Prefixation and suffixation Prefixation and suffixation

Prefixes A. Prefixes denoting numbers PREFIX bididipl/ohemimon/omultipolyprim/iquadr/isemitetratriuni1. MEANING two, twice two, twice double half, one side one many many, much first four half, partial four three one EXAMPLE bicuspid dicephalus diplococcus hemianopia monosaccharide multidisciplinary polysaccharide primary quadriplegic semiliquid tetradactyly triangular unicellular B. Prefixes for direction and position PREFIX abadanaanteapocircumdediaecectoepiexoextraim-, ininfrainterintraintrometaparaperperipostpreproretrosubsupersupratransMEANING away from to, toward, near up, back, again, excessive before, forward from, away from around, about away from through, apart, across, completely out from on outer side, situated on upon, on outside, on outer side, outer layer outside in, into below between within into, within beyond, after, change beside, beyond, near through, excessive around after, behind before, in front of before, in front of backward, located behind under above, upper, excessive above, upper, excessive across, through, beyond EXAMPLE abductor adductor anatomy antecubital aponeurosis circumflex dehydrate diaphragm ectopic ectoderm epidural exogenous extracellular immersion; infiltration infraorbital intercostal intracerebral introversion metacarpal paraurethral permeate; peracute periatrial postocular premaxillary prognosis retrocervical subcutaneous supercilia suprarenal transection

Use the prefixes in the box above to complete the words in the following sentences: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. antanopia is a specific kind of eye disorder that affects one quadrant of a persons vision. ary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic and progressive cholestatic disease of the liver. centric reticulohistiocytosis is a relatively rare condition. plegia is a condition in which the limbs on one side of the body have severe weakness. plegia may occur after the spinal cord has been injured. polar neurons make up the majority of sensory neurons from the body and head. Carbon oxide poisoning can be lethal. Mrs Dawson will need focal lenses. Poor old Mr Jones suffers from pia. The gastric muscle is located under the jaw. There are several types of cystic kidney disease. Unfortunately, the patient is still comatose.

Prefixation and suffixation

2. Use the prefixes in the box to complete the words in the sentences below: addeexoanadiaextraanteecinapoectoinfrac. d. Does the patient really need a surgical vention? Extended duodenal sphincteroplasty has been suggested as an alternative to choledochoduodenostomy1 for the surgical management of bile duct stones. e. Have you been duced to Professor Medley? f. HIV infection is a condition in which a person with established human immunodeficiency virus infection acquires a second strain of the virus. g. Nowadays forated peptic ulcers can be treated nonoperatively. h. The .tarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot. i. The bulbar space is the area just behind the eye. j. The lingual region has a rich blood supply derived from the carotid artery. k. The renal cortical hormone is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal glands. l. The baby was born maturely. m. The goal of operative pain management is to relieve pain. n. This kind of inflammation may occur in the interstitial tissues, in the lymphatic vessels or in the bronchial tissues of the lung. o. We have examined several patients with cardiac adenopathy. C. Prefixes pertaining to colours PREFIX cyan(o)erythr(o)leuk(o)-/ leuc(o)melan(o)xanth(o)4. MEANING blue red white, colourless black, dark yellow EXAMPLE cyanosis erythrocyte leukoplakia melanin xanthoderma

abcircumepia. b. c. d. e. f.

colitis is the inflammation of the outer coat of the colon. compensation may occur due to fatigue, stress, illness, or old age. genesis is the evolution of species involving an entire population. jection is one of the most common health care procedures. tasia occurs as part of a pathophysiological process. A nasogastric tube can be placed to facilitate palpation of the oesophagus during posterior pleural dissection. g. At the clavicular level, the cords of the brachial plexus are arranged around the second part of the axillary artery. h. I am afraid that cardiac failure is not a proper gnosis for the patients condition. i. In every case of an flexion a weakening of tissue at the point of flexure must occur. j. Researchers have discovered a new compound in the skeleton of a crustacean. k. Some normal cells are more likely than others to be cancerous. l. The dermis is a stratified squamous epithelium. m. The renal glands are the part of the body responsible for releasing different classes of hormones. n. The laser is used in sports rheumatology to treat syndromes caused by strain of muscles and articular soft tissues. o. This chromatic microscope objective lens has a magnification of about 40 times. 3. Use the prefixes in the box to complete the words in the sentences below: interperretroa. b. intraperisubintropostsupermetapresupraparaprotrans-

