AN OLYMPICSTANDARD INDOOR SPORT CENTRE FOR THE TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

by

PIETER JACQUES DE VILLIERS

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree

MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURE (PROFESSIONAL)

in the

Department of Architecture FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor: Prof. G. Steyn Co-supervisor: J. Jooste

October 2007

I hereby declare that the dissertation submitted for the M-Tech Architecture: Professional, at Tshwane University of Technology, is my own original work and has not previously been submitted to any other institution. I further declare that all sources cited or quoted are indicated and acknowledged by means of a comprehensive list of references.

Pieter Jacques de Villiers

Copyright Tshwane University of Technology 2007

ABSTRACT

The

lack

of

investment poses a

in

sports

development challenge to

in

previously present

disadvantaged communities and in certain sport types during the apartheid years formidable the government. The responsibility to provide adequate sport facilities and structures in these areas and branches of sport, from entry level to the level of international competition, now rests with the current administration. Due to the lack of resources government cannot meet these challenges alone, especially in providing for the higher end facilities. Tshwane University of Technology (TUT), as an institute for higher learning, has made it its aim to contribute to sports development in all sport branches at all levels. TUT focuses on upgrading the service provision and opportunities in sport for current and future students through providing sport programmes and facilities that operate on the highest levels, while also providing a service to the broader community in the form of developmental outreach and sports clinic programmes. Currently, TUT has no indoor sport or proper water sport facilities on the main campus in Pretoria West and consequently cannot adequately cater for the needs of participants in these sport types. This diminishes the attraction of the institution for prospective students wishing to develop in these sport types. The universitys aim is to invest in a programme that would address this problem and would benefit both the students and the broader community. Lack of available land on the TUT campus, however, makes this problematic. This poses an additional problem that needs to be addressed. This study sets out to facilitate the above aim by proposing an Olympicstandard Indoor Sport Centre accommodating court-based sports as well as ancillary functions. Due to the land constraints mentioned, a joint partnership is being proposed between TUT and the Pretoria West High

ii

School for the right to develop this Centre on the schools property in exchange for the shared use of the facilities. A design proposal is presented for the Centre to house an integrated group of indoor and outdoor functional spaces, facilitating a variety of activities, including social, recreational, competitive and commercial uses. The Centre will provide an opportunity for its users to train and compete on the highest level of competition, while allowing TUT to contribute to the upgrading of the neighbourhood built environment to the benefit of the surrounding community. This facility will be a vehicle for providing expanded sport services to students and other users and for the promotion of the image of TUT as an attractive world-class institute.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hannes Brits Regardt Bruwer Chaka Croukamp Erna de Villiers Prof. Etienne de Villiers Joan de Villiers Frances Fourie Jane Jooste Ludwig Jooste Thys Kotze Dirk Lustig Justin Mellis Thinus Schoeman

iv

LIST OF FIGURES L.C. de Villiers Indoor Sport Centre Figure 1: Climbing wall (Author) Figure 2: Entrance foyer (Author) Figure 3: Open courtyard (Author) Figure 4: Lower level map (Author) Figure 5: Upper level map (Author) Figure 6: Main hall roof structure (Author) Figure 7: VIP and commentary box (Author) Figure 8: Main hall spectator seating (Author) Figure 9: Change and shower rooms (Author) Figure 10: Internal player circulation (Author) Figure 11: Gymnastics practise hall (Author) Figure 12: Practise hall (Author) Figure 13: Gymnasium (Author) Old Mutual Sports Hall Figure 14: North western view (Author) Figure 15: North eastern view (Author) Figure 16: Spectator seating (Author) Figure 17: Storage beneath seating (Author) Figure 18: Hall with court markings (Author) Figure 19: Hall showing office area (Author) Sports Arena Figure 20: Ground floor plan (Facility manager, University of Johannesburg) Figure 21: Spectator seating level plan (Facility manager, University of Johannesburg) Figure 22: View from public parking (Author) Figure 23: Hall from spectator seating level (Author) Pfaffenholz Sport Centre Figure 24: Site plan (Marques 2000) Figure 25: Players entrance (Marques 2000) Figure 26: Spectator entrance (Marques 2000) Figure 27: Players drop off area (Marques 2000) Figure 28: Access level plan (Marques 2000) Figure 29: Lower level plan (Marques 2000) 31 31 31 31 34 35 27 29 29 27 23 23 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 17 17 19 19 19 19 21 21 21 21

Figure 30: Sections (Marques 2000) Figure 31: Elevation of spectator entrance side (Marques 2000) Figure 32: Main hall roof structure (Marques 2000) Figure 33: Spectator foyer (Marques 2000) Figure 34: Door to equipment storage (Marques 2000) Figure 35: External cladding panels (Marques 2000) Context Analysis Figure 36: Map of Pretoria West (www.tshwane.gov.za) Figure 37: Power station from site (Author) Figure 38: Lucasrand tower from site (Author) Figure 39: Voortrekker Monument (Author) Figure 40: Union Buildings from site (Author) Figure 41: Business in converted house (Author) Figure 42: Automotive retail warehouse (Author) Figure 43: Vom Hagen Street (Author) Figure 44: Vom Hagen and Rebecca streets (Author) Figure 45: Site with 1 meter contours (www.tshwane.gov.za) Figure 46: Garage at site entrance (Author) Figure 47: Crematorium (Author) Figure 48: School housing unit (Author) Figure 49: Figure/ ground diagram (Author) Figure 50: Movement diagram (Author) Figure 51: Site from school entrance (Author) Figure 52: Skinnerspruit south of site (Author) Figure 53: Site from pedestrian bridge (Author) Figure 54: Site from entrance road (Author) Rationalist Philosophers Figure 55: Parmenides, 515 mid- fifth century BC (en.wikipedia.org) Figure 56: Plato, 427347 BC (en.wikipedia.org) Figure 57: Rene Descartes, 15961650 (en.wikipedia.org) Figure 58: Baruch Spinoza, 16321677 (en.wikipedia.org) Figure 59: Gottfried Leibniz, 16461716 (en.wikipedia.org) Figure 60: Immanuel Kant, 17241804 (en.wikipedia.org)

36 36 37 37 37 37 41 44 44 44 44 47 47 47 47 50 50 50 50 52 54 55 55 55 55

60 60 60 62 62 62

vi

Rationalist Architects Figure 61: Alberti, Sant Andrea, Mantau, Italy, 14701476 (greatbuildings.com) Figure 62: Alberti, Sant Maria Novella, Florence, Italy, 14561470 (greatbuildings.com) Figure 63: Violletleduc, Concert Hall interior, 1854 (greatbuildings.com) Figure 64: Berlage, Commodities Exchange, Amsterdam, 18971909 (greatbuildings.com) Figure 65: Rationalist architecture G. Grassi, Residential units in Abbiategrasso 1972 (Papadakis 1984) Figure 66: Rietveld, Schroder House, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 19241925 (greatbuildings.com) Figure 67: Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 19281929 (greatbuildings.com) Figure 68: Mies van der Rohe, German Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain, 1929 (greatbuildings.com) Figure 69: Terragni, Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy, 19321936 (greatbuildings.com) Technical Data Figure 70: Indoor sports hall (Baiche) Figure 71: Gymnastics training hall (Baiche) Figure 72: Gymnastics competition layout (Baiche) Figure 73: Basketball court (Baiche) Figure 74: Badminton court (Baiche) Figure 75: Football court (Baiche) Figure 76: Hockey pitch (Baiche) Figure 77: Volleyball court (Baiche) Figure 79: Judo Mat (Baiche) Figure 80: Fencing pistes (Baiche) Figure 81: Table tennis area (Baiche) Figure 82: Karate Mat (Baiche) Figure 83: Boxing ring (Baiche) Figure 84: Tennis court (Baiche) Figure 85: Handball court (Baiche) Figure 86: Wrestling mat (Baiche) 87 87 89 91 91 91 92 92 94 94 94 95 95 95 97 97 70 70 70 70 69 67 66 64 64

vii

Figure 87: Trampoline area (Baiche) Figure 88: Fitness training layout (Baiche) Figure 89: Squash court (Baiche) Figure 90: Typical office layouts (Baiche) Figure 91: Restaurant layouts (Baiche) Design Drawings Figure 92: Ground floor diagram (Author) Figure 93: First floor diagram (Author) Figure 94: Concept diagram (Author) Figure 95: Functional diagram (Author) Figure 96: Site plan (Author) Figure 97: Ground floor plan (Author) Figure 98: Upper floor plan (Author) Figure 99: Longitudinal section (Author) Figure 100: Transverse section (Author) Figure 101: Section through public foyer (Author) Figure 102: Section through auditorium (Author) Figure 103: Administration office plans (Author) Figure 104: Restaurant, bar and auditorium plans (Author) Figure 105: Swimming pool, sauna, club rooms and outside ablution plans (Author) Figure 106: Gymnasium, squash, ablutions and changing rooms (Author) Figure 107: View of complex from proposed landscaping (Author) Figure 108: Aerial view of centre (Author) Figure 109: Primary user entrance level (Author) Figure 110: Parking in relation to the building (Author) Figure 111: Section/ elevation of entrance foyer and sports hall (Author) Figure 112: Section/ elevation of auditorium (Author) Figure 113: Section/ elevation of swimming pool (Author) Figure 114: Spectator approach view (Author) Figure 115: Spectator entrance (Author) Figure 116: Spectator foyer (Author) Figure 117: View of sports hall from spectators foyer (Author)

