Proceedings of MicroNano08 MicroNano2008 June 3-5, 2008, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong

DRAFT-70251
STRESS DISTRIBUION ON OPEN-ENDEDCARBON NANOTUBES

Kasra Momeni Sharif University, Department of Mechanical Engineering of Technology, Azadi St., Tehran 1458889694, IRAN, Tel: +98 912 2004922, Kasra_Momeni@mehr.sharif.edu

Aria Alasty Sharif University, Department of Mechanical Engineering of Technology, Azadi St., Tehran 1458889694, IRAN, Tel: +98 21 6616 5504, Fax: +98 21 6600 0021, aalasti@sharif.edu ABSTRACT: The study of the stress distribution on openended Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) placed in a composite material is considered in this work and an analytical solution for the stress distribution has been constructed. Finally some parameters such as CNTs thickness and CNTs length are considered and their effects on the distribution of stress have been investigated. For finding the governing relations, continuity equations for the axisymmetric problem in cylindrical coordinate (r,,z) are considered. Then by assuming some conditions and solving the governing differential equations, using constitutive equations and applying the boundary conditions, an equation relates the stress applied to the representative volume element with the stress distribution on the CNT has been found. [12]. Such superior mechanical properties make CNTs a promising material to act as the reinforcement phase of composite materials. In recent years also a great effort was done in order to implement CNTs as the reinforcement phase of nanocomposites [15-19]. As in the case of conventional composite materials one of the key issues for determining the strength of a composite material is the interfacial bonding strength between the matrix and reinforcement phase. Different approaches were used for finding this bonding strength from continuum models [20-23] to molecular dynamics simulation [24] and experimental measurements [25-28]. Many researches are also done in order to find the stress distribution on CNTs placed in the matrix of composite materials and mechanical behavior of CNTs embedded in the matrix [29-31]. It has been noticed that despite the efforts for analyzing the production process of open-ended CNTs [32-34], no analytical work on the reinforcement effect of an open-ended CNT embedded in a composite material was reported till now. Therefore, in this paper an open-ended CNT has been considered as a reinforcement phase embedded in matrix where an axial load is applied at the ends of compound medium.

INTRODUCTION After the discovery of CNTs by Iijima et al.[1] in 1991, many researches have been done on this new carbon structure. While most of the researches are on the production methods [2-7], many of them are also on its mechanical properties. These investigations show that CNTs have superior mechanical properties compared to most of the other structures. This is due to the sp2 bounds in CNTs which have a high bound strength [8]. Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements show that the elastic module of CNTs in the range of 1-5 TPa [911], which is significantly higher than that of a carbon fiber, that is from 0.1 to 0.8 TPa [12]. The measured tensile strength of CNTs is about 60 GPa [13;14]which is significantly higher than carbon fibers which is about 4 GPa

GEOMETRY AND ASSUMPTIONS Fig. 1 illustrates the geometry of the compound structure under consideration for further analysis. It comprises of an isotropic external cylinder with length of 2L and radius R, plus an open-ended CNT which is assumed isotropic with

Copyright 2008 by ASME

length of 2Lf and inner and outer radii of ri and ro, respectively. As it is seen, the open-ended CNT is embedded within the matrix and a perfect bounding is established between them. For analysis of this problem a representative volume element (RVE) of such structure will be considered. In order to analyze this problem following assumptions are made: 1. Both matrix and CNT are made of isotropic but different materials. 2. A perfect bonding between CNT and matrix exists. 3. Radial strain is much smaller than the axial strain.
u w pp z r .

FIG. 2 FRONT VIEW OF THE RVE AND SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROBLEMS PARAMETERS

The applied axial force will be transferred to the open-ended CNT via surrounding matrix. 5. The cross section area of the CNT is smaller than the RVEs or in other words the volume fraction of the fiber is much less than the volume fraction of the matrix. 6. The induced radial and hoop stresses are much smaller than the axial stress +rr<<zz which is an acceptable assumption especially for the case of materials with small Poisson ratio. 7. The effect of body forces compared to other applied forces can be ignored. A great amount of efforts have been done for finding the stress distribution function, but all of them have been carried out for the case of closed-end CNTs [35-37]. In solving this problem, three-dimensional theory of elasticity is employed for further analysis. The governing equilibrium equations of an axisymmetric problem in cylindrical coordinate (r,,z) is considered first, then by using kinematical relations, constitutive equations and finally applying boundary conditions in both reinforced and pure matrix parts in the RVE, the governing differential equations of stress distribution on the CNT is obtained. Solution of such differential equations yields the stress distribution on the open-ended CNT.

