SC

The Existence
a mathematical investigation into the physical possibility of Santa Claus.
(Appendices)
Joris Derksen 2006-2007

Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

Contents
Contents................................................................................................................i Appendix N: Numbers (Model)..............................................................................1

2 Appendix M: Math...............................................................................................1

1.1 The number of gifts (children) (G and C)............................................................................1 1.2 The average mass and volume of 1 gift (M and V).............................................................2 1.3 The number of households (H)............................................................................................3 1.4 Average space between households (S)...............................................................................4 1.5 Time (T)...............................................................................................................................5 1.6 Table 4: Population..............................................................................................................6 1.7 Table 5: Santa Claus Top 10 Toy Package.........................................................................8 1.8 Table 6: Fertility Rate..........................................................................................................9 1.9 Table 7: Demography........................................................................................................11 2.1 Index for the Equations........................................................................................................1 2.2 Deriving the Velocity (VA) (while accelerating) Equation.................................................2 2.3 Deriving the Velocity (VD) (while decelerating) Equation.................................................4 2.4 Deriving the Maximum Velocity (Vmax) Equation............................................................6 2.5 Deriving the Total Distance Travelled (SA) (while accelerating) Equation.......................7 2.6 Deriving the Total Distance Travelled (SD) (while decelerating) Equation.......................8 2.7 Deriving the Total Time Decelerating (tD) Equation........................................................10 3.1 Excel model output..............................................................................................................1 3.2 Distance by total time..........................................................................................................3 3.3 Time per leap by mass factor...............................................................................................4 3.4 Max speed by mass..............................................................................................................5 3.5 Acceleration by mass factor.................................................................................................6

3 Appendix P: Physics............................................................................................1

Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

Appendix N: Numbers (Model)

In this appendix I will state which assumptions and simplifications I made to arrive at the numbers (data) I have used in the Extended Essay. These numbers are shown in the section Numbers of the Extended Essay. 1.1 The number of gifts (children) (G and C)

To keep SCs job as simple as possible I will say that he brings only one gift per child. Thus equating the number of gifts to the number of children to be visited. Most authors [10] make the mistake to start from the world population data and assume the number of children SC visits to be equal to the number of children in the world. The problem of this is that SC may in fact NOT deliver presents to ALL children in the world. Thus, most authors make the mistake to make Santas task harder than it really is, rendering their conclusion, that the harder task is impossible, irrelevant with respect to the real task.10 So, how many children should I include? The Wikepedia [11] lists all names that Santa goes by in all the countries of the world that have a name for Santa in the language of that country. The important thing to note is that the list does not include all countries of the world! It could be that the Wikipedias list is incomplete, but given the nature of the Wikipedia (it is written collectively by authors across the globe), and given the popularity of Santa, this is highly unlikely. It is equally unlikely that Santa does visit countries that are not in the list: the annual visits of a jolly overweight individual accompanied by his flock of reindeer would obviously make a great topic for conversation, and thus a word for Santa would exist in the language of any country that Santa visits. It follows that Santa limits his visits to just the countries in the list, for reasons only known to Santa. For the number of children I must therefore take population data from just the countries that are in the Wikipedias list. From the CIA World Factbook [12] I gathered the data that is shown in Table 4 at the end of the Appendix. But how many children should I include in my assumptions? If I take all children between the ages zero and fourteen, am I not exaggerating, thus making SC task harder than it really is? First of al I left out all children from 15 onward, while these really are still kids that Santa would actually still visit, at least from my experience. Next I must consider BAD children. I have decided that SC will not distribute bogus gifts to bad children because this will increase the amount of stops, and therefore SC task will become more difficult. So the question is how to find what portion of the kids are bad. For this I could try to look at crime rates. However a bad kid isnt necessarily a criminal so there may well be more bad children then criminal children. Luckily I can easily simplify since I only have to estimate Santas task easier. If I make by the assumption that half the children are bad than I would certainly not exaggerate Santas task. I also need to consider religion. Many sources [10] state without proof that SC only visits Christian children. Although this may be debated, it doesnt hurt the line of our reasoning to
10

