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UPSC Civil Services Main 1984 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

July 19, 2010

Question 1(a) Evaluate by contour integration method
0

xsinmx x4 + a4 dx. Solution. See 1998 question 2(b). Question 1(b) Evaluate by contour integration method
0

xa1 log 1 + x2 x dx, 0 < a < 2. Solution. We take f(z) = D(R,) C(R,) y = x = R x = R 1. On BC,z = R + iy and therefore zeaz tour C as the rectangle 1 + ABCD e2z and the conwhere A = (R,0),B = (R,0),C = (R,),D = (R,) oriented positively. C y=0 A(R,0) (0,0)

B(R,0)
BC

f(z)dz =

(R + iy)eaR+iay
0

1 + e2(R+iy) idy
0

(R + y)eaR e2R 1 dy (R e2R + )eaR 1 because |1 + e2R| e2R 1 and R + y R + on 0 y . Since R lim (R + )eaR e2R 1 = R lim (R + )aeaR 2e2R + eaR

= R lim (R 2e2RaR + )a + 1 = 0 if 2a > 0 i.e. a < 2, it follows that R lim

BC

f(z)dz = 0. 1

2.


DA

f(z)dz =
0

(R 1 + + e2(R+iy) iy)eaR+iay idy

0

(R 1 + e2R y)eaR dy (R 1 + e2R )eaR But lim

R

ReaR = 0 (note that eaR 1

a2R2

), therefore R lim f(z)dz = 0.

DA

3. R lim
AB

f(z)dz =

1 xeax + e2x dx. 4. R lim

CD

f(z)dz =

(x + i)ea(x+i)

1 + e2x+2i dx as z = x + i. Thus
R

lim
C

f(z)dz = 1 xeax + e2x dx

(x + i)ea(x+i)

1 + e2x

dx =

xeax(1 1 + e2x eia) dx i

1 eaxeia + e2x dx The poles of f(z) are given by e2z = e(2n+1)i. and it is a simple pole. The only pole in the strip 0 y is z = i
2

Residue at z = i
2

is lim
z i 2

zeaz(z i
2

1 + e2z ) =
i 2

e
ia 2

2ei = i 4 e
ia 2

. Thus

 ) (1) Equating the real part of both sides, we get

xeax(1 eia)

1 + e2x

dx i 1 eaxeia + e2x dx = 2i i 4 e
ia 2

xeax(1 cosa)

1 + e2x

eax 1 + e2x 2 2 a 2 2sin2 dx + sina dx = cos a

xeax

eax

2 2

1 + e2x

1 + e2x 2 a 2 Putting ex = t so that x = log t,dx = dt/t, we get 2sin2 dx + sina dx = cos a

2
0

ta1 logt 1 + t2 dt + sina

0

1 ta1 + t2 dt = 2 2 cos a 2 (2) Equating the imaginary parts in (1), we get sina

1 xeax + e2x

dx cosa

1 + eax e2x dx = 2 2 sin a 2 2

Put ex = t as before, to get

sina

ta1 logt
0

1 + t2 dt cosa
0

1 ta1 + t2 dt = 2 2 sin a 2 (3) Multiplying (2) by cosa and (3) by sina and adding we get ( 2sin2 a 2 )

ta1 logt [
0

1 + t2 cosa sin2 a dt = = 2 2 2 cosacos a 2 ) + sinasin

a 2 ] 2 ( cos a = 2 2 a 2 Now 2sin2 a 2 cosa sin2 a = 2sin2 a 2 = = a [ 2 cosa 2sin2 2sin2 a 2 a 2 [ 2cos2 a 2 cos 2cos2 a 2 ] 1 2cos2 a ] 2

/ 2sin2
0

ta1 logt 1 + t2 dt = 2 2 cos a 2 a 2 = 2 4 a 2 as required. Question 1(c) Distinguish clearly between a pole and an essential singularity. If z = a is an essential singularity of a function f(z), prove that for any positive numbers ,, there exists a point z such that 0 < |z a| < for which |f(z) | < . Solution. If f(z) has an isolated singularity at z
0

cot a 2 csc , which is not a removable singularity, then f(z) has a pole at z = z
0

f(z) = . In this case if f(z) has a pole of order k at z = z

0

if , then lim
zz 0

f(z) = a

(z z
0

)k + ... + a
1

(z z
0

)1 + a
n

(z z
0

)n
n=0

and this Laurent expansion is valid in some deleted neighborhood 0 < |z z

0

. If lim
zz 0

| < of z
0

. (Note that lim

zz 0

f(z) does not exist, then f(z) has an essential singularity at z = z

0

f(z) is not nite as z

0

is not a removable singularity). In this case f(z) =

n=

)n and a
n

a
n

(z z
0

= 0 for innitely many n. Again this Laurent expansion is valid in some deleted neighborhood 0 < |z z
0

| < of z
0

. 3

The second part is Casorati-Weierstrass theorem. Let f(z) be analytic in some deleted

neighborhood N of a. Suppose that there exists > 0 such that |f(z)| < is not satised for any z Ni.e. |f(z) | for every z N. Let g(z) = 1
f(z)

. Then g(z) is analytic in N and g(z) is bounded in N, therefore g(z) has a removable singularity at a. Since g(z) is not constant as f(z) is not constant, either g(a) = 0 or g(z) has a zero of order k > 0 at z = a. This means that f(z) is either analytic at z = a or f(z) has a pole of order k at z = a. But this is not true, because f(z) has an essential singularity at z = a. Thus our assumption is false i.e. we must have z N for which |f(z) | < . Note that we could take our deleted neighborhood N of the type 0 < |z a| < . 4