4.

FIG. 3 SIDE VIEW OF RVE AND SPECIFICATION OF THE AXIAL DISPLACEMENT DIRECTION

MODELING AND SIMULATION The governing equilibrium equations of an axisymmetric problem in cylindrical coordinate by neglecting the body forces are as follows [38]: (1-a) rr rz rr + + =0 r r z (1-b) rz zz rz + + =0 r z r in which referred to Fig. 1 the ijs are the components of stress tensor in the cylindrical coordinate. The kinematical relations in such coordinate system are as follows [38]:

u r u = r w zz = z u w rz = + z r rr =

(2-a) (2-b) (2-c) (2-d)

FIG. 1 REPRESENTATIVE VOLUME ELEMENT OF THE COMPOSITE

in which u and w represent the axial and radial displacement of any point within the media, respectively. Moreover, rr , , zz and rz are the only non-zero components of the strain tensor. The constitutive equations, i.e. Hookes Law are [38]:

Copyright 2008 by ASME

1 rr ( + zz ) E 1 = ( zz + rr ) E 1 zz = zz ( rr + ) E rz = rz G rr =

(3-a) (3-b) (3-c) (3-d)

penetrate into the hollow part of the open-ended CNT become zero and the Eq. (8) will reduce to:

if

will

d zz dz

2 ro of ro2 ri 2

(9)

Eq.(9) indirectly indicates that the Hence we set:

f zz = f ( z) z

of

is a function of z.

in which E, and G are the Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio and shear modulus, respectively. Referred to Fig. 1, the governing boundary conditions for the reinforced and pure matrix are as follows:

(10)

r r t | = 0, r t m |z = L = e3
m r =R

and by using Eq. (1-b) we have: (4-a) (4-b)

f rz f + f ( z ) + rz = 0 r r

(11)

where the interfacial traction continuity conditions are:

Eq. (11) is a first order linear differential equation in terms of

f rz

r t r t

| L f < z < L f ,r = ro

|z = L f ,ri < r < ro

r =t r =t

which its solution leads to:

| L f < z < L f ,r = ro

(5-a) (5-b)
f rz =

|z = L f ,ri <r < ro

c 1 f ( z) r + 1 r 2
f rz r = ri

(12)

in which t is the traction vector, is the axial normal stress uniformly applied at the RVEs ends and superscripts f and m denote the CNT and matrix mediums, respectively. Solution in the Reinforced Region By integrating the Eq. (1-b) over the cross sectional area with respect to r from ri to ro for the open-ended CNT one would get:
1 r ri2

Noting that

= 0 due to no matrix penetration into the

hollow part of the open-ended CNT we have:

f rz =

r2 1 f ( z ) r i 2 1 2 r
f f

(13)

By applying the boundary condition rz |r = ro = o to the Eq. (13), one would get:

2 o

ro

ri

f 1 zz ( 2r ) dr + 2 2 z ro ri

ro

ri

1 f rrz ( 2r ) dr = 0 r r

(6)
f ( z) = 2 ro ro f 2ro f 2 2 o = 2 2 o ( z ) ri ro ri ro ri 2 f 2 1 o r

(14-a)

The average axial normal stress over the cross section of the open-ended CNT can be defined as:

f rz =

zz =

1 r ri 2

ro r 2 ri ro2

(14-b)

2 o

ro

ri

f zz (r , z ) (2r )dr

(7)

In component form the boundary conditions of Eqs. (4 a,b) are:

Differentiation of Eq. (7) with respect to z from (-Lf to Lf) and using Eq. (6) leads to:

m |r = R = 0, rr

(15-a) (15-b)

d zz dz

2 ro of ri if ro2 ri 2

(8)

m |r = R = 0 zr
Similarly from Eq. (5 a, b) we will have:
f m rr | L f < z < L f ,r = ro = rr | L f < z < L f ,r = ro f zr | L f < z < L f ,r = ro = m | L f < z < L f ,r = ro zr