Example of other sources that questioned Santa Claus: The Science of Santa Clause, author unknown, available on internet: http://www.chainreactionbicycles.com/santaclaus.htm Santas Science, Rorger Highfield, available on internet: http://www.firstscience.com/site/articles/christmas.asp 11 Wikipedia: Chistmas Gift-Bringers Around the World, author unknown, available on internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/christmas_gift-bringers_around_the_world 12 CIA The World Factbook, CIA, available on internet: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

adopt that same position. Because this will make Santas task easier, which is exactly what I should do. Also, the many children that I fail to count will compensate for the few good Christian children that Santa for what ever reason does not visit. Therefore, if I take just Christian children, I uphold the integrity of our proof. Religioustolerance.org [13] states 33% of the world population to be Christian. 13 All of the above, together with the information of Table 4 Total Population of Children (ages 0-14) = 1,170,893,761 Children
Numbers 1: Total population of children (ages 0-14) (see Table 4)

TPopulation

C hildren

% Good % Christian

= TGood

C hristian

C hildren

1,170 ,893 ,761 0.50 0.33 = 193 ,197 ,470 .6 G ood C hristian
Numbers 2: Number of good Christian children

C hildren

Because I am not able to have 6/10 of a child I will round our answer. I will round down because this will make Santas task easier. In total there are 193,197,470 good Christian children Santa needs to visit, meaning that SC needs to deliver that amount of gifts. 1.2 The average mass and volume of 1 gift (M and V)

Most authors [10] who decide to proof the non existence use the average mass and volume of a Lego box. Because SC gives a variety of different gifts to different children, I decided to create an average gift package containing 10 gifts for 10 children. To do this I looked at The Yahoos Top 10 Toys list of June 2006 [14]. From this I gathered the ten different toys and its shipping details for each toy (mass and volume), as listed in Table 5 at the end of the Appendix, and calculated the mass and volume of ten toys to be the following.

Mass

Ten Toys

= 19 .54531874 = 0.376510248

kg m3

Volume

Ten Toys

Numbers 3: Mass and Volume for 10 toys (see Table 5)

With this information I can calculate the average mass and volume of one gift by dividing the mass and volume of ten toys by 10.

13

Religioustolerance.org, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, author unknown, available on internet: http://www.religoustolerance.org 10 Example of other sources that questioned Santa Claus: The Science of Santa Clause, author unknown, available on internet: http://www.chainreactionbicycles.com/santaclaus.htm Santas Science, Rorger Highfield, available on internet: http://www.firstscience.com/site/articles/christmas.asp 14 Toys for All, Top Ten Toys, Provided by Yahoolegans, available on internet: http://shopping.yahoo.com/b:Toys %20for%20all:784702632

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

= Mass 1Toy 10 19 .54531874 = 1.954531874 kg 10 Volume = Volume 1Toy 10 0.376510248 = 0.0376510248 m 3 10

Ten Toys

Mass Ten Toys

Numbers 4: Average mass and volume of 1 toy

The average mass of 1 toy is 1.954531874 kg and the average volume of 1 toy is 0.0376510248 m3. 1.3 The number of households (H)

