.04 ft
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 22
11
23
D = i2 + t2 + a 2 + ( D b ppm ) 2
Where the EDM specifications are: (a + bppm)
24
12
A distance of 372.69 was measured with a total station. The EDM specifications of the total station is 3mm +2ppm. Assuming that the instrument and target centering accuracy is 0.01 ft., what is the accuracy of the observed Distance is:
13
=
pr
EXAMPLE
2 DIN n
An angle measured 6 times by an observer with a total station having a DIN18273 value of 5". What is the estimated error in the angle due to pointing and reading?
=
pr
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
2 x 5" = 4.1" 6
27
= t
t
2 D12 + D2
D1 D2
28
14
= 0.02
t
Intro to LS with Star*Net
= 32.1"
Where: = 206265/radians 29
P1
D3
= i
i
D3 D1 D2 2
15
= 0.005
i
fd P P
=
l
Where: V is the vertical angle fd is the fractional division of the bubble is the sensitivity of the bubble
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 32
16
=
l
[0.5 x 30 x tan(1 30' 45" )]2 + [0.5 x 30 x tan(34 44' 30" )]2 6
0.4 2 + 10.4 2 = 4.2" l 6 Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
33
or
17
10
35
18
StdErr R1 StdErr R2 3.00 17.99 3.00 28.56 3.00 36.03 3.00 38.74 3.00 27.53 3.00 20.45 3.00 38.78 3.00 28.05 3.00 20.31 3.00 23.14 3.00 28.10 3.00 27.97 3.00 25.45
37
Distance 205.03 134.19 105.44 161.57 160.71 308.30 115.41 284.40 191.66 161.95 166.90 151.34
StdErr R1 0.0210 0.0207 0.0205 0.0208 0.0208 0.0215 0.0206 0.0214 0.0210 0.0208 0.0208 0.0208
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
StdErr R2 0.0253 0.0250 0.0249 0.0252 0.0252 0.0258 0.0250 0.0257 0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251
38
19
10 5020.5729 5040.3258
Intro to LS with Star*Net
N E 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.026 0.015 0.034 0.018 0.016 0.048 0.013 0.043 -0.011 0.039 0.029 0.037 0.021 0.057 0.019 0.061 0.002
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40
20
41
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What is a Covariance?
A covariance is a measure of dependency or correlation between two measurements (or computed parameters).
s xy =
[( x x) ( y
i
y )]
22
Covariance
If the covariance is equal to 0, the two variables (i.e. measurements) are independent. If the covariance is not equal to 0, the variables have some degree of dependency between them.
45
Correlation Coefficient
The dependency is measured with a Correlation Coefficient . xy s xy = or = x y sx s y The Correlation Coefficient can have values between 1 and -1 ( -1 1 ) If = 0, The variables are independent If = 1 or (-1), The variable are fully dependent.
46
23
Example
x y vx = vy = xi - xaver yi - yaver vx2 vy2 Vx x v y 174172.55 212161.94 -111.31 -160.20 12390.03 25662.68 17831.47 174397.18 212489.34 113.32 167.21 12841.76 27957.60 18947.95 174171.08 212489.21 -112.78 167.07 12720.12 27912.80 -18842.88 174394.63 212148.06 110.77 -174.08 12270.55 30304.11 -19283.36 174283.86 212322.14 0.00 0.00 50222.45 111837.18 -1346.82
=-0.02
47
Example
x y vx = vy = xi - xaver yi - yaver vx2 vy2 Vx x v y
174172.55 224172.55 -150.00 -225.00 22500.00 50625.00 33750.00 174272.55 224322.55 -50.00 -75.00 2500.00 5625.00 3750.00 174372.55 224472.55 50.00 75.00 2500.00 5625.00 3750.00 174472.55 224622.55 150.00 225.00 22500.00 50625.00 33750.00 174322.55 224397.55 0.00 0.00 50000.00 112500.00 75000.00
= 1.00
48
24
Calculations on the grid are on the ellipsoid! Calculations on the grid require correction of Angles azimuths for DoV
49
Surfaces in Geodesy
h=H+N
Ellip s oid
H h
Normal to Ge o id
50
Nor mal to
ID GEO SO I D LLIP E
HY AP GR PO TO
OCEAN
25
DoV application
NP Computing corrected horizontal direction d: d = D ( sin cos) tan (90 z) - Where: 90- DoV Za 90D is the measured direction Zg 90 is the azimuth of the line is North-South component of the DoV is East-West component of the DoV z is the Zenith angle Computing corrected Zenith angle z: z = Z + ( cos + sin) Where Z is the observed Zenith angle Intro to LS with Star*Net