97 99 99 101 101 104 105 108 110 115 116 117 118 118 119 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 128 129 130 131 132 133

viii

Figure 118: Squash courts (Author) Figure 119: Sports hall view from stands (Author) Figure 120: Sports hall view from players level (Author) Model pictures Figure 121: View of model from south (Author) Figure 122: Top view of model from north (Author) Figure 123: Top view of model from west (Author) Figure 124: View of model from spectators entrance level no. 1 (Author)

134 135 136 137 137 137 138

Figure 125: View of model from spectators entrance level no. 2 (Author) 138

ix

LIST OF TABLES Context Analysis Table 1. Climatic data for period between 19611990 Table 2. Climatic data Table 3. Precipitation data 48 49 49

Table of Contents
Declaration Abstract Acknowledgements List of figures List of tables i ii iv v ix

CHAPTER 1 Research Problem Identification 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Aim Purpose General Background Objectives Project scope Project assumptions Research methodology Study framework 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4

CHAPTER 2 Introduction 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.5 Background Government policy Institutional strategy Vision statement Mission statement Sport facilities Location 5 6 7 8 8 9 10

CHAPTER 3 Context 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.2 3.2.1 Precedent study L.C. de Villiers Indoor Sport Centre Old Mutual Sports Hall Sports Arena Pfaffenholz Sport Centre Conclusion Context analysis History of Pretoria West 13 14 22 26 30 38 40 40

xi

3.2.1.1 General 3.2.1.2 Landscape 3.2.1.3 Town planning 3.2.1.4 Sequence of development 3.2.1.5 Development history 3.2.2 Current context of Pretoria West 3.2.2.1 Regional context 3.2.2.2 Climatic data 3.2.2.3 Access routes 3.2.2.4 Location 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 Site appraisal Theoretical framework Philosophical Rationalism Rationalism The Intuition/Deduction thesis The Innate Knowledge thesis The Innate Concept Brief history of Rationalist Philosophers Architectural Rationalism Classical period Renaissance period Enlightenment period Modern period

40 40 42 43 43 45 46 48 51 51 53 56 56 57 57 58 58 61 63 63 63 65 67

CHAPTER 4 Intervention Programme 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 Design criteria Design considerations General data Concept Activities to be accommodated Pattern of use Administrative areas Social areas Ancillary areas General considerations Site 73 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 76 77

xii

4.2.10 Preliminary planning 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.6 Brief Sport types Support services Programme Technical research Sizes and technical aspects of services (scale and

78 79 80 80 83 84 84 84 86 96 98 100 101

equipment) Sports halls Sport types Specialist facilities Indoor games and general activities Supporting functions Accommodation schedule

CHAPTER 5 Design Process 5.1 5.2 5.3 Planning diagrams Concept Concept development 104 106 109 109 109 111 112

5.3.1 Grouping 5.3.2 Functional layout and circulation 5.3.3 Form and envelope 5.3.4 Structure and planning CHAPTER 6 Proposed Solution 6.1 Design drawings

114

CHAPTER 7 Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Recommendations Bibliography APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 139 139 140 142 149

xiii

CHAPTER 1 - Research Problem Identification

1.1 AIM The aim of this paper is to design an integrated Olympic-standard Indoor Sport Centre for the Tshwane University of Technology (TUT), Pretoria West Campus, primarily for the use of their students and the pupils of the Pretoria West High School, on which site the facility is to be erected. 1.2 PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to assist in the planned expansion of the sports programme of TUT, which strives to provide international-standard sport facilities and programmes for all recognised and organised sport types in South Africa, through the provision of a multi-sport indoor sport centre at the Pretoria main campus. 1.3 GENERAL BACKGROUND A relationship has been shown between individual or group sport and character development, increased physical and psychological health, and the potential for enhanced cross-cultural cohesion. Sport and recreation have been shown to have a positive impact and influence on other public spheres, such as health, education, economy, nation-building and international relations, as well as reducing levels of crime. As a result the current government has identified the need for priority investment in sport development. Partially due to a lack of resources and infrastructure, the White Paper on Sport and Recreation has identified the need for partnerships with other stakeholders, for example learning institutions, the private sector, and national and international sports bodies.

As an institutional partner in the above process, and as a response to the government policy statement, TUT developed its own strategy redefining the problem in order to address their specific needs.

This dissertation strives to develop an appropriate solution to this initiative as identified by TUT.

1.4 OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are to research and develop an appropriate indoor sport centre design solution to meet the specific needs established by TUT, and to obtain an understanding of the building type and location in terms of its constraints, scope, scale, and functional and technical requirements, within the aims of the project. Further, to ascertain the legal requirements, local and national health, safety and zoning regulations pertaining to the building type and scope, and to obtain the specific technical requirements of the relevant national and international sport organisations for the sports to be accommodated.

1.5 PROJECT SCOPE The type of facility is limited to providing indoor sports. Due to limited resources and client priority, the centre is restricted to dry sports types only.

1.6 PROJECT ASSUMPTIONS For the purposes of this study it has been assumed that Konya and Baiche are authorities on the subject of indoor sports design. It has also been assumed that their technical and design guidelines for this building type are sufficient for the purposes of this study.

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLGY The research methodology for the dissertation will be a combination of the following: 1. 2. 3. Literature study Field Studies Interviews

TUT sport director Indoor sport management and coaches Architectural Presentation: 4. Two- and three-dimensional design presentation

Drawings, three-dimensional renderings and photographs of the physical design model 5. Physical design model

All research to follow standard and internationally acceptable scientific research procedures and normative design processes and procedures as developed and recommended by the South African Council for the Architectural Profession (SACAP).

1.8 STUDY FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER 2 Introduction
2.1 BACKGROUND Before the first democratic elections, held in 1994, Apartheid South Africa was effectively isolated politically, economically and culturally from the international scene through international sanctions and boycotts. This resulted in the stagnation of growth and investment in almost all spheres, including sports. Minority rule resulted in imbalanced sports development. Many potential sports stars were denied access to effective infrastructure in terms of facilities and management, while those who wished to compete internationally were banned from doing so. This legacy is today the responsibility of the new democratic South Africa, which, although having rejoined the international community following Apartheid boycotts, has to redress past sport investment imbalances through effectual transformational and developmental strategies geared toward equity and opportunity for all citizens from grassroots up to the highest level of competition. In order to achieve this in terms of sports development, substantial investment is required in previously disadvantaged communities for most sport types, and sport facilities are required for previously under-invested sport types. Although the government is taxed by great demand from all the various fields of governmental responsibility, sports development has been assigned high priority with its added role of advancing the cause of reconciliation between previously segregated groups of the population (White Paper 1994, RDP). Along with the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and drug abuse (particularly amongst the youth), as well as poverty and strained family structures, another major challenge is to provide healthy alternatives for recreation through participation in sports. Aside from sport being fun and an opportunity for socialising, it increases the health and confidence of its participants, as well as, if properly managed, helping them to form positive attitudes toward teamwork and competition. The restructuring of local and national sport structures, based on the adoption of government policies for transformation and development, ensuring sport participation and opportunities for all communities, resulted in the establishment

of the South African Sport Commission (SASC) in November 2004. Due to financial constraints and lack of expertise, the goals of the above policies and the developmental expectation of National Sports Federations have been partially unattainable (Business plan for sport 20052007). Currently only certain Higher Education institutes, including TUT, in co-operation with the official structures and bodies in sport, provide structured programmes for the training and development of human resources and science in sport in South Africa. In the above context the responsibility of such institutes towards sport development in the greater community is amplified. Within these circumstances, TUT wishes to contribute to excellence in sport at club, provincial, national and international federation levels. The merger of the Northern Gauteng, North West Province and Pretoria Technikons (including the Nelspruit, Witbank and Polokwane campuses) in January 2004 (Business plan for sport 2005 2007),resulted in the prioritisation of restructuring sport administration, developmental needs and goals of various delivery sites. 2.2 GOVERNMENT POLICY The government White Paper on Sport and Recreation sets out the official policy on sport and recreation for South Africa based on the underlying conviction that sport and recreation activities contribute to the general welfare of all South Africans. Overall responsibility for policy, provision, and delivery of sport and recreation resides with Sport and Recreation South Africa (SRSA) and SASC, which have set the following objectives (White Paper undated):