As calculated before the number of presents and children is 193,197,470. Of course these children do not live by themselves, they live in families, and SC needs only make one stop per family. To arrive at the number of families I turn to Table 6 at the end of the Appendix, where the total fertility rate of each country can be found. This data is gathered from the CIAs World Factbook [12]. The total fertility rate states the average number of children per women in a particular country if all women in that country were to live till the end of their child bearing age, and give birth every year according to the birth rate for that country. To calculate the average number of children per family I divide the number of children by the total fertility rate, results in a gross exaggeration of family size. Clearly not all women live that long and not all women bear children throughout their child bearing years. The actual number of children per family therefore will be considerably smaller. For my purpose however it is okay to exaggerate family size because bigger families result in viewer stops for SC. Again I have underestimated his task. Fertility rate differs from country to county. Since I already totalled the number of children, I need to come up with a single number. For this I can simply take the highest fertility rate. Again making the task of SC easier. Now the total number of children divided by the highest fertility rate will give me the smallest number of families that SC needs to visit. According to Table 6 the highest fertility rate belongs to the Philippines: 3.11 children born per women on average.12 All of the above yields the following number of households containing good Christian children that SC needs to visit, again rounded down.

TGood Christian Frate

Children

= Good Households

193 ,197 ,470 = 62 ,121,372 Good Households 3.11

Numbers 5: Number of good households

The number of good households is 62,121,372. Note that this calculation assumes the good children to be concentrated in good households, and bad children in bad households. I may simplify, since SCs task is made easier. In the
12

CIA The World Factbook, CIA, available on internet: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

more realistic case where a single households harbour both good and bad children, the number of households to visit would be larger, as the same number of good children would be distributed over a larger number of hybrid households. 1.4 Average space between households (S)

In Table 7 in the end of the Appendix the total land Area of the counties Santa visits is gathered from the CIAs World Factbook [12]. From this I can calculate the distance SC has to travel between each household. First however I have to make some assumptions, taking care that these make Santas trip easier. During Santas trip he will also need to travel over water. For the sake of my calculations I will push all the land masses together to create one big country, greatly simplifying SCs job as by doing this I just granted him instantaneous intercontinental travel. I will also assume that the country is flat and that all the roof tops are in the same horizontal planer so that Santa only has to travel horizontally and not vertically, thus keeping the distance he has to travel as small as possible.

1 Household

Figure 3

To next calculate the distance between good households, Ill assume that these households are distributed evenly across the total area as in the square example of Figure 3, where the outer households are half the inter-good-household-distance away from the border. It can easily be seen that the distance between good households equates to the square root of area divided by the square root of the number households. Using the surface data from Table 7, The Total Area = 85,387,467 km2
Numbers 6: Total land area (see Table 7)

T Area Good Households 85 ,387 ,467 10 6 62 ,121 ,372

= S Between Go = 1,172 m

od Houshol

ds

Numbers 7: Average space between households

The average space between households is 1,172 m. Note that in the above, I ignored the bad households. Where these are located is irrelevant to the problem.

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

1.5

Time (T)

Santa Claus visits the children in their sleep on Christmas Eve. I will assume that the kids will definitely sleep during the hours 11pm to 6am. This gives Santa Claus 7 hours to deliver his presents, but if I assume that Santa on his tour around the globe travels from East to West he gets 24 extra hours because of the time zones, this giving him in total 31 hours to visit all of the households.

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

1.6

Table 4: Population1
2

Country Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea North Korea South Latvia Liechtenstein
1

Population Boys3 5153164 2031313 645337 883254 24687656 527881 2992811 2035278 145461833 6683079 590261 373638 755098 523257 1531145 2281499 13172641 103367 455420 5704152 5973437 790291 799163 33021 173478760 35995919 9204785 437903 855054 4147149 9309524 2788944 4844083 162562 2922

Population Girls4 4921625 1936802 614602 846099 23742998 502334 2848388 1944754 128445739 6528563 563196 354261 714703 496697 1464076 2195551 12548346 97587 438719 5427213 5665971 724902 755389 32021 163852827 34749582 8731429 409774 815619 3899980 8849476 2708331 4368193 155091 2988

Population Children (Boys and Girls)5 10074789 3968115 1259939 1729353 48430654 1030215 5841199 3980032 273907572 13211642 1153457 727899 1469801 1019954 2995221 4477050 25720987 200954 894139 11131365 11639408 1515193 1554552 65042 337331587 70745501 17936214 847677 1670673 8047129 18159000 5497275 9212276 317653 5910

References: [11] Wikipedia: Chistmas Gift-Bringers Around the World, author unknown, available on internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/christmas_gift-bringers_around_the_world [12] CIA The World Factbook, CIA, available on internet: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Country: The countries where a Santa Claus is known. Population Boys: Population of males between the ages 0-14. Population Girls: Population of females between the ages 0-14. Population Children (Boys and Girls): Population of males and females between the ages 0-14.