Use the prefixes from the box above to complete the words in the sentences below: a. b. An blast is a type of red blood cell which retains a cell nucleus. Over 100,000 new cases of invasive oma are diagnosed worldwide each year.

phase is the stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a chromosome. ventricular haemorrhage is most common in premature babies.

anastomosis of the common bile duct to the duodenum 2

Prefixation and suffixation

c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. ism is the occurrence of an increased amount of dark pigmentation in an organism. elasma is a sharply demarcated yellowish collection of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids. blastosis fetalis can affect new-born babies. cytes are either granular or nongranular. sis is a blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of greater than five grams per decilitre of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the blood vessels near the skin. Excessive intake of carrots may lead to aemia. nychia is visible as white lines or spots in the nail plate and may be caused by tiny bubbles of air that are trapped in the nail plate layers. cobalamin is a compound that is metabolised to a vitamin in the B complex commonly known as vitamin B12. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Vaccination makes the body create its own bodies. The vaginal diaphragm is a circular ceptive device for women. His fingertips were coloured from smoking cigarettes. The indication of paediatric use for aspirin-containing products has made acetaminophen one of the most commonly used drugs in paediatric medicine. The ability to urinate may also be caused by enlarged prostate. Armpit comfort can happen after different types of surgeries. iridia, the absence of the iris, usually occurs in both eyes.

E. Prefixes denoting degree PREFIX hyperhypoolig(o)pan6. MEANING over, above, excessive under, below, deficient few, scanty all EXAMPLE hyperplasia hypotension oligaemia panarthritis

D. Prefixes used for negatives PREFIX a-, ananticontradedisim-, innonunMEANING without, lack of against, opposed to, reversed against, opposite down, without reversal, apart from, separation not not not EXAMPLE apathy antiperistalsis contralateral depilate disinfection immature noninflammatory unmedicated

Choose the odd one (out?) from each set of terms: a. b. c. d. e. hypersensitive, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, hyperarthritis hypothermia, hypochondriasis, hyposurgic, hypothyroid oligothermia, oligodactylism, oligodontia, oligomenorrhoea pancarditis, paninfection panhysterectomy, panotitis panacinar, panlobular, panthyroidism, panmyelosis

F. Prefixes for size and comparison PREFIX equiheterohom(e)oisomacromega(lo)microneopseudoMEANING equal, same other, unequal, different same, unchanging equal, same large large small new false EXAMPLE equilateral heterozygous homeostasis isograft macrocheilia megaloblast microaneurysm neonatologist pseudoangina
3

Apart from the prefixes above, in order to refer to negatives or opposites, many terms beginning with the letter r- will add the prefix ir-, while those which begin with l- will take the il- prefix. Thus the negative of regular is irregular, while the one for logical is illogical. 5. Complete the following words with prefixes from the table above: a. b. c. The nurse applied an medicated dressing on the wound. infectious cystitis is irritation of the bladder. The conscious patient was lying on the floor.

Prefixation and suffixation

7. a. b. c. For sentences a-j choose the best option A, B or C: A(n) is a procedure where the patients organ is replaced using a donors organ. A. equigraft B. micrograft C. homograft can be defined as a temporary fall of the temperature in a disease usually ending by crisis. A. pseudocrisis B. neocrisis C. microcrisis In a chemical process, chemical ...... is the state in which the chemical activities or concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time. A. equity B. equilibrium C. equibase It is common knowledge that intestinal lesions favour ...... stimulation by intestinal bacteria. A. isograft B. isoantibody C. isoleucine In anatomy, ...... refers to a difference in coloration, usually of the iris but also of hair or skin. A. heterochromia B. heterogeneity C. heteronymy ...... is the enlargement of red blood cells with near-constant haemoglobin concentration. A. monocytosis B. microcytosis C. macrocytosis The psychopathological condition characterised by delusional fantasies of wealth, power, or omnipotence is commonly known as ...... . A. megalomania B. megalocephaly C. megakaryocyte The abnormal proliferation of cells is called ...... . A. neoplasty B. neoplasia C. neonatology ...... , a visual disorder in which objects appear much smaller than they actually are, is a relatively rare condition. A. microdontism B. microglossia C. micropsia The cause of ...... is a pre-existing psychiatric illness. A. pseudomyxoma B. pseudodementia C. pseudoplegia Add the prefixes from the box to the terms a- t: ila. b. c. d. active articulate artificial audible iminire. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. 9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. condensable consistency legal legitimate mature mobilise paired patient penetrable perceptible perfect rational reducible responsive sensibility sufficient Match the prefixed words with their meaning: diataxia ectocardia hyperacidity hypochondria macromelia microradiography polynuclear prodrug triceps uniocular a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. excessive amount of acidity a condition in which a person has unusually large limbs with several nuclei a condition in which a person is too worried about his or her own health and believes he or she is ill inactive or partially active drug that is metabolically changed in the body to an active drug three-headed muscle of the upper arm ataxia affecting both sides of the body pertaining to one eye congenital displacement of the heart radiography under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. 8.