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 51
STAR*NET Input
52
9090 -
90-
26
53
STAR*NET
Data Type Codes
Code
# C E P A D V DV B M
Meaning
Remainder of line is a comment and is ignored Coordinate values for a station Elevation value for a station Geodetic Position for a station (Grid jobs only) Turned Angle Distance Zenith Angle or Elevation Difference (3D data only) Distance and Vertical (3D Data only) Bearing or Azimuth Measure (Observations to another network point)
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 54
27
STAR*NET
Data Type Codes
Code
M SS TB T TE DB L
Meaning
Measure (Observations to another network point) Sideshot (Observations to a sideshot point) Traverse Begin Traverse (All observations to next network point) Traverse End Begin Direction Set Differential Level Measurement
55
[Std Errors] [Std Errors] [Std Error] [Std Error] [Std Error] [Std Errs] [Std Errs] [Std Errs] [Std Error]
[HI/HT]
[HI/HT]
[HI/HT]
56
28
Explanation
An actual Standard Error value (i.e. 0.03) Defaults to the value defined in the instrument options Defaults to the value defined in the instrument options The observation is FIXED The observation is FREE
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 57
STAR*NET
Full adjustment of data Compute approximate coordinates from data, calculate observations from inverses and compare them with actual observations Compute the differences between computed and actual values of the observations. Indicates largest differences. Effective mainly for large redundancies.
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 58
29
STAR*NET preanalysis
Analyzes the geometric strength of the network using the approximate layout and the instrument accuracies. No actual observations are used.
C C C C # D D D D D A A A A A # B 1 2 3 4 51002 51005 51328 51416 101009 ! ! 101343 # Approximate coordinates 101291 # for proposed survey 101073 4 # Proposed Observations
3
1-2 12-3 23-4 34-1 41-3 12-1-3 23-2-4 34-3-1 41-4-2 11-4-3 1-
1
59
STAR*NET - Output
60
30
Summary of Files Used and Option Settings ========================================= Project Folder and Data Files Project Name TRAV2D Project Folder C:\...\STARPLUS\STARNET\EXAMPLES C:\ ...\ STARPLUS\ STARNET\ Data File List Trav2D.dat Project Option Settings STAR*NET Run Mode : Adjust with Error Propagation Type of Adjustment : 2D Project Units : FeetUS; DMS FeetUS; Coordinate System : LOCAL Default Project Elevation : 0.0000 FeetUS Apply Average Scale Factor : 1.0000000000 Input/Output Coordinate Order : North-East NorthAngle Data Station Order : At-From-To At- FromDistance/Vertical Data Type : Slope/Zenith Convergence Limit; Max Iterations : 0.010000; 10 Default Coefficient of Refraction : 0.070000 Earth Radius : 6372000.00 m Create Coordinate File : Yes Create Ground Scale Coordinate File : No Create Dump File : No Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 61
Output Explained!
Instrument Standard Error Settings Project Default Instrument Distances (Constant) Distances (PPM) Angles Directions Azimuths & Bearings Centering Error Instrument Centering Error Target
Output Explained!
: : : : : : : 0.020000 5.000000 3.000000 2.000000 4.000000 0.000000 0.000000 FeetUS Seconds Seconds Seconds FeetUS FeetUS
Summary of Unadjusted Input Observations ======================================== Number of Entered Stations (FeetUS) = 2 (FeetUS) Fixed Stations 1 Free Stations 6
Intro to LS with Star*Net
N 5045.5720 N 5000.0000
31
Output Explained!
Number of Angle Observations (DMS) = 13 At From To Angle StdErr 1 6 2 99-47-25.00 3.00 99- 472 1 3 115-10-00.00 3.00 115- 103 2 4 94-51-53.00 3.00 94- 514 3 5 216-46-09.00 3.00 216- 465 4 6 106-26-42.00 3.00 106- 266 5 1 86-57-49.00 3.00 86- 573 2 7 225-47-02.00 3.00 225- 477 3 8 97-31-36.00 - 313.00 97 8 7 9 115-14-57.00 3.00 115- 143.00 9 8 5 83-45-28.00 83- 459 8 10 156-15-44.00 3.00 156- 1510 9 6 106-12-32.00 3.00 106- 126 10 1 164-00-42.00 3.00 164- 00Intro to LS with Star*Net
63
Output Explained!