To increase the level of participation in sport and recreation activities To raise sports profile in the face of conflicting priorities To maximise the probability of success in major events To place sport at the forefront of efforts to educate the public about HIV/AIDS, and To reduce the level of crime

Getting the nation to play is a pervasive theme of the White Paper on Sport and Recreation. In order to realise this goal it is recognised that a conscious effort and firm commitment is required from government, non-governmental

organisations (NGOs), the private sector and South African society in general, with each stakeholder having a particular role to play in laying the foundations for a culture of sport and recreation. The positive impact of sport and recreation is shown to influence other spheres, such as health, education, economy, nation-building, law enforcement and international relations. With regard to health, physical activity contributes to the prevention and control of illnesses, which leads to potential national health budget savings. Sports assist education by presenting participating youth with life skills and helping to improve scholastic performance. These educational benefits, together with the improved health gained from a sporting nation, have a favourable impact on the economy in terms of increased productivity and reduced absenteeism. Sports contribution to the South African GDP is estimated at 1,9%. In terms of law enforcement, through the improvement of self-esteem and general life skills gained from success and participation in sport and recreation, as well as the presenting of a healthy alternative to other recreational activities and lifestyles, sports can aid in the reduction of the levels of crime (White Paper undated). 2.3 INSTITUTIONAL STRATEGY According to the Tshwane University of Technology Business plan for sport 2005 2007, South African sport and recreation has officially adopted the governments policy of transformation to ensure that sport participation is open to all persons by extending opportunities to all communities. Currently, only certain Higher Education institutions provide structured programmes for the training and development of human resources and science in sport in South Africa. These institutions work in co-operation with the official structures and bodies in sport. TUT is regarded as a major role player in the South African Student Union (SASSU) and, through support and participation in the programmes and projects of SASSU, students and staff are given the opportunity to participate and compete at national and international level. According to the TUT Business plan for sport 20052007, countries excelling in sport have access to funding that allows them to invest in scientific programmes

for the training of coaches, sport scientists and officials with the capacity to accommodate their expertise as full-time paid professionals. In light of this, TUT plans to strategically embark on an initiative to build capacity and develop its youth in relevant sport training programmes in partnership with the surrounding communities. It is TUTs objective to foster and increase the learners participation in all relevant identified sporting codes within its multi-campus locations. It wishes to promote interaction between and participation of campuses through the creation and management of both an internal and an external league. These goals and objectives form part of the strategy incorporating a long term plan for the upgrading, improvement and expansion of sport facilities related to TUT (Business plan for sport 2005 2007). 2.3.1 Vision Statement To be a sport fraternity that provides suitable and sustainable opportunities of participation, development and capacity building to the sport community of TUT and to establish sport as a valuable asset in promoting the image of the institution (Business plan for sport 2005 2007). 2.3.2 Mission Statement In support of the above Vision, TUT will: Promote high performance in all sport athletes Utilise external attributes that will help promote and develop sport in the surrounding communities Establish and maintain partnerships locally and internationally for the benefit of the sport Develop, apply and transfer skills, knowledge and technology through cooperative sport education and training programmes Provide a platform for the advancement of student sport and staff development in all possible ways Create and supply facilities and equipment of international standard to students and staff Provide opportunities for student athletes to participate in broad-based competitions (Business plan for sport 2005 2007)

After the merger of the three Technikons, TUT formulated new strategic objectives for its sports programme. The decision was made to offer all recognised sporting codes to all delivery sites. To this end an assessment was made regarding the current situation at the various sites in order to ascertain which sports codes are presently running, the available budgets, and the existing infrastructure in terms of facilities and capacity of skills and competencies. From this the financial implications of introducing new sporting codes which would entail constructing new buildings, adopting and maintaining existing sport facilities, and developing human resources and administrative support systems were determined. The following eleven principles were proposed to guide student/team participation, marketing and liaison, as well as capacity-building initiatives in sport development processes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Where possible, all sporting codes will be offered on all delivery sites Participation will be based on performance and the developmental needs of each specific delivery site Unity will be created through sport and in the sport environment The developmental approach will form an integral part of all delivery sites Mass participation will be created through various activities Interaction between campuses will be a priority Communities will become involved through participation The role of each delivery site will be dependant on need Representation and composition of teams representing TUT will be according to selection based on high performance 10. Sport will be utilised as a major marketing and liaison tool for TUT, and 11. Programmes and projects for capacity building in sport will be provided 2.4 SPORT FACILITIES The following existing sports facilities for the Pretoria West main campus are listed on the TUT website: There are two recreational swimming pools, both under twenty five meters in length and thus not up to competition standards. Athletics there is provision for long and high jump, steeple chase, pole vaulting, shot put; javelin, discus and hammer throwing, all of which are accommodated on the grounds of the main sports stadium.

A cricket field with clubhouse facilities is used for matches, with an additional outside practise field, four Astroturf and two concrete practise nets, and two indoor practise nets underneath the main sports stadium stand.

There are two grass hockey fields and one Astroturf field for matches of international standard, with temporary seating along its edges and change room facilities, permanent spectator seating, a restaurant, and sport administration offices located to the northern short side of the field.

There are three netball courts with electrical illumination for night-time play. Rugby is accommodated in the main sports stadium with clubhouse facilities and team dressing rooms. There are two additional electrically illuminated practise fields.

The soccer field has a permanent seating stand with dressing rooms underneath. There are three squash courts, nine outdoor tennis courts and an outdoor basketball court.

2.5 LOCATION With the merging of the three Technikons, a fresh strategy for sports development was researched and proposed in the Business plan for sport of 20052007, based on the strengths and weaknesses, needs, and development goals for each of the merged partners. TUTs Pretoria campus was identified as the location for upgrades and developments for sports facilities of international standards due to its favourable location and advanced infrastructure relative to the other campuses. Although a universal strategy and standards for sports management and development are envisioned, there is currently a disparate culture of sports management between the Pretoria campus and the merged partners, where sports are managed as a social rather than professional activity. Due to this, the professional sports development programmes will initially be focused on the Pretoria campus where the management are geared toward such aims. Although the campuses of the previous Northern Gauteng and North West Province Technikons require substantial investment in infrastructure, both already possess indoor sport facilities, even though they are under-utilised. The

10

sports cultures for these campuses are heavily based around the traditional sports of the black community, namely soccer and netball, though with basketball as one of the fastest growing sports in the country, this trend is slowly changing. Until this change in sports culture gains momentum, utilising the current indoor sport facilities can act as a stepping stone to introducing alternative sports choices to the students of these campuses. The Pretoria campus has no indoor sport facilities for court-based sports and has the largest number of students of the three campuses, many of whom were already participants in indoor sports at high school-level and find themselves without the option of continuing their training and development through TUT. Currently many of these students are placed within outside programmes in an attempt to accommodate them, with the result that many of them decide to rather enrol with an alternative academic institution that provides the required programmes and facilities, especially to those who show the most potential in their selected sport and consequently qualify for bursaries at said institutions. The need for an indoor sport facility is critical especially at the Pretoria campus but this introduces the second problem: lack of available space. It is possible to construct a single multi-functional indoor sports hall on campus next to the existing main stand, where the sport administration is currently housed, but this would limit the scope of what TUT envisions for the development of its sports programme. According to Chaka Croukamp, TUT director of sport, with the construction of a swimming pool on campus in the late nineteen eighties, management decided to locate it at the mens residences, to be used for recreational purposes only. Its length was limited to twenty-two meters to save costs, just three meters shy of competition-standard pools. This decision meant that no official water sports could be offered at TUT, in hindsight a mistake that they would wish to avoid in future planning exercises. To find a site capable of accommodating the proposed expansion in terms of size as well as accessibility to its primary and secondary users, while still allowing the connection to be made with TUT so as to promotionally benefit the institution, one has to search outside the grounds of the campus, but within its vicinity. Fortunately, such a site was identified to the south of the campus opposite the main entrance, on the grounds of the Pretoria West High School.