In this relation

of

and

if

represent the shear stresses in the

interfaces between the matrix and CNT at ri and ro, respectively. By assuming that the matrix material will not

(16-a) (16-b)

Copyright 2008 by ASME

Now by integrating the Eq. (1-b) over the cross sectional area with respect to r from ro to R and using Eq. (15-b) one would get:

After integrating Eq. (24) over the cross-section with respect to r from ro to R, one would get:
m wR wrm R 2 ro2 o =G ro R 2 ln ( R ro ) 1 2 R 2 ro2 f o m

d 2r = 2 o 2 of dz R ro
where,

m zz

(17)

(25)

Now we substitute

of

from Eq.(25) into Eq. (22) which

m zz ( z )

1 = 2 R ro2

leads to,

ro

m zz ( r , z )

( 2r ) dr

(18)

m (r ) = G m rz

A close inspection of Eq.(18) indicates that the function of z, moreover we have;

m zz = g (z ) z

m will be a zz

m wR wrm R2 r 2 o 2 r R ln ( R ro ) 1 2 R 2 ro2

(26)

By back substitution of rz from Eq. (26) into Eq. (23-b) and

m

(19)

carrying out the integration, it results in:

m wR wrm R 2 ln ( r ro ) 1 2 r 2 ro2 o wrm ( r , z ) = wrm + o R 2 ln ( R ro ) 1 2 R 2 ro2

Were g(z) is an unknown function that must be determined. By substituting Eq. (19) in (1-b) and integrating over the cross-section with respect to r form ro to R leads to:

)(

))

(27)

2 g ( z) R2 r 2 m g ( z ) = 2 2 r m ( r ) rz = rz 2 R r r
After combining Eq. (20) and Eq. (5-b), we have:

By recalling assumption VI, i.e. (20)

+ rr pp zz

for both

matrix and the fiber and using Eqs. (2-c) and (3-c) we have:
f zz = E f

w f , z

(28-a) (28-b)

2r g ( z ) = 2 o 2 of R ro
After back substitution of g(z) in Eq. (20),

(21)

m zz = E m

w z

Substituting Eq. (27) into Eqs. (28-b) results in: (22)

m m zz = zz |r =r +
o

m rz ( r )

ro R 2 r 2 f = 2 2 o R ro r

R 2 ln(r ro ) 1 2 (r 2 ro2 ) m m zz |r =R zz |r =r R 2 ln(R ro ) 1 2 (R 2 ro2 )

(29)

u w pp In view of assumption III i.e. and Eqs. (2-d) z r

and (3-d), w f f rz = G f , r (23-a) (23-b)

Now, consider the force balance over the cross-section of the composite along z axis:
f m R 2 = r zz ( 2r )dr + r zz (2r ) dr
i o

ro

(30)

Using Eqs. (7), (29) and (30) we have:

m m zz |r = R = zz |r = r +
o

m = G m rz

wm r

R 2 ln (R ro ) 1 2 R 2 ro2 R ln (R ro ) 1 4 R 2 ro2 3R 2 ro2

2

)(

Using Eqs. (23) and Eq. (22) we have,

f zz

(r

r + R + |
2 o 2

m zz r = ro

r R
2 o 2

(31)

of = G m

R 2 ro2 r wm R 2 r 2 ro r

From Eqs. (9), (25), (28) and (31) it follows that, (24)

Copyright 2008 by ASME

m zz (ri 2 ro2 ) + R 2 + zz |r (ro2 R 2 ) f

d 2 zz R 2 ro2 1 = 2 dz 2 ri ro2 1 + m

(32)

zz = A sh (ri 2 ro2 ) +
f

R 4 ln(R ro ) 1 4 R 2 ro2 3R 2 ro2

)(
o

In view of assumption II, i.e. perfect bounding between two media:

Em B ch ri 2 ro2 + f E R 2 Em ri 2 ro2 + f ro2 R 2 E

Em 2 ro R 2 z + f E ro2 R 2 z +

(38)

m f zz |r =r = zz |r =r zm |r =r
o o

Em f = f zz |r =r E

Putting Eq. (38) into Eq. (9) results in, (33)

zz = A ( ri 2 ro2 ) + f ( ro2 R 2 ) E
f

Em

In view of assumption V, i.e. low volume fraction of the fiber,

Em ch ( ri 2 ro2 ) + f ( ro2 R 2 ) z + E Em B ( ri2 ro2 ) + f ( ro2 R 2 ) E 2r f Em sh ( ri 2 ro2 ) + f ( ro2 R 2 ) z = 2 o o 2 E ( ri ro )

f zz zz

zz

|r = r =
o

Em f zz Ef

(34)

(39)

From Eq. (34) and Eq. (32) it follows that:

d 2 zz R 2 ro2 1 = 2 dz 2 ri ro2 1 + m Em ri 2 ro2 + f ro2 R 2 + R 2 E 4 2 2 R ln(R ro ) 1 4 R ro 3R 2 ro2

f zz

Eq. (39) can be put in the following form as:

(35)

2ro of 1 r 2 ro2 = i A ch ( z ) + B sh ( z ) ri 2 ro2 2 ro

in which is,

(40)

)(

By considering as follows,

= (ri 2 ro2 ) + f (ro2 R 2 ) E

Using Eqs. (31), (34) and (38) in (29) result in,

Em

(41)

=
4

R 2 ro2

1 ri 2 ro2 1 + m

1 R ln(R ro ) 1 4 R 2 ro2 3R 2 ro2

(36)

f zz =

R 2 ln ( r ro ) 1 2 r 2 ro2
2

R ln ( R ro ) 1 4 R r 3R 2 ro2
2 2 o

)(

R 2 +

)(

Eq. (35) becomes:

d 2 zz Em f (ri 2 ro2 ) + f (ro2 R 2 ) zz = R 2 2 dz E

(37)

2 2 Em 2 2 2 m R ln ( R ro ) 1 2 R ro ro ri + f E E f E R 2 ln ( R ro ) 1 4 R 2 ro2 3R 2 ro2 R2 A sh ( z ) + B ch ( z ) + 2 2 Em 2 2 ro ri + E f R ro

) ( ) ( )(

(R )

ro2

(42)

Eq. (37) represents an ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients and has a solution as follows:

Putting Eq. (40) in Eq. (14-b) results in,

f rz =

r ri 2 1 { A ch ( z ) + B sh ( z )} 2 r2

(43)

Copyright 2008 by ASME

Finally, the use of Eq. (40) in (22) gives

m = rz

2 R 2 ro2

ri 2 ro2

R2 r A ch ( z ) + B sh ( z ) r

(44)

Eqs. (38), (40) and (42) to (44) represent some expressions for unknowns stresses of
f zz , rz , m and m . The only zz rz f

ch ( z ) R 2 R2 = 1 + E m 2 2 ch ( L f ) Em 2 2 2 2 ro ri + f R ro ro ri + f R 2 ro2 E E ri 2 ro2 R2 f o = 1 sh ( z ) Em 2 2 2ro ch ( L f ) 2 2 ro ri + f R ro E

f zz

m = zz

R ln ( r ro ) 1 2 r r
2 2

remaining thing is specifying the constants A and B in these relations. To calculate the value of these two constant coefficients the pure matrix region must be considered. That is a matrix with an embedded solid virtual CNT with zero inner radius and outer radius equal to the outer radius of the actual open-ended CNT in the reinforced region. Solution in Pure Matrix Region Equation (38) for this region will be as follows:
R2 r 2 1 m R2 o zz = A sh z+ 2 4 2 2 2 2 ro 1 + m R ln ( R ro ) 1 4 R ro 3R ro

R 2 ln ( R ro ) 1 4 R 2 ro2 3R 2 ro2

)(

2 o

R2 +

2 2 Em 2 2 2 2 2 m R ln ( R ro ) 1 2 R ro ro ri + f R ro E E f E R 2 ln ( R ro ) 1 4 R 2 ro2 3R 2 ro2 R2 R2 ch ( z ) 1 + ch ( L f ) Em 2 2 2 2 Em 2 2 2 2 ro ri + f R ro ro ri + f R ro E E

) ( ) ( )(

( )