Prefixation and suffixation

G. Prefixes for diseases PREFIX bradydysmalpachytachyxeroMEANING slow abnormal, difficult, impaired, painful bad, poor, unusual thickening fast, rapid dry EXAMPLE bradycardia dysphonia malabsorption pachydactyly tachycardia xeroderma Suffixes A. Suffixes meaning condition of SUFFIX -ia -ism -sis -y EXAMPLE septicemia alcoholism acidosis tetany

10. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences: dysgenesis malformation tachycardia a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. dysphagia malposition tachyphrasia xerostomia dyspraxia pachyonychia xerophthalmia

11. Match the following terms with their meaning: 1. 2. 3. amblyopia amnesia astigmatism a. b. c. a congenital condition of the metabolism which causes polysaccharides and fat cells to accumulate in the body a disorder of the nervous system in which there are convulsions and loss of consciousness due to a disordered discharge of cerebral neurones the treatment of diseases or disorders by procedures which require an operation to cut into, to remove or to manipulate tissue, organs or parts a condition in which the stomach hangs down a condition in which tissue becomes hard a lack of normal vision without a structural cause a condition in which the eye cannot focus vertical and horizontal lines simultaneously, an infectious disease where infected lumps form in the tissue a type of inherited anaemia caused by an allergy to beans loss of memory

Chiari ...... consists of a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils. ...... , also known as dry mouth, is not a disease but can be a symptom of certain diseases. Ectropion is the most common lower eyelid ...... . ...... is a condition that primarily affects the nails and skin. People with ...... have difficulty swallowing and may also experience pain while swallowing. ...... is a disorder that affects motor skill development. People with mental disorders may develop ......, a particularly rapid way of speaking. ...... is a dry, thickened, lustreless condition of the eyeball resulting from vitamin A deficiency. Reticular ...... is a very rare congenital immunodeficiency characterised by impairment of both lymphoid and myeloid cell development. Supraventricular ...... may be a side effect of medications such as asthma medications, or cold remedies.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

epilepsy favism gargoylism gastroptosis sclerosis surgery

d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

10. tuberculosis

Prefixation and suffixation

B. Suffixes for medical specialties and specialists SUFFIX -ian -iatrics -iatry -ics -ist -logy EXAMPLE geriatrician paediatrics podiatry bariatrics psychiatrist pathology -ar -ary -ic -ical -ile -oid -ory -ous muscular urinary epileptic anatomical virile rhomboid respiratory fibrous 13. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding suitable suffixes: 12. Match the terms on the left with their meaning on the right: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. bioethics clinician cytology dietician endocrinologist a. b. c. d. e. an expert in food and nutrition a branch of surgery dealing with irregularities, diseases and injuries of the locomotor system the study of the diseases and disorders of old people the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioural disorders the study of the moral and ethical choices in medical research and treatment of patients, especially when advanced technology is available the study of the structure and function of cells a doctor who specialises in the study of endocrinology a doctor, usually not a surgeon, who has considerable experience in treating patients the study of children, their development and diseases the study of female sex organs and the treatment of diseases of women in general 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. aliment clavicle clinic cube delta diabetes expiration granule hallucination heredity ileum infant infection inflammation lobule membrane mucus penis psychopathy psychopathology rheumatism surgery synapse therapy .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

6. 7. 8. 9.

geriatrics gynaecology orthopaedics paediatrics

f. g. h. i. j.

10. psychiatry

C. Adjectival suffixes meaning pertaining to or resembling SUFFIX -ac -al EXAMPLE cardiac vocal