11

The project must meet the objectives of the vision and mission statement of the TUT Business plan for sport 20052007. These aims and goals are in service of the overall aim of TUT, which is to become a world-class institute, and include the expansion of the current sports programme to eventually accommodate all recognised sport codes. The enhanced sports programme can facilitate communications/marketing relating to TUTs growing profile. The quality and standards of the building must showcase the high standard at which TUT aims to operate. It must also reflect its commitment and service to the community through extended skills development and outreach training programmes, and to the country as a whole through professional capacity building and empowerment programmes which will allow students to compete successfully at national and international levels.

12

CHAPTER 3 Context
In order to achieve the stated objectives, a precedent study of similar projects of local and international origins will be conducted, as well as a study of the technical requirements for indoor sports buildings in terms of the functional requirements and design guidelines regarding the functional spaces. Furthermore, a site appraisal and context analysis of the site, proposed by the TUT director of sport, Chaka Croukamp, will be done, in terms of the sites suitability regarding the aims, scale and location requirements of the project. This will be followed by a review of the theoretical approach to the design. 3.1 PRECEDENT STUDY Introduction Relevant national and international precedents were identified in terms of building type and user context, and studied in order to develop an appropriate solution to the study aim. The precedents were studied in terms of the issues relating to their location and the response to its context. Two aspects of the design were looked at: the aesthetic design language and the issues surrounding the operation and function of the building. The first aspect relates to scale, building form, materials used, construction, and structural systems and detailing. The latter relates to issues such as programmes, accommodation, management, identifying users, and uses and services necessary to operate such a facility. The local precedents studied and analysed were selected on account of them being indoor sports facilities of universities in the region. The international precedent was chosen for its high standards in design, an architectural tour de force and a showcase for the typology of indoor sport centres, designed by the leading architectural firm in Europe.

13

The following sport centres were studied: 1. 2. 3. 4. L.C. de Villiers Indoor Sport Centre, University of Pretoria, 1983 Old Mutual Sports Hall, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Sports Arena, University of Johannesburg, Soweto Campus Pfaffenholz Spots Centre, St. Louis, France, 1993

3.1.1 L.C. de Villiers Indoor Sport Centre, University of Pretoria, 1983 (Architect: Brian Sandrock) The University of Pretoria campus is divided into several academic campuses and a sport and recreation ground. The large sports ground, referred to as LC, accommodates both indoor and outdoor sports. There are three major indoor facilities: a squash centre, a high performance centre and an indoor sports centre. The L.C. de Villiers indoor sports centre is accessed from the main south entrance of the sports ground. Parking is provided to the north of the facility with a large man-made lake to the west. A towering concrete climbing wall leads visitors to the main entrance as it tapers down and curves inward, from where it bulges out again beyond the entrance to form the figure eight composition of the plan. The design was formed around two circular spaces, one roofed (main sports arena) and one open (recreational courtyard), with the circulation and facilities accommodating these areas. From the foyer space two routes encircle these areas, one around the courtyard and one around the main sports hall. Immediately to the left a media briefing room, also used as a lecture facility, is the first of the spaces grouped around the courtyard. The next room accommodates a 20m x 10m indoor heated swimming pool used primarily for fitness training and rehabilitation. Access to the sauna and changing and shower rooms is either via a direct route from the pool area or from the main circular route, which continues towards the printing room and offices further along the corridor. Three quarters of the way down the route the corridor exits into the courtyard area at the snack bar, catering for up to 150 patrons. Next is the first of twelve breakaway areas, or halls, wedged between the two circular routes. From here the route returns to the entrance foyer, passing between ablutions and building maintenance offices and store.

14

Figure 1: Climbing wall (Author)

Figure 2: Entrance foyer (Author)

Figure 3: Open courtyard (Author)

15

To the left of the foyer, the reception and information desk is the first of the second series of spaces. Flowing from the foyer is an exhibition and information wall area with a map of the facility. To the right a route leads to the administrative offices, and straight ahead, passing another ablution area, is the entrance into the Rembrandt sports hall and the ticket offices used for competition events. At this junction the spectators and players are separated, with competitors given access to auxiliary areas along a ground floor passage circling the main hall, while spectators are directed to the first floor spherical route via ramps to the right and left of the ticket sales area. The seating for spectators is accessed from the first floor route, which contains a snack bar and ablution facilities underneath the seating stands. This seating layout, where spectators access their seats from the front, has the disadvantage of obstructing the view of fellow spectators as they enter and exit the hall. The seats are coloured plastic moulds fixed onto the stepped concrete structure, which continue to form the walls of the ground floor playing area. The roof, supported on the elliptical shaped concrete wall enclosing the hall, and wood-slated for acoustics, is a large, dome-shaped steel girder structure with two main curved structural girders spanning the total width distributing most of the load. Between these main elememts the roof is stepped to allow for natural illumination of the hall. A large horizontal steel tubular framework hangs suspended from the roof structure, providing points of fixture for electrical lights and audio equipment. This framework seems a pity, even pointless, considering the main structural elements present more than adequate fixture points, but especially since it limits the height of the hall to less than what is required for international standard volleyball and trampoline (12 meters). Conditioned air circulates the hall by way of a ring ducting system positioned beyond the seating level along the outer hall wall. It starts and ends between an elevated commentary box on the south end and the VIP seating stand to the north, which, nestled between two concrete enclosed control rooms, partially obstructs the view for spectators seated further back immediately to the left and right of it. Aside from this, spectator viewing is generally good as there are broad areas outside the rectangular court markings and the angled walls of the playing field. Through these walls players can access the changing and locker rooms situated below the seating stands between the field area and

16

Figure 4: Lower level map (Author)

Figure 5: Upper level map (Author)

17

the inner corridor encircling the hall. Storage rooms for sport equipment are directly accessible from the playing field, and retractable bleacher seating, tucked in below the gallery walkways of the east and west ends, allows for greater seating capacity during large events, or closer viewing for smaller ones. Returning to the ticket office junction and facing the main competitors entrance to the Rembrandt hall, continuing left along the inner corridor around the hall on the ground floor, the route leads firstly past a staircase connecting to the upper floor. Ascending the stairs leads to administration, conference and breakaway areas that are not accessible from the first floor spectator route. Further along the ground floor route an area previously used for storage now operates as an office for coaches due to a general lack of office space for trainers and couches. More offices and stores follow before an exit to an outside staff parking area and loading yard, with adjacent stores opening to the left. A series of practise halls, or breakaway areas, set up for gymnastics, dance, fitness training, martial arts and other indoor sports, make up the remainder of the route before it rejoins the administrative office area at the start. These practise halls are wedge-shaped with curved inner and outer walls, making it difficult to fix equipment to them and resulting in a clash of geometries with the rectangular layout of all indoor sport courts. The hall used for gymnastics cannot accommodate all the disciplines, resulting in a cramped set-up with no space for manoeuvring between rigs. Large equipment, normally fixed to straight walls, now stands back from the curved ones, reducing the already restricted space. Tumbling uses the extra width of the corridor to gain enough length for the run-up, and artistic dance and trampoline practise is restricted due to the limited height of the roofs. None of the halls, especially the gymnasium hall, seem to be designed for their current, or even for any specific intended, use. The trainers spoken to all bemoaned the inadequate and illdesigned spaces provided by these halls, and further lamented the fact that the gymnastic halls have to be shared with other sport types, necessitating the storage of large and cumbersome equipment between allocated practise times.

18

Figure 6: Main hall roof structure (Author)

Figure 7: VIP and commentary box (Author)

Figure 8: Main hall spectator seating (Author)

Figure 9: Change and shower rooms (Author)

19

The gymnasium hall too is filled to capacity with training apparatus, and according to the trainers wholly inadequate in terms of space. The aerobic exercises are restricted to an upper gallery, acting as a link to the first floor circular route. A drywall-constructed administration office was added inside the gymnasium hall near the entrance on ground floor level, since neither offices nor storage spaces are allocated within, or directly linked, to any of the halls. It is obvious that the gymnasium was not part of the original brief and that it came into being only later, although this seems strange, as such a facility is normally standard for indoor sports centres of this scale. The rough, low maintenance treatment of the interior with its face brick infill walls between the concrete columns and beams is discordant with the flamboyant expression of form in the plan and exterior of the centre. As a whole the building seems to suffer from the subjection of function to predetermined form, as if the functions or spaces were added not from necessity, but as elements in service of the composition. From the courtyard to the changing room layouts, nothing feels designed on the basis of a clear understanding of its use. Although the plan, based on those circular routes, gives the impression of clarity in terms of the sequential layout of functions, in reality it is very difficult to read. Aside from the main entrance, almost all the other areas are only discovered after requesting information and directions, or from systematic exploration, with only regular visitors acquainted with the blue print. For such a large scale and specialised centre, legibility is key, but as with the room shapes, this appears to be less of an issue than compositional form. On first impression the building feels purposeful and bold as expressed through its dynamic form, but on step-by-step inspection the fickle connection between form and function is revealed.