2 3 4 5

N-6

Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switserland Taiwan Thailand The Philippines Turkey United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Vietnam Total

284888 46118 213486 16770975 1515123 439752 455122 4456195 3142811 915604 1799072 10441151 465304 143079 6603220 3000686 775433 637585 2330951 7284068 15961365 9133226 5417663 31095847 4572721 11826457 605143503

270458 43356 199127 16086172 1445390 419174 434009 4300233 2976363 839004 1708030 9921102 443967 135050 6525810 2821325 732773 591297 2140965 6958632 15340065 8800070 5161714 29715872 4403405 10983069 565750258

555346 89474 412613 32857147 2960513 858926 889131 8756428 6119174 1754608 3507102 20362253 909271 278129 13129030 5822011 1508206 1228882 4471916 14242700 31301430 17933296 10579377 60811719 8976126 22809526 1170893761

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1.7

Table 5: Santa Claus Top 10 Toy Package1 Dimension 13 0.294640 0.063500 0.314960 0.228600 0.304800 0.254000 0.093980 0.677672 0.236220 0.304800 Dimension 23 0.264160 0.266700 0.302260 0.058420 0.406400 0.304800 0.403860 0.304800 0.419100 0.254000 Dimension 33 0.142240 0.419100 0.269240 0.228600 0.381000 0.838200 0.508000 0.590550 0.711200 0.076200 Volume4 0.011070838 0.007097647 0.025631597 0.003052910 0.047194744 0.064892773 0.019281020 0.121980716 0.070408659 0.005899343

Toy2 Furby Leapfrog leapser Lmax Star Wars Darth Vader Mask Pixel Chix Cottage Shout Dancing Elmo Doll Roboraptor Playskool Electronic Bulls Doras Talking Kitchen Drop & Roar Dinosaur ChatNow Communicator Total Volume for 10 Toys (measured in m3) Toy2 Furby Leapfrog leapser Lmax Star Wars Darth Vader Mask Pixel Chix Cottage Shout Dancing Elmo Doll Roboraptor Playskool Electronic Bulls Doras Talking Kitchen Drop & Roar Dinosaur ChatNow Communicator Total Mass for 10 Toys (measured in kg)

0.376510248 Mass5 1.043263692 0.920793606 1.270060146 0.476272555 2.249820831 3.356587530 2.698877811 6.441019314 0.635030073 0.453592909

19.545318468

References: [14] Toys for All, Top Ten Toys, Provided by Yahoolegans, available on internet: http://shopping.yahoo.com/b:Toys%20for%20all:784702632 Toy: Toys in order of the Yahoo Top 10 Toys List June 2006. Dimension 1, 2, 3: Length, Height and Width measured in meters. Volume: The shipping volume measured in meters cubed (Dimension 1 x Dimension 2 x Dimension 3). Mass: The shipping mass measured in kilograms.

2 3 4 5

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

1.8

Table 6: Fertility Rate1 Fertility Rate3 2.16 1.76 1.36 1.64 1.91 1.38 1.61 2.00 1.73 2.54 2.24 1.40 1.21 1.74 2.83 2.68 2.83 1.40 1.73 1.84 1.39 1.34 1.32 1.92 2.73 2.40 1.80 1.86 2.41 1.28 1.40 2.10 1.27 1.27 1.51 1.20 1.78

Country2 Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea North Korea South Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg
1

References: [11] Wikipedia: Chistmas Gift-Bringers Around the World, author unknown, available on internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/christmas_gift-bringers_around_the_world [12] CIA The World Factbook, CIA, available on internet: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Country: Names of the countries where Santa Claus is known. Fertility Rate: The Fertility rate for that country measured in children born per woman.

