Phonetics

Group 2

Test 2

1. How are consonants produced? They are produced by obstructing partially or completely the passage of air with the articulators. There are voiced and unvoiced consonants. Voiced consonants involve light vibration of the vocal cords. 2. What is a fricative? A fricative is a consonant produced by letting the stream of air escape through a narrow passage between the articulators. Fricatives make a hissing sound. There are nine fricative consonants: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, // et //, //, // and /h/. 3. How is the suffix ate pronounced at the end of a word? -ate is pronounced /et/ if the word is a verb, and /t/ if it is a noun or an adjective. 4. Give a short description of the phoneme //. // is a short, open-mid, rather back vowel sound produced with the lips rounded. 5. Give a short description of the phoneme //. // is the lenis/unvoiced affricate. It is a complex consonant sound composed of the lenis/unvoiced alveolar plosive /d/ and the lenis/unvoiced palate-alveolar fricative //. 6. Is there aspiration or vowel shortening in: Tip, girl, flow, pal, help, kill, keep, goat, lap, target Aspiration Shortening A+S No phenomenon Pal goat Tip Girl help lap keep flow kill target help ; 7. Transcribe: booth, clothes, earth, heather, northern, oath, rather, smooth, Thames, Theresa, thorough, thyme /bu:/, /klz/, /:/, /he/, /n:n/, //, /r:/, /smu:/, /temz/; /tri:z/, / r/, /tam/ 8. Transcribe: Indebted, schism, weapon, cemetery, vehement, development, knife, phonetics, psalm /ndetd/, /skzm/, /wepn/, /semtri/, /vi:mnt/, /dvelpmnt/, /naf/, /f netks/, /s:m/ 9. Transcribe: Shelters, drafts, wolves, months, tears, meringues, paths, rifles, domains, travels, gaps /eltz/; /dr:fts/; /wlvz/; /mns/; /tz/; /mrz/; /p:z/; /raflz/; /d menz/; /trvlz/; /ps/ 10. In the words below, underline the stressed syllables. Do not forget to differenciate between primary and secondary stress (if there is secondary stress). Terrific, pneumonia, accusation, courageous, European, carnivorous, opportunity, regular, incoherent Terrific: 010 Pneumonia: /010/ accusation: /2010/ Courageous: /010/ European: /2010/ carnivorous: /0100/ Opportunity: /20100/ regular: /100/ incoherent: /2010/ 11. In the words listed below, the stressed syllable is not the one one would normally expect in English two-syllable words. Explain why these words have irregular stress pattern. Parade, advise, tattoo, unique, before, foment, deceit, brunette, severe, contest Parade -ade is a strong (i.e. stress-carrying) ending

Advise contains the non-detachable prefix ad-/the vowel sound in the syllable is a shwa, neither a non-detachable prefix nor the shwa can carry stress. Tattoo -oo is a strong (i.e. stress carrying) ending. Unique -que is a strong (i.e. stress carrying ending) Before be- is a non-detachable prefix that contains neutralized /i/, therefore, it cannot carry stress. Foment in two-syllable verbs that are simple words, -ment carries stress (exception: comment). Deceit de- is a non-detachable prefix that contains neutralized /i/, therefore this syllable cannot carry stress. Brunette -ette is a strong (i.e. stress-carrying) ending. Severe -ere is a strong (i.e. stress-carrying) ending in adjectives. Contest this word is part of a homographic pair: the stress pattern or the noun is /10/, the stress pattern of the verb is /01/