20

Figure 10: Internal player circulation (Author)

Figure 11: Gymnastics practise hall (Author)

Figure 12: Practise hall (Author)

Figure 13: Gymnasium (Author)

21

3.1.2 Old Mutual Sports Hall, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg The sport facilities of the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) are scattered around the campus, with indoor sports accommodated in various buildings throughout the university grounds. The Old Mutual Sports Hall, situated next to the architecture department, is primarily used as a practise facility for boxing, gymnastics, martial arts and sports climbing, as well as a competition venue hosting a variety of indoor sports. The sports hall is positioned near the entrance road inside the campus grounds, adjacent to two parking levels with controlled access. On the exterior the walls are concrete with large metal frame windows to the north, east and south. On the north the roof overhang protects the glazed areas immediately below it, which are shielded further down by metal louvers. Concrete storage boxes project out below the windows, resting on the extended floor slab of the playing field level, which act in turn as sun control for the glazed gymnasium level below. The western faade is all concrete above the gymnasium level up to the narrow continuous window band tucked in below the roof. Light is allowed to flow into the players foyer, offices and clubrooms on the eastern side with windows stretching from north to south, while the back wall of the seating level on the south faade is glazed from about 1.5m above the upper spectator floor to below the roof. The interior is well lit from the natural daytime light without any distracting glare visible from the courts. The atmosphere is further enhanced through the use of organic materials in the form of face brick walls, timber roof beams and ceiling, wooden seats and rails, and terracotta floor tiles on the spectator level. The white concrete box of the clubrooms seem to float beneath the roof space, hovering over the administration offices below, and, as well as aiding in controlling the light entering from the eastern faade, seems to balance the whole colour composition of the space.

22

Figure 14 North western view (Author)

Figure 15: North eastern view (Author)

23

From the roof, white electrical light boxes hang suspended from twin black metal pipes spaced in a grid formation between the curved laminated timber roof beams. This arrangement distributes the electrical light evenly throughout the hall, but the square shape reveals any unevenness in the resulting pattern. The building sits on a slope, falling to the north, from where the members entrance leads to the gymnasium, situated beneath the sports hall, and stairs connecting to the playing field and changing room level. The spectator entrance to the sports hall is on the south side of the building on the same level as the administrative offices and control room. From the foyer, steps lead to a raised seating level, which runs the full length of the south faade, but no allowance is made for wheelchair-bound visitors, although they can view the activities directly from the entrance platform. Open stairs connect this level to the playing field and gymnasium levels below, as well as clubrooms above the administration offices. The ablution facilities for the spectators are on the playing field level one storey down, making them inaccessible to wheelchair users. Ideally, spectators and players should remain separated during competition. The facilities for the visitors should have been on the visitors level. Direct access to the playing field level is from the east, with an additional emergency escape on the west. The hall area is around 32m x 55m with a vinyl floor covering and with four badminton courts marked out to the western end. The west wall contains concrete protrusions for sports climbing, with gymnastics apparatus mounted on the north side. Beneath the seating level, storerooms face the hall, behind which the changing rooms and ablutions are accessed from a roof-lit corridor cut into the ground beyond the south faade. In general this facility fulfils its function, although, due to its restrictive location, setting and design, it cannot easily accommodate additions or alterations when required. The rational design approach of this building copes well with the climatic influences as well as the functional and aesthetics requirements of the design, which conveys its logic with each varying faade and clustered layout inside. The separate access levels for spectators, competitors and gymnasium users works, just a pity their services are not directly linked to each of these levels, which resulted in overly complicated internal circulation.

24

Figure 16 Spectator seating (Author)

Figure 17: Storage beneath seating (Author)

Figure 18: Hall with court markings (Author)

Figure 19: Hall showing office area (Author)

25

3.1.3 Sports Arena, University of Johannesburg, Soweto Campus The University of Johannesburg Sports Arena on the Soweto Campus is situated next to the road at the entrance to the campus grounds before one reaches the main entrance gate, with parking provided for campus and sport facility attendants. This placement is due to the multi-functional utilisation of the hall, which serves, as well as the students, the larger regional community. It caters for a variety of indoor activities, including sports practise and events, conferences, ceremonies and functions, such as weddings, graduation ceremonies and academic examinations. The building form is rectangular with recessed bevelled edges forming entrances to foyers inside. Six more entrances are located along the elongated edges of the block, although access is guided to one corner entrance hosting a portico-shier, now made redundant with the altered road layout and security fencing and access control additions. The building envelope uses a contrast of off-shutter concrete, face brick and glass as its display of material, with bold rectangular openings and circular windows breaking up the surfaces. This is all capped by a centrally pitched, maroon, sheet metal-wrapped roof, which is chevron-shaped when viewed from elevation, rounded at the overhanging edges to create a weighty and separated feel to the structure below. This tectonic treatment is repeated throughout the campus, forming a theme repeated in all other (ex-) VISTA campuses which, with minor alterations, re-used the packaged design solutions. This reveals a practically minded attitude with little regard for sensitivities demanded by advocates of more sophisticated solutions to challenges of the built environment, such as physical and cultural contexts. The structure consists of three levels. The ground floor accommodates the entrance foyers, a 33m x 34m playing field, student and staff cafeteria with shared kitchen and staff ablution facilities, offices, players changing rooms and ablutions, as well as a stage with storage below and adjacent to it. A corridor with sliding panel divisions to the hall enfolds the playing field on three sides, connecting all ancillary areas. Access to the first floor and seating level is gained from the corridor via several sets of stairs grouped around emergency exits. The omission of a ticket sales facility in the design of the arena complicates matters when large events are hosted.

26

Figure 20: Ground floor plan (Facility manager, University of Johannesburg)

Figure 21: Spectator seating level plan (Facility manager, University of Johannesburg)

27

The first floor has a large VIP lounge with an outside balcony and two smaller private lounges grouped around a shared foyer space. These lounges are rented out for functions, especially conferences for private sector businesses, and come with kitchenette and ablution facilities. Amenities for the stage, such as dressing rooms, stores and a control room, as well as offices and visitor ablutions, make up the rest of this level. The seating level is accessed from the stairs entering in the centre of the seating layout, which is arranged around three sides of the hall facing the stage and playing field, accommodating two thousand and four seats. No provision is made for wheelchair access to this level, limiting such spectators to the ground floor level in the corridors or on the edge of the field during events utilising the courts, such as sports events. The roof structure, devoid of any thermal or sound insulation, is assembled from pitched steel girders and lipped channels supporting a sheet metal roofing cover, which rests on concrete columns with service gangways, suspended from them for easy access during maintenance and customised rigging for events or functions. Natural light is reflected from under the roof overhang, which curves to below the window strip located between the girders, and more direct light enters from large circular windows at the corners of the seating level, which could be distracting for players during games. Additional natural light filters in from the entrance openings between the seats, but this remains inadequate as the hall is quite dark without the electrical lighting switched on. The electrical lights cannot dim and can take up to ten minutes to regain full strength after being switched off, making them inappropriate for stage productions. Aside from a few omissions, such as wheelchair access, tickets sales facilities and adequate lighting solutions, the arena seems to fulfil its function as envisioned. It is exactly this blunt approach, extended to the design of the overall appearance and the lack of response to context, which disappoints.