(49)

)(

r ri 2 sh ( z ) R2 = 2 1 1 Em 2 r ch ( L f ) ro2 ri 2 + f R 2 ro2 E
f rz

R2 r 2 1 R2 o B ch z+ 2 4 2 2 2 2 ro 1 + m R ln ( R ro ) 1 4 R ro 3R ro

(45)
=
m rz

)(

2 R 2 ro2

ri 2 ro2

R2 sh ( z ) R2 r 1 Em 2 2 r ch ( L f ) ro ri + f R 2 ro2 E

A' and B' are constants, the same as A and B in Eq. (38) but in the pure matrix region. By substituting Eq. (45) into Eq. (9) and the consequent result into Eq.(14-b) one would get:
fm rz =

In order to verify the validity of the above relations if the inner radius of the open-ended CNT, ri, approach zero, which corresponds to a rod shape fiber, the formulas will be the same as the ones for the case of rod shape cylinder obtained by Gao and Li [39].

r ( A ch ( z ) + B sh ( z ) ) 2

(46) NUMERICAL SOLUTION AND CASE STUDY Based on derived relations, for an open-ended CNT placed in the epoxy matrix and under an axial constant traction, the shear stress distribution in the medium is calculated and the results are represented in different graphs. The controlling parameters considered are taken to be the same as the one used in Gao and Li [40]. Further more we assumed that the CNT of interest is single wall, therefore we considered the following parameters, Ef = 1000 GPa, Em = 2.41 GPa, vm = 0.35, ro=0.471nm, ri=0, 0.131nm, R= 5ro, and aspect ratios Lf/ro=12.8, 10.1 and 7.8. When we consider ri =0 the problem would become the same as when the CNT is closed-end. The results for this case are shown in Figs. 4-5, which are the same as the results reported by [41]. Considering ri =0.131, the mean stress in the openended CNT and the shear stress at the interface have been shown in Figs. 6-7. Comparing the maximum mean stress in the fiber, which occurs at the middle of the open-ended CNT, in Figs. 4 and 6 we will find that the maximum mean stress is greater for the open-ended CNT compared with closed-end CNT. It is plausible due to the fact that open-ended CNT has a lower cross-section area compared with a closed-end CNT of same outer diameter, and the stress is inversely promotional to the cross-section area.

in which:

R 2 ro2 1 R2 ro2 1 + m R 4 ln (R ro ) 1 4 (R 2 ro2 )(3R 2 ro2 )

(47)

In order to calculate the unknown coefficients A and B we will apply the boundary conditions which is listed in Eqs. (4b) and (5-b). After doing so and some further calculations, A and B will be obtained as followings:
R2 B '= 1 Em ch ( L f ) ro2 ri 2 + f R 2 ro2 E

A ' = 0,

(48)

Substituting the values of A and B in equations (38), (40) and (42-44), the following relations will result in:

Copyright 2008 by ASME

As it has been shown in Figs. 4 and 6, the maximum mean axial stress occurs in the middle of the CNT and its maximum increases by increasing its length.

FIG. 6 NON-DIMENSIONAL SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION VS. FIBER LENGTH ON THE HOLLOW CARBON FIBER (LF = 0.03M, RO = 0.03CM)

FIG. 4 DISTRIBUTION OF NON-DIMENSIONAL MEAN STRESS VS. AXIAL POSITION OF CNT NONDIMENSIONALIZED BY ITS DIAMETER, RO=0.

FIG. 7 NON-DIMENSIONAL SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION VS. FIBER LENGTH ON THE HOLLOW CARBON FIBER (LF = 0.05M, RO = 0.03CM)

FIG. 5 NON-DIMENSIONAL SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION VS. FIBER LENGTH ON THE HOLLOW CARBON FIBER (LF = 0.01M, RO = 0.03CM)

The results show that as in the case of closed-end CNT the maximum shear stress occurs at the extremes of the openended CNTs while it will vanish in the middle due to symmetry. Also the longer fibers have higher stress transmission capability compared with the shorter ones, which means the larger the open-ended CNTs aspect ratio, the higher is the shear stress that the CNT can reach. As it is seen in these figures, increasing the length of fiber will induce the shear stress distribution becomes a local phenomenon i.e. as the fiber length increases the shear jump will represent itself more locally towards the end of fiber length. Comparing the maximum mean stress in the open-ended CNT and closed-end CNT we will find that in all the cases the