Number From 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 7 8 9 9 10 Number From 8 of Distance Observations (FeetUS) = 12 (FeetUS) To Distance StdErr 2 205.0300 0.0210 3 134.1900 0.0207 4 105.4400 0.0205 5 161.5700 0.0208 6 160.7100 0.0208 1 308.3000 0.0215 7 115.4100 0.0206 8 284.4000 0.0214 9 191.6600 0.0210 5 161.9500 0.0208 10 166.9000 0.0208 6 151.3400 0.0208 of Azimuth/Bearing Observations (DMS) = 1 To Bearing StdErr 7 N79-52-31.00E - 52FIXED N79
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 64
32
Output Explained!
Adjustment Statistical Summary ============================== Convergence Iterations Number of Stations = = 3 10 26 18 8
Number of Observations = Number of Unknowns = Number of Redundant Obs = Observation Angles Distances Az/Bearings Az/Bearings Total Count 13 12 1 26
Obs unk
Error Factor 0.308 1.354 0.000 0.945
CASE I
4
9 Measurements: Angle Dist 4-1-2 1-2 13-4-1 2-1 23-4-1 1-2 11-2-3 3-2 32-3-4
Intro to LS with Star*Net
9 Measurements: Angle Dist 4-1-2 3-2 33-4-1 2-1 22-3-4 1-3 11-2-3 4-1-3 2-3-1
66
33
About Redundancy
Adjustment Statistical Summary: CASE I CASE II Convergence Iterations = 2 2 Number of Stations = 4 4 Number of Observations = 10 10 Number of Unknowns = 6 6 Number of Redundant Obs = 4 4 Observation Count Sum Squares of StdRes Angles 6 5 0.676 0.393 Distances 3 4 2.194 2.000 Az/Bearings 1 1 0.000 0.000 Total 10 10 2.870 2.393 The Chi-Square Test
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
Error Factor 0.531 0.443 1.352 1.118 0.000 0.000 0.847 0.773
67
Passed Passed
About Redundancy
Differences in adjusted coordinates of CASE I and CASE II
Stn N E N E N E 1 51002.00 101009.00 51002.00 101009.00 0.00 0.00 2 51005.00 101343.00 51005.00 101343.05 0.00 0.05 3 51328.00 101291.01 51328.03 101291.04 0.03 0.03 4 51416.01 101073.00 51416.05 101073.01 0.04 0.01
68
34
STAR*NET Statistics
Residual StdRes = StdErr Where k is the number of observation of a specific type (Angle, Distance, Bearings, ) Ideally should be equal to 1! A StdRes larger than 3 is flagged with * to indicate potential blunder in observation. The observation with the largest StdRes is not necessarily the erroneous observation!
Intro to LS with Star*Net
69
STAR*NET Statistics
Where k the number of observation of a specific type (Angle, Distance, Bearings, ) n the total number of observations r the redundancy ErrorFactorType= (StdResType)2 / r * n/k
Error Factors should be roughly equal, and should all approximately be within a range of 0.5 to 1.5. If for example, the Error Factor for angles is equal to 15.7 and that for distances is equal to 2.3, then there is almost certainly a problem the angles.
35
STAR*NET Statistics
The Total Error Factor =
(StdRes)2 / r
= So
Where r is the redundancy So is the standard deviation of unit weight or the posteriori reference standard deviation. The total error factor is the value used in the 2 test to evaluate the overall quality of the adjustment. It should statistically not be different than 1. In our sample output The total Error Factor =
Intro to LS with Star*Net
7.146 / 8 = 0.945
71
Output Explained!
Adjusted Coordinates (FeetUS) (FeetUS) ============================= Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N 5045.5720 5250.5510 5310.5600 5220.5812 5160.5781 5000.5703 5420.5707 5370.5741 5185.5816 5020.5729 E 5495.3380 5500.3384 5380.3163 5325.3307 5175.3272 5190.3308 5345.3097 5065.3303 5015.3310 5040.3258 Description
72
36
Output Explained!