28

Figure 22: View from public parking (Author)

Figure 23: Hall from spectator seating level (Author)

29

3.1.4 Pfaffenholz Spots Centre, St Louis, France, 1993 (Architects: Herzog and de Meuron) This centre is located precisely on the border between Basel (Switzerland) and St Louis (France), serving both communities, with access for both French and Swiss visitors. It consists of two parts: a special imprinted glass-clad box containing a large divisible hall, gymnastics room, circulation routes, viewing gallery with extendable bleacher seating for large events, store rooms and technical installations; and a half-sunken two-storey elongated low concrete building built onto the cube of the glass hall with a cantilevered projecting roof housing the main entrance, a newspaper stand, a snack bar, ablutions, locker and shower rooms, a gymnasium, and technical installations. The horizontally positioned rectangular glass cladding of the main structure emulates and abstracts the colour and texture of surrounding grass fields, eliminating glare and acting as a filter for natural light streaming into the interior in certain areas. The major part of the faade is insulated, with similar textured insulation panels mounted on the inside where no windows are allocated. The use of a single repetitive cladding element and colour scheme creates a cohesive visual effect with subtle optical variations distinguishing the functional components present on the faades, such as windows and doors, on the planar surfaces of the sides of the cube. As a result, ones attention shifts continually from the simplicity and totality of the geometric forms to the almost hypnotically rhythmic and detailed surface textures, and back. This creates a visual tension belying the apparent plainness of the tectonic treatment. The attached service block is fabricated from a combination of prefabricated and locally-cast concrete. The finish of the underside of the projecting roof, longitudinal faade and exterior floor strip, made from pre-cast concrete slabs, was roughened using a specially developed printing technique, resulting in a textured repetitive pattern resembling an amorphic stain etched onto the surface of each slab. The stark, flat, perpendicularly-joined planes of ground, wall and roof express the abstraction of the geometric elements of enclosure in a visually continuous wrap-around surface, stretching the length of the faade.

30

Figure 24: Site plan (Marques 2000)

Figure 25: Players entrance (Marques 2000)

Figure 26: Spectator entrance (Marques 2000)

Figure 27: Players drop off area (Marques 2000)

31

This sense of containment is repeated on the surface as the fluidic texture is captured and framed, photographic-like, on each panel. Surface and form, appearance and tactility, oscillate in ones perception, never settling in the calm of a sensory hierarchy as each conceptual component is registered in a recognised category of abstraction. Yet one remains aware of each element of the compositions dependence on its shared materiality, as a perceived property of concrete reality. The service block is entered on ground level through either the main entrance or external doors providing direct access to ablutions or changing rooms and shower facilities for outside athletes. On the opposite side, where the two structurally distinct elements meet, a corridor provides the link between the entrance lobby with adjacent exhibition space, boardroom, kiosk, ablutions and changing and shower rooms, and the connecting routes to the opposing viewing gallery and playing field level below. This lower level can be reached via stairs and elevator from the entrance lobby, or a ramp alongside the short end of the hall leading below. The lower level contains technical services, sauna, ablutions, changing and shower rooms, and the gymnasium in the concrete block, while the escape and circulation routes, main and gymnastics halls, and equipment storage are housed in the hall structure. The halls are entered from the connecting corridor, which links the various functional components with the main hall marked for basketball, badminton and volleyball. The equipment storage is below the visitors gallery (which can be entered directly from outside or accessed using an internal bridge connection from the opposite main entrance), with three points of access from the hall. It is naturally illuminated from skylight boxes extending beyond the external wall to allow sunlight to enter from the side. Structurally the roof of the main hall is independently supported from the adjacent areas through the use of concrete beams spanning the short distance of the hall, ending in a ring beam resting on dual tilted columns joined on top on the side of each beam. The space between the columns is filled in on the lower level to give the courts a solid edge, but remains open on the upper level, allowing in natural light and creating a saw-toothed rhythm contrasting with the predominant horizontal and vertical language used throughout the rest of the

32

structure. This diagonal linear pattern further seems to visually differentiate the roof and ground plane more markedly as ones eye follows its rhythm up, down and around, again resulting in ocular tension and dynamisms, an active and precarious layer between two massive solid and static planes. As on the exterior, the interior colour scheme is monochromatic. All elements are imbued with a greyness covering every surface, emulating the intentional visual merging of the functional elements as on the faades, although the three-dimensional aspect of each component and volume is accentuated through the ambience of reflected and filtered natural light. The suspended recessed ceiling panels between the concrete roof beams are from the same textured material as the insulation panels used on the external walls, aiding in acoustic control. These panels form the backdrop for exposed ventilation and lighting mechanicals serving the hall. They run parallel to the beams to produce a packaged feel and increase the sense of perspective as these lines mentally extend to an invisible vanishing point. This project exudes clarity and competence, from the functional and elemental composition of plan, section and structure, to the restrained poetic play with the visual palette of architecture. This is achieved through refining each aspect of the design equally, individually and as a whole, using visual cues and organisation to connect and group as well as individuate and separate the two- and three-dimensional qualities of elements within the utilitarian-based conceptual framework of the design. A continual shift in visual and mental focus is created, from form to surface, object to space, from the general to the particular, from purpose to appearance, furnishing this building with a dynamism not derived from form alone, but from utilising a more comprehensive and cohesive approach between function and aesthetics.

33

Figure 28: Access level plan (Marques 2000)

34

Figure 29 Lower level plan (Marques 2000)

35

Figure 30: Sections (Marques 2000)

Figure 31: Elevation of spectator entrance side (Marques 2000)

36

Figure 32: Main hall roof structure (Marques 2000)

Figure 33: Spectator foyer (Marques 2000)

Figure 34: Door to equipment storage (Marques 2000)

Figure 35: External cladding panels (Marques 2000)

37

3.1.5 CONCLUSION Indoor sport facilities accommodate numerous activities and have multiple users with some shared and some separated functions and services, determined by context. They are large-scale buildings, situated so as to be easily accessible, hosting a varying number of users depending on the programme and schedule, and having to cope with these fluctuating patterns of use and numbers in terms of security control, circulation, accommodation, services, public health and safety. From the precedent studies it seems clarity and legibility of use and function are essential for such large-scale and multi-functional buildings. Separating and directing the various users in their different activities even before they enter the building, and further accommodating them on different levels or areas within, with services paired directly to each locale, avoids confusion and simplifies circulation and operation. For this, well-positioned, simple and legible signage should be incorporated into the user management system. Wheelchair accessibility for all users is an essential design requirement, which is best designed into the circulation layout from inception. As large numbers of people attend these facilities daily, increasing

exponentially during major events, adequate and zoned parking for both visitors and staffs private vehicles and buses must be provided within close proximity to the entrances of the complex. If possible, covered parking for permanent staff should be allowed for. Pedestrian walkways linked to the complex from the visitors parking should be broad and safe to avoid overcrowding and accidents. It is preferable to unload bus groups under cover directly onto the sidewalk on the building side of the road to prevent pedestrian road crossings, whilst protecting the visitors and any luggage from rain. Delivery and maintenance vehicles should have separate access roads to where they unload or are stored, with cover provided at loading docks to avoid rain damage to goods. Aside from finding suitable sites for these buildings in terms of access and scale, the large spans of the roofs over the halls, without the structure impairing movement and vision for its users, is a pervasive issue. Controlled artificial and indirect or filtered natural lighting positioned and directed to provide adequate

38

illumination for players and visitors, while avoiding glare, which could distract competitors, is essential. The correct design and positioning of natural illumination will save energy during daytime use, while a flexible artificial lighting system, adjustable for luminosity and direction, and easily accessible for modification and maintenance, will suit the changing requirements for a variety of uses or circumstances. Ventilation and temperature control ranges from the large open volumes of the halls, to shared changing rooms and ablutions, to individual offices. Energy efficiency, structural accommodation and aesthetic treatment of these systems should be considered early on in a design, as the usage and spatial requirements can be substantive. The scale and layout of the halls determine the range of activities that can be accommodated, with the largest halls being the most flexible. A rectangular layout for the sports hall will avoid problems with equipment placement and fixture and will allow for maximal utilisation of space, since most indoor sport court patterns are rectangular. Additional practise halls are essential for routine training, extending the capacity of the facility to provide for the diversity of sports and uses, and as warm-up spaces during competitions with the main hall occupied. Storage for equipment should be adequate, even overly so, as the amount of storage space will also increase the number of disciplines that can be accommodated, and will also allow additional and unforeseen future sports and activities to be housed. This includes hosting activities other than sports, such as academic examinations, assemblies, lectures and entertainment or cultural events, for instance music concerts and stage productions. All these activities require different props, which need to be stored when not in use. There should be a sufficient number of administrative offices, especially for trainers, as each additional sport will require such amenities. Certain auxiliary amenities, such as auditoriums for media briefing or lectures, conference and catering facilities, sports administration and building management offices, indoor heated swimming pool/s for fitness training and rehabilitation, saunas and gymnasiums, are part of such complexes, especially with large-scale indoor