2 3

N-9

Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

Macedonia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand The Philippines1 Turkey United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Vietnam

1.57 2.42 1.66 1.79 1.78 2.51 1.25 1.47 1.37 1.28 1.33 1.25 2.20 1.28 1.66 1.43 1.57 1.64 3.11 1.92 1.66 2.09 2.91 1.91

The Philippines: The Philippines has the highest fertility rate, a fertility rate of 3.11 children born per women.

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

1.9

Table 7: Demography1 Area3 2736690 7617930 82444 30278 8456510 110550 9093507 748800 9326410 1038700 50660 56414 77276 42394 48380 276840 995450 43211 304473 545630 349223 130800 92340 100250 2973190 1826440 1636000 68890 20330 294020 374744 120410 98190 63589 160 65200

Country2 Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea North Korea South Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania1
1

References: [11] Wikipedia: Chistmas Gift-Bringers Around the World, author unknown, available on internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/christmas_gift-bringers_around_the_world [12] CIA The World Factbook, CIA, available on internet: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Country: Names of the countries where Santa Claus is known. Area: Total land area of that country measured in kilometers squared. Lithuania: Land area is not known, given is the total area (land and water) in kilometers squared.

2 3 1

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Switserland Taiwan Thailand The Philippines Turkey United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Vietnam Total

2586 24856 1923040 33883 268021 307860 1280000 304465 91951 230340 16995800 48800 20151 1219912 499542 410934 39770 32260 511770 298170 770760 241590 9161923 447400 325360 85387467

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Appendix M: Math
In this appendix I will show how I have derived the equations used in the Extended Essay.

2.1

Index for the Equations

= Velocity (while accelerati ng) = Velocity (while decelerati ng) max = Maximum velocity = Total distance travelled (while accelerati ng) = Total distance travelled (while decelerati ng) t A = Total time accelerate d t d = Time decelerate d t D = Total time decelerate d = Total force (while accelerati ng) ( ) = Total force (while decelerati ng) (- ) = Constant force of reindeers = Force of the drag experience d on the sleigh ( = Density of the air = Reference area = Drag coefficien t = Mass of the sleigh
1 2 ) 2

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

2.2

Deriving the Velocity (VA) (while accelerating) Equation

a = FA / m 1 ( Fr Fdrag ) m 1 1 2 a = ( Fr AC drag VA ) m 2 1 Substitude : c = AC drag 2 1 2 a = ( Fr cV A ) m c F 2 a = ( r VA ) m c dV A Because a = : dt a= dV A c F 2 = r VA dt m c 1 dV A c = Fr dt m 2 VA c 1 dV A c = 2 dt m Fr 2 VA c Substitude : p = Fr c

1 dV A c = 2 VA p 2 dt m

V V

2 A

1 dV A c dt = dt p 2 dt m 1 c dV A = t + K p2 m

2 A

Note that the constant K changes throughou t the deriving of the equation. Polytechni sh Zakboek je [15] 1 1 V p c ln A = t+K 2p VA + p m Since : V p :

115

Standard integral: Polytechnisch Zakboekje, 47de druk, C.W.G.D.M. Aarts, at al, Arnhem, Koninklijke PBNA bv, 1995, page A2/62-63

M-2

Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

c = 2p t + K m p VA 2 = cF r t + K p + VA m p VA p + VA 1 = a : a 2 = m
2

p + VA p V A

cFr t + K

p + VA = em p VA

cFr t + K

p + VA = Ke m p VA : q = p + VA = Ke 2 qt p VA

cFr t

1 m

cFr

p + V A = Ke 2 qt ( p V A ) p + V A = Ke 2 qt p Ke 2 qt V A (1 + Ke 2 qt )V A = ( Ke 2 qt 1) p Ke 2 qt VA = Ke 2 qt Ke 2 qt VA = Ke 2 qt 1 p +1