Adjusted Observations and Residuals =================================== Adjusted Angle Observations (DMS) At From To 1 6 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 4 3 5 5 4 6 6 5 1 3 2 7 7 3 8 8 7 9 9 8 5 9 8 10 10 9 6 6 10 1
Intro to LS with Star*Net
Angle 99-47-25.73 99- 47115-10-00.58 115- 1094-51-52.62 94- 51216-46-08.95 216- 46106-26-42.45 106- 2686-57-49.67 86- 57225-47-02.80 225- 4797-31-36.84 97- 31115-14-56.80 115- 1483-45-27.60 83- 45156-15-43.77 156- 15106-12-31.68 106- 12164-00-41.79 164- 00-
Residual StdErr StdRes 0-00-00.73 3.00 0.2 0- 000-00-00.58 3.00 0.2 0- 00-0-00-00.38 3.00 0.1 00-0-00-00.05 3.00 0.0 000-00-00.45 3.00 0.2 0- 000-00-00.67 3.00 0.2 0- 000-00-00.80 3.00 0.3 0- 000-00-00.84 3.00 0.3 0- 00-0-00-00.20 3.00 0.1 00-0-00-00.40 3.00 0.1 00-0-00-00.23 3.00 0.1 00-0-00-00.32 3.00 0.1 00-0-00-00.21 3.00 0.1 0073
Explained!
2
Res StdEr StdRes Res/StdEr (Res/StdEr) 0.2 0.24333 0.05921 0.73 3.0 0.19333 0.03738 0.58 3.0 0.2 0.38 3.0 0.1 0.12667 0.01604 0.01667 0.00028 0.05 3.0 0.0 0.45 3.0 0.2 0.15000 0.02250 0.22333 0.04988 0.67 3.0 0.2 0.80 3.0 0.3 0.26667 0.07111 0.84 3.0 0.3 0.28000 0.07840 0.06667 0.00444 0.20 3.0 0.1 0.40 3.0 0.1 0.13333 0.01778 0.07667 0.00588 0.23 3.0 0.1 0.32 3.0 0.1 0.10667 0.01138 0.07000 0.00490 0.21 3.0 0.1 Total = 0.37918
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 74
37
Output Explained!
Adjusted Distance Observations (FeetUS) (FeetUS) From To Distance Residual StdErr StdRes 1 2 205.0400 0.0100 0.0210 0.5 2 3 134.1879 -0.0021 0.0207 0.1 3 4 105.4495 0.0095 0.0205 0.5 4 5 161.5593 -0.0107 0.0208 0.5 5 6 160.7097 -0.0003 0.0208 0.0 6 1 308.3091 0.0091 0.0215 0.4 3 7 115.4461 0.0361 0.0206 1.8 7 8 284.4084 0.0084 0.0214 0.4 8 9 191.6303 -0.0297 0.0210 1.4 9 5 161.9382 -0.0118 0.0208 0.6 9 10 166.8910 -0.0090 0.0208 0.4 10 6 151.3327 -0.0073 0.0208 0.3 Adjusted Azimuth/Bearing Observations (DMS) From To Bearing Residual StdErr StdRes 8 7 N79-52-31.00E 0-00-00.00 FIXED 0.0 N79- 520- 00Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 75
Output Explained!
Adjusted Bearings (DMS) and Horizontal Distances (FeetUS) FeetUS) ======================================================= (Relative Confidence of Bearing is in Seconds) From To 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 7 8 10 10 2 6 3 4 7 5 6 9 8 9 6 9 Bearing N01-23-50.77E N01- 23S81-36-25.05W S81- 36N63-26-08.64W N63- 26S31-25-43.98W S31- 25N17-39-05.84W N17- 39S68-11-52.93W S68- 11S05-21-24.62E S05- 21N81-07-04.60W N81- 07S79-52-31.00W S79- 52S15-07-27.80W S15- 07S82-24-16.75E S82- 24N08-36-48.43W N08- 36Distance 205.0400 308.3091 134.1879 105.4495 115.4461 161.5593 160.7097 161.9382 284.4084 191.6303 151.3327 166.8910 95% RelConfidence Brg Dist PPM 9.90 0.0382 186.1428 9.75 0.0398 129.2249 8.74 0.0386 287.5566 10.41 0.0384 363.9420 6.77 0.0370 320.3780 11.04 0.0386 238.9558 10.86 0.0317 197.5552 9.94 0.0316 194.9982 0.00 0.0390 137.1992 6.79 0.0397 207.1534 9.66 0.0320 211.1315 8.78 0.0326 195.3741
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38
Output Explained!