39

sport centres. The larger foyers are sometimes used for temporary exhibitions relating to the centre, clubs or commercially available sports equipment. With proper management, maximum utilisation of the facility could be achieved throughout the year, which should be the goal of such a costly investment. Furthermore, sharing such facilities with the broader community and hosting events of national and international standards helps to enhance the profile of the institution, while contributing towards its role of serving and uplifting society. 3.2 CONTEXT ANALYSIS In order to obtain a thorough understanding of the physical context of the project, a study was made of the development history of Pretoria West suburb and region. This is followed by study of the area as it is currently to be found. The historical study looks at the landscape, town planning and development history related to political and economic influences. The current context is investigated in terms of topography, climate and the built environment. The information of this history was supplied by a report on the area by Cultmatrix (Specialist heritage progress report: History and cultural significance of erven R/1834 and R/1/1834 2007, Pretoria West). 3.2.1 HISTORY OF PRETORIA WEST 3.2.1.1 General Pretoria West is a former blue- collar white residential area, which has transformed since the 1960s into a mix of residential, commercial and light industrial activities, dominated by the Fresh Produce Market and busy traffic arteries, along which very little of the original residential character have been preserved. 3.2.1.2 Landscape Pretoria West is situated in a low-lying part of the central Pretoria valley, about three kilometres wide running in an east west direction. Bronberg extension lies to the south and Daspoortrant to the north. Three streams frame the suburb, with the Steenhovenspruit in the east, the Skinnerspruit in the north and an

40

Figure 36: Map of Pretoria West (www.tshwane.gov.za)

41

unnamed stream in the west joining the later. Photographs dating between 1890 and 1910 shows this area to be a tree-less grass covered veld. The clayey nature of the areas soil is related to its relatively low position. In the decades before the 1930s, brickfield surrounded the area. The south-western hills contain iron ore, which attracted iron smelting plants and later ISCOR. 3.2.1.3 Town planning The earliest maps of the area that became Pretoria West (also referred to as West End until the 1930s) label it as Race Course. The suburb was indeed laid out around the racecourse in 1892, with a neighbouring brickfield and military magazine with rifle range already established, making the area less desirable for residential occupation compared to the higher-lying eastern parts, such as Arcadia and Sunnyside. The road to Rustenberg (the extension of Church Street) passed north of the Race Course. The urban development west of Church Square was much slower than that on the east (Arcadia and Sunnyside), with the area close to the residence of President Kruger (Princes Park) considered to be central and pleasant to live in. In the 1870s the south-western area of Pretoria West started to develop with the Republic allocating large plots (burger erven) to Voortrekkers who preferred not to receive outlying farms. This region became a popular residential area for newcomers to Pretoria and employees of the railways, municipal abattoir and power station, Ruto Mills, and industries located in the vicinity. In 1892 the Surveyor- General, G.R. von Wielligh, laid out Pretoria West as an extension of Pretoria Central, using the same street, block and erven pattern: rectangular blocks comprised of twelve equal sized and shaped rectangular erven, arranged in two back to back rows of six, although the erven were slightly larger than those of Pretoria Central. This resulted in Church Street being the only straight connection with Pretoria Central, with the other streets having staggered connections. It was customary for colonial towns across the world to be based on a grid plan during the last decades of the nineteenth century.

42

3.2.1.4 Sequence of development The railway to the north was built shortly after Pretoria West was established, running in a south-north direction along Schutte Street, splitting the suburb in two. A halt was created at the crossing with Church Street. Kruger Park in the southwest corner was reserved, with Princes Park and the Old Cemetery forming a barrier to the east. Between 1910 and 1911 these parks were developed and the Abattoir and Cattle Market were erected. During this period the suburb was nearly fully built-up with single storey middle-class and workers houses. The Agricultural Society started to make use of the Race Course grounds for its shows, and with the conversion of the site into an agricultural show and sport ground by the City Council between 1910 and 1911, sporting activities became reduced. During the 1930s the suburbs development was altered with the development of the iron industry, although the first factory, the Union Soap Works, started production as early as 1910. In Mitchell Street, the main route between town and the Power Station and the later ISCOR, and Soutter Street, many factories followed. 3.2.1.5 Development history Due to the constraining landscape elements of the area, such as the hills and streams, the suburb remained quite isolated. Even before the establishment of the suburb, institutional positions were taken up in this part of town, which became entrenched and extended over time. To the east, starting with the Pretoria Jail from the south, a broad band of institutions running from south to north separates Pretoria West from Pretoria Central, continuing north with the Old Pretoria Hospital, the Artillery Barracks, the Pretoria Station, the Cattle Market, the Abattoir, Princes Park with municipal stores, the ISCOR club, the Old Cemetery, the Municipal Stables, the Pretoria Sewerage Works at Daspoort, and the Pretoria Cement Factory. In between these were situated the townships of Marabastad (established in 1888) and Bantule (established in 1912), with the latter being abolished in the late 1950s, and which land is now occupied by TUTs main campus. On the land between Skinnerspruit and Pretoria West, currently the site of the Fresh Produce Market (established in the 1960s), the Daspoort Veterinary

43

Figure 37: Power station from site (Author)

Figure 38: Lucasrand tower from site (Author)

Figure 39: Voortrekker Monument (Author)

Figure 40: Union Buildings from site (Author)

44

Laboratory was erected by the government. After 1900 brickfields were developed north of Skinnerspruit, but these were later replaced by the Isolation hospital for lepers (todays West Fort Hospital), soon joined by the new Rebecca Street cemetery and West End Golf Course, bordering a Rifle Range (quite a unique and macabre assembly). Skinners Court, a small complex of agricultural holdings, originally occupied the north-western corner of Pretoria West. This area later developed into a number of new suburbs with the growth of the iron industry, namely: Pretoria Industrial (1934), Proclamation Hill (1936), West Park (1939) and Danville. In 1934 ISCOR started operations on the site of the previous Cornelis Delfos Steelworks, which had started production in 1918. In 1942 the current Power Station replaced an earlier structure. The Weskoppies Mental Hospital to the south dates from the 1890s, followed by the S.A. Police Training College around 1910 and a siding with Goods Shed around 1912, the same date the Cattle Market and Abattoir were erected. Pretoria West acquired a reputation of a neglected suburb through the years and has recently become the focus of various plan and proposals for urban regeneration. As is evident from history, this area had mixed character from its beginning in terms of the use and scale of its developments. It is further characterised by drastic town planning interventions which uprooted whole communities to make way for ideological visions, such as the abolishing of Bantule in the late 1950s. Over the years the suburb gradually transformed from a largely residential area to an institutional and industrial zone, a process that is continuing to this day. 3.2.2 CURRENT CONTEXT OF PRETORIA WEST 3.2.2.1 Regional context The site of the proposed sport centre forms part of the Pretoria West suburb, which is situated immediately west of Pretoria Central. To the north of the site the hill on which TUT campus, Rebecca Street cemetery and the Pretoria West hospital is situated, runs in an east-west direction, forming the high ground from

45

which the area slopes fairly rapidly down towards the Skinnerspruit, which forms the southern edge of the site. Across the spruit the area gently rises towards the Langeberge further away over a light industrial and residential zone. This zone is a mix of small factories and warehouses in between older houses, many converted into automotive industry businesses. The suburbs neighbouring the site directly to the west, subsequent to the golf course, are Proclamation Hill, Wespark, Kwaggasrand, Danville and Elandspoort (formerly white areas), followed by Lotus Gardens (formerly an Asian area) and Atteridgeville (formerly black area). The Pretoria Industrial Township, dominated by ISCOR factories and the ESKOM power station, together with military and police institutions and installations, forms the south western edge of the area. Further and more directly to the south the Voortrekker monument stands as a landmark on the hills enclosing Pretoria visually and shielding it climatically from the southern winter chill. To the east of the site, neighbouring the Pretoria West high school, is the Pretoria Police College, followed by the Tshwane Produce Market. Across the main eastern road edge, D.F. Malan drive, the citys sewerage plant is to be found, which has a tendency to assert its looming presence beyond its boundaries on windy days. Sharing this space is the Asiatic Bazaar and the historic township of Marabastad, currently in a dilapidated, yet vibrant, state. South of these suburbs the Pretoria Show grounds and Pilditch stadium are to be found on Church Street, which leads east into the historic heart of the city: Church Square. The area has a layered yet disjointed, even schizophrenic, feel, with the contrast between expanses of undeveloped or mostly open land (i.e. the golf course, TUT sport fields, cemetery, etc.); large scale institutional and industrial complexes (i.e. TUT, Pretoria Police College, ISCOR, ESKOM, etc.); and medium scale industries wedged in between decrepit residences, with new housing developments creeping into the area from the west. Traffic can be busy during the day, with cars and trucks tending to speed in the big arteries. Together with few demarcated pedestrian crossings and the undefined street edges in certain areas, this situation can make travelling on foot a disconcerting exercise.