+1 2 p 2 qt + 1 Ke +1 2 V A = 1 p 2 qt Ke +1 : p = VA = Fr c Fr c q= 1 m cF r

2 1 2 cFr t Ke m +1 2 2 1 1+ em : c = AC drag

: V A0 = 0 : K = 1 VA = Fr c

cFr t

M-3

Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

2.3

Deriving the Velocity (VD) (while decelerating) Equation

a = FD / m 1 ( Fr Fdrag ) m 1 1 2 a = ( Fr r AC drag V D ) m 2 1 Substitude : c = r AC drag 2 1 2 a = ( Fr cV D ) m c F 2 a = ( r + VD ) m c dV D Because a = : dt d a= dV D c F 2 = r + VD dt d m c Fr 2 + VD c

1

dV D c = dt d m
1

Fr 2 c + VD

dV D c dt d = dt dt d m c td + K m

1 Fr c 1 Fr c c Fr
2 2 + VD

dV D =

VD c arctan = m td + K Fr c c c arctan F VD = m t d + K r c 1 VD = cFr t d + K Fr m

arctan

c 1 V D = tan cFr t d + K Fr m VD = Fr 1 tan K cFr t d c m

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V D0 = V : V = Fr K c V D cF r t d 1 m cF r t d : c = AC drag

V K = F r c

V : K = F r c Fr V F c r c Fr c

VD =

1 m

VD =

c V Fr

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Santa Clause The Existence (Appendices)

2.4

Deriving the Maximum Velocity (Vmax) Equation

Because at time tA the sleigh has reached its maximum velocity Vmax equals:
V = Fr c 2 1 2 cFr t A 1+ e m : c = AC drag

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2.5

Deriving the Total Distance Travelled (SA) (while accelerating) Equation

t A

V
0

t A

d t

S u b s t i t u d e
t

: = = = = = = = = = = p 1 0
A

S S S S S S S S S S S u b s t i t u d e

1 2 2 p

t A

p p
t
A

d t
0 t

d t
0

p
t

d t
0 t

p p p

d t
0 t

+ + + + p q +

2 2

d t
0 t
A

d t
0 t ] 0
A

p[ t p t l n

p q

1 b a c k F r c

e 2

1 m m c l n

l n
r

c F 1

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2.6

Deriving the Total Distance Travelled (SD) (while decelerating) Equation

t d =t D

SD =

td =o

VD dt d =
o

tD

Fr tan arctan c Fr c
d d

c 1 Vmax Fr m

cFr t d dt d with : c = r AC drag c Vmax Fr

Substitude : p = SD =
tD

q=

1 m

cFr

K = arctan

p tan (K qt )dt
o tD 0

S D = p tan (qt d K ) d dt SD p = q p q
tD tD

q tan (qt
0

K) d dt

SD =

tD

tan (qt
0

K )d (qt d K )

Polytechni sh Zakboek je [15] 1 SD p = q

1
d

d ln (cos (qt
0

K ))

(cos (qt K ) f 0)

SD = SD SD

p [ln (cos (qt d K ))]t0D q p t = [ (cos (K qt d ))]0D ln q p = [ (cos (K qt D )) ln (cos K )] ln q p cos (K qt D ) ln q cos K K q

SD =

Since : t D = SD =

p 1 ln q cos K

115

Standard integral: Polytechnisch Zakboekje, 47de druk, C.W.G.D.M. Aarts, at al, Arnhem, Koninklijke PBNA bv, 1995, page A2/62-63

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SD = -

p ln (cos K ) q Fr c 1 cFr m V K = arctan 0 F r c

Substitude back in : p =

q=

SD

V =ln cos arctan 0 F 1 r cFr m c Fr c c m ln cos arctan F Vmax c r

SD = -

with : c = r AC drag

M-9

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2.7

Deriving the Total Time Decelerating (tD) Equation

tD

V F r c = 1 cF r m 1 1 m

tD =

V F r cF r c

: c = AC drag

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Appendix P: Physics
In this appendix I will give all of the model output and plots created by excel.

