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[SPINTRONICS] January 6, 2012

ABSTRACT: Spintronics is a branch of science that deals with the spin of an electron and not on its charge which electronics does. There are two spins (UP spin and DOWN Spin) like 0s and 1s to represent to states. The important property that spins could be directed in a particular direction, and the change in spin could be detected is used in our paper. Cancer cells are easy to identify only when they are large in number. These cancer cells when matured results in the formation of tumor, which has to be removed by surgery. After surgery the presence of a single cancer cell would result in the growth of tumor in that part of the body. This spintronic scanning technique is an efficient technique to detect cancer cells even when they are less number. The steps involved are,

1) The patient is exposed to a strong magnetic field so that his body cell gets magnetized.

2) A beam of electrons with polarized spin is introduced on the unaffected part of the body and thechange in spin is detected by a polarimeter. Let it be X, And the corresponding change in spin be Y 3) A beam of electrons with polarized spin is introduced on the part which had undergone surgery. 4)If X - Y = 0, it indicates that cancer cells have been removed from the body, if not it indicates thepresence of traces of cancer cells and it has to be treated again for ensuring complete safety to the patient. Thus this technique efficiently identifies the presence of cancer cells in that part of the body that has undergone surgery to prevent any further development

INTRODUCTION: An emerging research field in physics


1 CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

[SPINTRONICS] January 6, 2012 focused on spin-dependent phenomena applied to electronic devices is called spintronics. The promise of spintronics is based on manipulation notonly of the charge of electrons, but also their spin, which enables them to perform new functions. Currently,the ability to manipulate electron spin is expected to lead to the development of remarkable improvements in electronic systems and devises used in photonics, data processing and communications technologies only.Now this paper brings out an innovative idea of extending the hands ofspintronics in MEDICAL FIELD, in the detection of cancer cells even when they are very few in number in the human body. This approach is relied on two important aspects: the behavior of electron spin in a the cancer cells abnormality magnetic field over normal cells SPINTRONICS: Spintronics, or spin electronics, refers to the study of the role played by electron spin in solid state physics, and possible devices that specifically exploit spin properties instead of or in addition to charge degrees of freedom. In spintronics electron spin, in addition to charge, is manipulated to yield a desired outcome. An electron is just like
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a spinning sphere of charge. It has a quantity of angular momentum (its "spin") and an associated magnetism, and in an ambient magnetic field its energy depends on how its spin vector is oriented. Every electron exists in one of two states, namely, spin-up and spin-down with its spin either +1/2 or 1/2. In other words, an electron can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise around its own axis with constant frequency.Two spins can be "entangled" with each other, so that neither is distinctly up nor down, but a combination of the two possibilities. CANCER CELLS: Cancer cells are the somatic cells which are grown into abnormal size. The cancer cells have different electromagnetic pattern when compared to normal cells. For many types of cancer, it is easier to treat and cure the cancer if it is found early. There are many different types of cancer, but most cancers begin with abnormal cells growing out of control, forming a lump that's called a tumor. The tumor can continue to grow until the cancer begins to spread to other parts of the body. If the tumor is found when it is still very small, curing the cancer can be easy. However, the longer the tumor goes unnoticed, the greater the chance

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[SPINTRONICS] January 6, 2012 that the cancer has spread. This makes treatment more difficult. Tumor developed in human body, is removed by performing a surgery. Even if a single cell is present after the surgery, it would again develop into a tumor. In order to prevent this, an efficient method for detecting the cancer cells is required. Here, in this paper, we introduce a new method for detecting the cancer cellsafter a surgery. This accurate detection of the existence of cancer cells at the beginning stage itself ensuresthe prevention of further development of the tumor. PROPERTIES OF SPIN: The spin of an electron has a great dependence over an external magnetic field. If a polarized electron is exposed in a magnetic field, its spin orientation gets varied. Thisbehavior of the electron plays a crucial role in the presented approach in this paper. Polarization of spin of electrons is possible so that the spin of all electrons orient in a particular direction. The electron spin can be detected spin can be controlled by using devices like polarimeters.The electron few volts. electrically just with the application of DETECTION OF CANCER CELLS: It is very important that the cancer cells should be diagnosed at the earlier stages itself failing which develop rapidly into acute tumors. AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO DETECT THCANCER CELLS WITH THE HELP OF SPINTRONICS IS PRESENTED HERE. The following setup is used for the detection of cancer cells in a human body: Polarized electron source Magnetic field Spin detector