Traverse Closures of Unadjusted Observations
============================================ (Beginning and Ending on Adjusted Stations) TRAVERSE 1 Error Angular = -2.00 Sec, 6 Angles, -0.33 Sec/Angle Error Linear = 0.0066 S, 0.0171 W Horiz Precision = 0.0183 Error in 1075.2400, 1:58661, 17.05 PPM
From 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
To 6 2 3 4 5 6 1
Unadj Bearing S81-36-25.05W BS S81- 36N01-23-50.38E N01- 23N63-26-09.29W N63- 26S31-25-44.05W S31- 25S68-11-53.38W S68- 11S05-21-24.29E S05- 21N81-36-25.05E N81- 36(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
39
Error Propagation ================= Station Coordinate Standard Deviations (FeetUS) (FeetUS) Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N 0.000000 0.015585 0.014735 0.014460 0.014470 0.006333 0.019066 0.019439 0.015109 0.008732 E 0.000000 0.004052 0.014852 0.017007 0.016275 0.016133 0.015505 0.019109 0.019168 0.019052
Output Explained!
D = 1
X 2 2 X + Y 2 2 Y + 2 X Y X Y
Output Explained!
Station Coordinate Error Ellipses (FeetUS) (FeetUS) Confidence Region = 95% Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Semi-Major SemiAxis 0.000000 0.038169 0.036572 0.043750 0.040942 0.039841 0.047415 0.048011 0.046924 0.046690 Semi-Minor SemiAxis 0.000000 0.009835 0.035845 0.032735 0.034134 0.014570 0.037014 0.046333 0.036976 0.021252 Azimuth of Major Axis 0-00 1-59 1123-21 12362-23 6265-17 6581-48 81163-34 16330-37 3088-40 8886-51 86-
80
40
Output Explained!
Relative Error Ellipses (FeetUS) (FeetUS) Confidence Region = 95% Stations Semi-Major Semi-Minor SemiSemiFrom To Axis Axis 1 2 0.038169 0.009835 1 6 0.039841 0.014570 2 3 0.038587 0.005684 3 4 0.038379 0.005315 3 7 0.036988 0.003775 4 5 0.038612 0.008619 5 6 0.031749 0.008462 5 9 0.031578 0.007804 7 8 0.039021 0.000000 8 9 0.039700 0.006288 10 6 0.031951 0.007090 10 9 0.032612 0.007081
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
Azimuth of Major Axis 1-59 181-48 81116-39 11631-53 31162-53 16267-09 67174-50 17498-59 9879-53 7914-27 1497-38 97170-18 170-
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42
86
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Error ellipses
When we compute Sx and Sy for a point we actually get a box such as: +Sy -Sx +Sx -Sy This box defined a 68% probability for the error to fall in. Intro to LS with Star*Net
(c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld
88
44
Error ellipses
A more rigorous way to do this is using an ellipse. The ellipse provides us with a Bivariate normal distribution with x = y = 0. The density function of this BivariateNormal distribution is:
f ( x, y ) = 1 2 x y
2 x y 1 x 2 exp 2 2 1 x y 2(1 ) x
y + y
Where: x and y are the standard deviation of the 2 axis is the correlation coefficient x,y are the points for which f (x,y ) is evaluated.
Intro to LS with Star*Net (c) Dr. Joshua Greenfeld 89
Error ellipses
f(x,y) f(y)
f(x)
y x
x If we cur the bellat a particular f (x,y ) we get an ellipse called error ellipse
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Sx = Sy xy=0
Sx < Sy xy=0
Sx > Sy xy=0
when xy=0 (which is the same as xy=0) the axis of the ellipse coincides with the axis of x,y.
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Sx = Sy xy= 0.5
Sx = Sy xy=-0.5
Sx = Sy xy=0.9
When xy0 (or xy0) the axis of the ellipse are rotated with respect to x,y.