3.1

Excel model output

Input Masssleigh (kg) Cdrag Fr (kN) (kg/m^3) rsled (m) ta air (Pa x s) g (N/kg) Derived Asled (m2) xA/2 x d / ta Reminder S required (km) T allowed (ms)

377,610,607 0.1 241,149,918,157,047 1.293 120 17.1 9.81

45238.93421 29246.97097 18.14736842

Mass factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0005

Mass 377610607 339849546 302088486 264327425 226566364 188805304 151044243 113283182 75522121 37761061 188805

TA (ms) 1.359 1.290 1.216 1.138 1.055 0.964 0.863 0.750 0.615 0.441 0.132

Vmax (m/s) 865126 911920 967233 1034008 1116845 1223422 1367786 1579277 1933843 2732058 9080361

Vmax (mach) 2605.8 2746.7 2913.4 3114.5 3364.0 3685.0 4119.8 4756.9 5824.8 8229.1 27350.5

TD (ms) 1.351 1.281 1.207 1.129 1.044 0.952 0.850 0.735 0.597 0.416 0.006

SA (m) 588.66 588.96 589.32 589.80 590.43 591.32 592.65 594.86 599.29 612.56 1149.63

SD (m) 583.34 583.04 582.68 582.20 581.57 580.68 579.35 577.14 572.71 559.44 22.37

1.172 1.79648318

Physics 1: Excel model output (total)

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Stotal (m) 1172 1172 1172 1172 1172 1172 1172 1172 1172 1172 1172

Ttotal (ms) 2.709 2.570 2.423 2.267 2.099 1.916 1.714 1.484 1.212 0.857 0.137

Intervals 90 - 100% 80 - 90% 70 - 80% 60 - 70% 50 - 60% 40 - 50% 30 - 40% 20 - 30% 10 - 20% 0 - 10%

Average Time for Interval (ms) 2.640 2.497 2.345 2.183 2.007 1.815 1.599 1.348 1.034 0.497 1.79648318 1.79648318

Acc (m/s2) 636684 707186 795247 908358 1058979 1269475 1584402 2107095 3144229 6188614 69034497

Acc (G) 64901 72088 81065 92595 107949 129406 161509 214791 320513 630847 7037156

Reynolds number
15699758 16548945 17552728 18764532 20267806 22201896 24821708 28659727 35094163 49579671 164784656

Overall average time Allowed average time

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3.2

Distance by total time

Distance by Total Time
20000.00 18000.00 16000.00 14000.00 12000.00 10000.00 S (m) 8000.00 6000.00 4000.00 2000.00 0.00 0.000
mass 100% mass 50% mass 20% mass 10% mass 5% mass 2% mass 1% mass 0.1%

0.500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

4.000

4.500

T (m s)

Physics 2: Distance by total time

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3.3

Time per leap by mass factor

Time per Leap by Mass Factor

3.000

2.500

2.000

1.500 Time (ms)

1.000

0.500 y = -31.225x
6

+ 108.29x

- 148.65x

+ 103.31x

3-

39.36x

+ 10.211x + 0.1334 R2 = 1

0.000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Mass Factor 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Physics 3: Time per leap by mass factor

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3.4

Max speed by mass

Max Speed by Mass

30000.0 25000.0 20000.0 15000.0 Speed (Mach) 10000.0 5000.0 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Mass Factor
Physics 4: Max speed by mass

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3.5

Acceleration by mass factor

Acceleration by Mass Factor

8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 Acceleration (G) 2000000 1000000 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Mass Factor
Physics 5: Acceleration by mass factor

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