POLARISED ELECTRON SOURCE: A beam of electrons is said to be polarized if their spins point, on average, in a specific direction. There are several ways to employ spin on electrons and to control them. The requirement for this paper is an electron beam with all its electrons polarized in a specific direction. The following are the ways to meet the above said requirement:

Photoemission Chemi-ionization

from of

negative optically

electron affinity GaAs.

pumped meta stable Helium. An optically pumped electron A Wein style injector in the spin filter

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[SPINTRONICS] January 6, 2012 electron source. A spin filter is more efficient electron polarizer which uses an ordinary electron source along with a gaseous layer of Rb. Free electrons diffuse under the action of an electric field through Rb vapour that has been spin polarized in optical pumping. Through spin exchange collisions with the Rb, the free electrons become polarized and are extracted to form a beam. To reduce the emission of depolarizing radiation, N2 is used to quench the excited Rb atoms during the optical pumping cycle. SPIN DETECTORS: There are many ways by which the spin of the electrons can be detected efficiently. The spin polarization of the electron beam can be analyzed by using: energies of Mott polarimeter Compton polarimeter Moller type Polarimeter ~100 keV. But Mini Mott transport system. An Einsel lens configuration was used here. Two sets of four deflectors were used as the first and last lens. The electrons next enter the target chamber. The chamber consists of a cylindrical target within a polished stainless steel hemisphere. A common material used for the high-Z nuclei target is gold. Low-Z nuclei help minimize unwanted scattering, so aluminum was chosen. Scattered electrons then exit the target chamber and are collected in the detectors. Thus there are many methods for detecting the spin polarization of electrons. EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD: An external magnetic field is required during this experiment. The magnetic field is applied after the surgery has undergone. First, it is applied to an unaffected part of the body and then to the surgery undergone part of the body. It is already mentioned that the magnetic field could easily alter the polarization of electrons. APPLICATION OF SPINTRONICS IN MEDICAL FIELD. THE SPINTRONIC SCANNER: This technique using spintronics is suggested by us to identify tumor cells after surgery. The procedure for doing this experiment is as follows: After surgery and the removal of the tumor, the patient is exposed to a

Typical Mott polarimeters require electron polarimeter uses energies of ~25 keV, requiring a smaller overall design. The Mini Mott polarimeter has three major sections:the electron transport system, the target chamber, and the detectors. The first section the electrons enter is the
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[SPINTRONICS] January 6, 2012 strong magneticfield. Now the polarized electron beam of electrons are is applied over the unaffected part and spinorientation determined using polarimeter. Then the same polarized beam is targeted over the affected part of the body and from the reflected beam, change in spin is determined. Based on these two values of spin orientation, the presence of tumor cells can be detected even if they are very few in number. Hence, we suggest this method for the detection purpose. A detailed view of this innovative approach is given as follows. When the electrons get incident on the cells the magnetic energy absorbed by the cells alters the spin orientation of the electrons. These electrons get reflected and it is detected by the Mott polarimeter. Then the change in spin orientation of the electrons is measured as Sx. In the surgery undergone part of the body an external magnetic field is applied. The cancer cells which are present, if any, will absorb more magnetic energy than the normal cells since they differ in their electromagnetic pattern. DETERMINING ORIENTATION: Now an electron beam which is polarized is
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in cident on the surgery undergone part of the body. The magnetic energy absorbed by the cancer cell alter the spin orientation of the electron beam. Since cancer cells absorb more magnetic energy, the change in orientation caused by them are also more. If no cancer cells are present the amount of change is equal to the previous case. The change in spin is measured bythe polarimeter as Sy. INFERENCE: If the change in the spin in the unaffected part of the body is same as that of the surgery undergone part, i.e. If Sx=Sy Then, There are no cancer cells in the surgery undergone part of the body and all the cells have been removed by the surgery. If the change in spin in the unaffected part is not equal to the change caused by the surgery undergone part of the body, i.e. Sy Then,There are some cancer cells in the surgery undergone part of the body and the cancer cells are not completely removed by the surgery. CONCLUSION: Thus the usage of electron spin in the cancer cell detection provides way for the entry of spintronics in medical field. The approach

THE

SPIN

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[SPINTRONICS] January 6, 2012 suggested in this paper acts as an efficient way of cancer cell detection after surgery thereby preventing the further growth of tumor cells. REFERENCES: 1. WWW.PHYSICSWEB.COM 2. WWW.QUINON.COM 3. WWW.JLAB.ORG 4. WWW.EBAY.COM

CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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