Copyright 2008 by ASME

maximum mean stress in the open-ended CNT is higher than the one in the close-ended one by a factor of about 1.08. In addition by comparing the maximum shear stress of the openended CNTs with the closed-ended CNTs we will find that the maximum shear stresses of the open-ended CNTs are higher than the close-ended ones by a factor of about 1.0008. This value drops for shorter nanotubes to the factor of 1.0004.
CONCLUSION As it can be seen in the presented results the ability of the open-ended CNT to stress transfer will be improved by increasing its aspect ratio which is defined as the ratio of its outer diameter and length. The shear stress transfer will also increase by increasing the nanotubes aspect ratio as it has been represented in Figs 5 and 7. It is also expected that the stress transfer increase by reducing the inner diameter of the hollow fiber because the shear stress is proportional to

7. Hatta N, Murata K. Very Long Graphitic Nano-Tubules Synthesized by Plasma-Decomposition of Benzene. Chemical Physics Letters 1994; 217: 398402. 8. A.Shokuhfar, K.Momeni. Carbon Nanotechnology (Farsi). 2004. Nanotubes. In: Introduction to

9. Treacy MMJ, Ebbesen TW, Gibson JM. Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 1996; 381: 67880. 10. Wong EW, Sheehan PE, Lieber CM. Nanobeam mechanics: Elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes. Science 1997; 277: 19715. 11. Zhang P, Huang Y, Geubelle PH, Klein PA, Hwang KC. The elastic modulus of single-wall carbon nanotubes: a continuum analysis incorporating interatomic potentials. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2002; 39: 3893-906. 12. Peebles LH. Carbon Fibers: Formation, structure and properties. CRC Press, 1995. 13. Wong EW, Sheehan PE, Lieber CM. Nanobeam mechanics: Elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes. Science 1997; 277: 19715. 14. Li F, Cheng HM, Bai S, Su G, Dresselhaus MS. Tensile strength of singlewalled carbon nanotubes directly measured from their macroscopic ropes. Applied Physics Letters 2000; 77: 3161-3. 15. Xia ZH, Lou J, Curtin WA. A multiscale experiment on the tribological behavior of aligned carbon nanotube/ceramic composites. Scripta Materialia 2008; 58: 223-6. 16. Chen W, Qu L, Chang D, Dai L, Ganguli S, Roy A. Vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes infiltrated with temperature-responsive polymers: smart nanocomposite films for self-cleaning and controlled release. Chemical Communications 2008; 163-5. 17. Liu XB, Long SR, Luo DW, Chen WJ, Cao GP. Preparation and properties of polyarylene ether nitrites/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites. Materials Letters 2008; 62: 19-22. 18. Bal S, Samal SS. Carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites - A state of the art. Bulletin of Materials Science 2007; 30: 379-86. 19. Pham GT, Park YB, Liang Z, Zhang C, Wang B. Processing and modeling of conductive thermoplastic/carbon nanotube films for strain sensing. Composites Part B-Engineering 2008; 39: 209-16. 20. Wagner HD. Nanotube-polymer adhesion: a mechanics approach. Chemical Physics Letters 2002; 361: 57-61. 21. Wagner HD, Lourie O, Feldman Y, Tenne R. Stress-induced fragmentation of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix. Applied Physics Letters 1998; 72: 188-90. 22. Lourie O, Wagner HD. Transmission electron microscopy observations of fracture of single-wall carbon nanotubes under axial tension. Applied Physics Letters 1998; 73: 3527-9. 23. Lourie O, Wagner HD. Evidence of stress transfer and formation of fracture clusters in carbon nanotube-based composites. Composites Science and Technology 1999; 59: 975-7.