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t is rotation angle from Y axis to axis of largest error. U Su is the semi-major axis of semiellipse. (Largest error) u Sv is the semi-minor axis of semiX ellipse. (Least error) v Sx is the standard deviation in X of coordinate x Sy is the standard deviation in Y of coordinate y
U cos t V = sin t
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Sx Su t Sv
U X
Sy
K=
2 ( S X SY2 ) 2 2 + S XY 4
Su2 =
2 2 S X SY +K 2
Su2 =
2 S X SY2 K 2
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SX2 X3 2 SX3
SY 2
2Sxy= -0.00133 Chart for 2t 2t 2 -S 2 = -0.00057 Sx y + + - + tan(2 t) = 2.31358885 +360 246.6246 2 t dd = + - +180 t= 1231844 +180 K= 0.0007234 Su =0.0386 S2u = 0.00149 2 = 4.32E-05 Sv =0.0066 Sv Intro to LS with Star*Net
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2Sxy = 0.0000072 S2X = 0.000792 S2x - S2y = 0.0003336 2 S Y = 0.000458 t = 03706 SX y = 0.0000036 S2 = 0.000792 S =0.0281432 u u 2 = 0.0004584 S =0.0214094 Sv v
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x2 v 2
1 v 2 2
v2 2
u 2
du
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2 4 6 8 10
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The 95% Confidence Interval (5% Level of Significance.) 2 Distribution (2.025 and 2.975) (
DoF(v) DoF(v
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
2v,a
2v,b
DoF (v)
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60
2v,a
2v,b
.001 .051 .216 .484 .831 1.24 1.69 2.18 2.70 3.25 3.82 4.40 5.01 5.63 6.23 6.91
5.02 7.38 9.35 11.1 12.8 14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 21.9 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 28.8
7.56 8.23 8.91 9.59 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.8 24.4 40.5
30.2 31.5 32.9 34.2 35.5 36.8 38.1 39.4 40.6 41.9 43.2 44.5 45.7 47.0 59.3 83.3
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Confidence Interval
Confidence Interval is an interval-based estimator. The Need Because we want to know how good these estimations are and how much can we rely on them. In other words, we want to define how much deviation from the estimator is likely, given that the value for and are still unknown.
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Statistical Testing
Statistical testing is used to compare results with previous ones or with given standards. In testing we seek a judgment whether x or S2 are consistent with the assumption (hypothesis) that the sample was drawn from a population with specific parameter values such as N(,). We test a hypothesis about the probability distribution of a random variable.
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Statistical Testing
Simple hypothesis Test when the probability distribution is known i.e. N(,), 2, t, F, etc. Composite hypothesis test when the probability distribution is NOT known or not completely known. Ho Null hypothesis hypothesis of no difference H1 Alternative hypothesis hypothesis of difference
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Statistical Testing
EXAMPLE This is a null hypothesis that the Ho : 1 = o mean 1 from which one sample was drawn is equal (or is not different from) the mean o of a population having a specific mean. H1 : 1 o This is the alternative hypothesis.
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Statistical Testing
The test statistics (computed from the sample)
=
2
vS
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t=
S/ n
S12 F= 2 S2
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Statistical Testing
The Rejection Region. The value for the statistic that indicates rejection of Ho. This is equivalent to the test statistic being outside the confidence interval when constructing confidence intervals.
2 > 2 , v t > t , v F > F , v1, v2
Once we have a hypothesis we can make a decision to accept it or to reject it. This decision may be correct or incorrect.
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Statistical Testing
There are 4 possible outcomes to a hypothesis test Hypothesis is Hypothesis is correct incorrect Correct decision Type II error P = 1- P= (Confidence level) Type I error Correct decision P= P = 1- (Significance (Power of test) level)
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Hypothesis is accepted
Hypothesis is rejected
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Statistical Testing
Ho distribution Type II error Ha distribution Type I error
Reject Ha
Critical Value
Reject Ha
- the size of the type I error or the probability of a type I error to occur. = P [reject Ho when Ho is true]
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Statistical Testing
is expressed in % which is also called Significance Level of the Test. Common values for are: 5% - significant 1% - highly significant of 5% means that we are willing to risk rejecting ho, when it is correct, 5 times out of 100 trials.
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/2 2 /2, v /2, 2
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2 Test Example:
The distance in the example above was measured with an EDM with 9mm+1ppm (corresponding to = 0.03'). Test at the 5% level of significance the hypothesis that , the population standard deviation of the measurements is 0.03' against the hypothesis that is not 0.03'
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2 Test Example:
Solution: v = 19, S = 0.04 and n = 20 From the table: 2v,a = 8.91 and 2v,b = 32.9
v2,a 2
v
<S <
2
v2,b 2
v
or
8.91 0.032 19
32.9 0.03 2 19
Conclusion: The hypothesis that of the distance is 0.03' is Rejected! or it failed the 2 Test
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2 Test Example:
What will happen if we made only 5 measurements and S = 0.04?!!
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