the ro ri
2

)r

. It is also expected that the reduction in the

inner radius of the fiber to have higher effect compared with increasing the outer radius due to the proportionality of the transferred stress to the to ro . Due to the above statements, it is expected that a rod-shaped fiber has higher stress transferability compared with a hollow cylindrical shaped fiber. Although it might be true for the case of which the matrix does not penetrate inside the hollow part but if it does it can cause increasing in the stress transferability of the fiber due to increasing in the area of the contact between the fiber and matrix which in this case can be nearly twice the case of no matrix penetration. Therefore to have a rational comparison between a rod-shaped fiber and a hollow cylindrical fiber which the matrix is penetrated inside its hollow part, further investigations needs to be done.
REFERENCES:
1. Iijima S. Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon. Nature 1991; 354: 568. 2. Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM. Large-Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes. Nature 1992; 358: 220-2. 3. Iijima S, Ichihashi T. Single-Shell Carbon Nanotubes of 1-Nm Diameter. Nature 1993; 363: 603-5. 4. Ruoff RS, Lorents DC, Chan B, Malhotra R, Subramoney S. Single-Crystal Metals Encapsulated in Carbon Nanoparticles. Science 1993; 259: 346-8. 5. Singh MK, Singh PP, Titus E, Misra DS, LeNormand F. High density of multiwalled carbon nanotubes observed on nickel electroplated copper substrates by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Chemical Physics Letters 2002; 354: 331-6. 6. Bai JB, Hamon AL, Marraud A, Jouffrey B, Zymla V. Synthesis of SWNTs and MWNTs by a molten salt (NaCl) method. Chemical Physics Letters 2002; 365: 184-8.

ri compared with its proportionality

Copyright 2008 by ASME

24. Liao K, Li S. Interfacial characteristics of a carbon nanotube-polystyrene composite system. Applied Physics Letters 2001; 79: 4225-7. 25. Barber AH, Cohen SR, Wagner HD. Measurement of carbon nanotubepolymer interfacial strength. Applied Physics Letters 2003; 82: 4140-2. 26. Cooper CA, Cohen SR, Barber AH, Wagner HD. Detachment of nanotubes from a polymer matrix. Applied Physics Letters 2002; 81: 3873-5. 27. Ajayan PM, Stephan O, Colliex C, Trauth D. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays Formed by Cutting A Polymer Resin-Nanotube Composite. Science 1994; 265: 1212-4. 28. Schadler LS, Giannaris SC, Ajayan PM. Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites. Applied Physics Letters 1998; 73: 3842-4. 29. Mottaghitalab V, Spinks GM, Wallace GG. The influence of carbon nanotubes on mechanical and electrical properties of polyaniline fibers. Synthetic Metals 2005; 152: 77-80. 30. Ye HH, Lam H, Titchenal N, Gogotsi Y, Ko F. Reinforcement and rupture behavior of carbon nanotubes-polymer nanofibers. Applied Physics Letters 2004; 85: 1775-7. 31. Xiao T, Liao K. A nonlinear pullout model for unidirectional carbon nanotube-reinforced composites. Composites Part B-Engineering 2004; 35: 211-7. 32. Louchev OA, Sato Y, Kanda H. Morphological stabilization, destabilization, and open-end closure during carbon nanotube growth mediated by surface diffusion. Physical Review e 2002; 66. 33. Mann DJ, Hase WL. Direct dynamics simulations of the oxidation of a single wall carbon nanotube. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2001; 3: 4376-83. 34. Guo T, Nikolaev P, Rinzler AG, Tomanek D, Colbert DT, Smalley RE. Self-Assembly of Tubular Fullerenes. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1995; 99: 10694-7. 35. Li K, Saigal S. Micromechanical modeling of stress transfer in carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites. Materials Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 2007; 457: 44-57. 36. Jiang LY, Huang Y, Jiang H et al. A cohesive law for carbon nanotube/polymer interfaces based on the van der Waals force. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2006; 54: 2436-52. 37. Gao XL, Li K. A shear-lag model for carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2005; 42: 1649-67. 38. Boresi AP, Chong KP. Elasticity in engineering mechanics. 2nd ed edn. New York: Wiley, 2000. 39. Gao XL, Li K. A shear-lag model for carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2005; 42: 1649-67. 40. Gao XL, Li K. A shear-lag model for carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2005; 42: 1649-67. 41. Gao XL, Li K. A shear-lag model for carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Solids and Structures 2005; 42: 1649-67.

Copyright 2008 by ASME