46

Figure 41: Business in converted house (Author)

Figure 42: Automotive retail warehouse (Author)

Figure 43: Vom Hagen Street (Author)

Figure 44: Vom Hagen and Rebecca streets (Author)

47

3.2.2.2 Climatic data

Table 1. Climatic data for period between 19611990

(http://www.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/PretoriaStats.jsp:)
Month Temperature (degrees Celsius) Highest Recorded Average Daily Maximum Average Daily Minimum Lowest Recorded Precipitation Average Monthly (mm) Average Number days >= 1mm January February March April May June July August September October November December Year . 36 36 35 33 29 25 26 31 34 36 36 35 36 29 28 27 24 22 19 20 22 26 27 27 28 25 18 17 16 12 8 5 5 8 12 14 16 17 12 8 11 6 3 -1 -6 -4 -1 2 4 7 7 -6 136 75 82 51 13 7 3 6 22 71 98 110 674 14 11 10 7 3 1 1 2 3 9 12 15 87 of with Highest 24 Hour Rainfall (mm) 160 95 84 72 40 32 18 15 43 108 67 50 160

48

Table 2. Climatic data (http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world)

Month

Average Sunlight (hours)

Temperature Average Min. 16 16 14 10 6 3 3 6 9 13 14 15 Max . 27 27 26 24 21 19 19 22 25 27 27 28 Record Min. 9 9 6 1 -3 -4 -4 -2 -1 3 5 6 Max. 35 33 33 28 26 25 24 28 32 33 36 35

Discomfort from and humidity Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Medium heat

Relative humidity am 71 73 75 74 74 74 72 65 57 60 65 68 pm 47 49 48 42 36 32 31 29 29 34 40 45

Average precipitation (mm)

Wet Days (=0.25 mm)

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

9 9 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 9 9

127 109 114 43 23 15 8 5 20 56 132 132 7 11 10

12 9 8 5 3 1 1 0.8 2

Table 3. Precipitation data

(http://www.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/PretoriaStats.jsp:)

49

Figure 45: Site with 1 meter contours (www.tshwane.gov.za)

Figure 46: Garage at site entrance (Author)

Figure 47: Crematorium

Figure 48: School housing unit

50

3.2.2.3 Access routes The main links to the site are rail and road connections. As an indoor sport centre of international standards, the location of the complex must be suited to be reached from main connectors and transport nodes, such as airports and stations, to simplify access for touring sports groups and spectators during competitions. Although this site is relatively isolated, standing apart from the main TUT campus and not forming part of a bigger sporting complex, such as the Pilditch or L.C. de Villiers sports grounds, it is relatively easily accessed from the road and rail links passing the site. Staatsartillrie road, running between TUT and Pretoria West High School linking the D.F. Malan thoroughfare (a major vehicular link to and from the north of Pretoria), and Pretoria West areas of Daspoort, Danville and Gardens, serves as a secondary vehicular connector from main links for traffic from Pretoria west, east, north and south. Vom Hagen street, passing the site along the southern border, continues from Bloed street, starting to the east of the city centre from Nelson Mandela Avenue, the main feeder route into Pretoria from the R21 airport link and Ben Schoeman Highway from Johannesburg, and continues as the N4 Highway to the west, passing Atteridgeville towards the northern interior mining, agricultural and tourism areas from and beyond Hartebeespoortdam. Rebecca street, linking Staatsartillerie and Vom Hagen streets west of the site, starts from the north at the entrance to the Pretoria West Cemetery, crosses Vom Hagen into the mainly light industrial and commercial areas of Pretoria West, continuing over Church and Mitchell streets, endings at the Police college campus. 3.2.2.4 Location The site forms part of the Pretoria West High School grounds, located in the south-west corner of the terrain, bordered by Rebecca street to the west and Vom Hagen street to the south. To the north, beyond an existing access road from Rebecca Street, running the entire northern length of the site and leading

51

Figure 49: Figure/ ground diagram (Author)

52

to the main entrance of the school grounds, a crematorium facility occupies the north-western site, while a staff housing complex for school personnel occupies the north-eastern neighbouring site. The eastern border is flanked by the main school buildings and sports grounds, which are terraced to accommodate the slope form north to south. The Skinner river curves past the site along the southern edge, flowing underneath the bridge of the train track connecting in a north-south direction from the eastwest line of Pretoria West and Rebecca stations to the Golf station next to the school and Bantule station at TUT, and the Rebecca Road bridge before the crossing with Von Hagen Street. 3.3 SITE APPRAISAL The choice of site was recommended by the client as TUT has a standing arrangement with the Pretoria West High School for the sharing of sport facilities. The alternative of positioning the proposed centre on the main campus has been investigated, but due to the scope of the project and a lack of suitable available space it has been ruled out. The site chosen is accessible by pedestrians and private and public transport. Pedestrian access from the main catchment area is possible, although pedestrians will have to cross Staatsartillerie road coming from TUT. It is recommended that a pedestrian and bicycle link is established between TUT and the Pretoria West High School for safety. The site is in a prominent position of this neighbourhood in terms of the routes passing it and its raised position from the south. It is well situated to serve TUT, Pretoria West High School and the surrounding community. The site is large enough to accommodate the envisioned project, as well as future expansions. Due to the size and slope of the site it is possible to partially immerse the building into the site on the northern side and thus visually reduce its scale from the school entrance view. Positioning the building towards the northern side will, aside from allowing people to utilise the existing access road, create a setback from the southern border, which would give it a prominent, elevated position and yet give it enough space so as to reduce its visual impact on the environment in terms of scale.

53

Figure 50: Movement diagram (Author)

54

Figure 51: Site from school entrance (Author)

Figure 52: Skinnerspruit south of site (Author)

Figure 53: Site from pedestrian bridge (Author)

Figure 54: Site from entrance road (Author)

55

3.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The intellectual principles underlying the proposed design are derived from the theoretical approach of architectural rationalism. Architectural rationalism developed from the philosophical rationalist tradition, of which a brief overview will be given, followed by an overview of rationalism in architecture. This study was done in order to gain a broader insight into the principles underlying this theoretical approach to architecture. 3.5 PHILOSOPHICAL RATIONALISM Rationalism: Noun- the practise or principle of basing actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response. Philosophy - the theory that reason rather than experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge. (Kavanagh 2002) The rationalist philosophical position is a branch of epistemology, which studies the nature, sources and limits of knowledge. Rationalism holds that knowledge and concepts are dependent on reason. First, rationalists argue that there are cases where the content of our concepts or knowledge outstrips the information that sense experience can provide. Second, they construct accounts of how reason in some form or another provides additional information about the world The dispute between rationalism and empiricism takes places within the philosophical branch of epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. The defining questions of epistemology include the following: What is the nature of propositional knowledge, knowledge that a particular proposition about the world is true? (http://en.wikipedia.org ). Knowledge is true belief, where a particular proposition is both believed and true, although, in order for it to be more than a lucky guess, we require what is called a warrant.

56

How can we gain knowledge? (http://en.wikipedia.org). True beliefs could potentially be gained from fortunate conjectures, though it is uncertain how we can obtain warranted beliefs. A further difficulty arises from the fact that in order to obtain knowledge of the world, we have to think about it, and it is unclear where the concepts used in thought comes from, or what assurances we have of the correspondence between the conceptual framework of reality, and actual reality. What are the limits of our knowledge? (http://en.wikipedia.org). Certain aspects regarding reality could still be within the realm of thought, though beyond the limits of our knowledge, which makes knowledge regarding the truth of competing descriptions unknowable. It is even possible that some aspects of the world are beyond even the limits of thought, which then cannot form intelligible description of them and makes knowledge of their truth impossible. The disagreement between rationalists and empiricists primarily concerns the origins and sources of our concepts and knowledge. They may disagree over the nature of warrant or about the limits of our thought and knowledge. 3.5.1 Rationalism (http://en.wikipedia.org). To be a rationalist is to adopt at least one of three claims: The Intuition/Deduction thesis The Innate Knowledge thesis. The Innate Concept thesis.

The Intuition/Deduction thesis, the Innate Knowledge thesis, and the Innate Concept thesis are essential to rationalism: to be a rationalist is to adopt at least one of them. 3.5.2 The Intuition/Deduction thesis: (http://en.wikipedia.org). Certain propositions in a particular subject area, S, are knowable by us purely by intuition, while others are knowable by deduction from intuited propositions. Intuition is a form of rational insight, where we just see the truth of an intellectually comprehended proposition in such a way as to form a true,

57

warranted belief in it. Deduction is the logical process of deriving conclusions from intuited premises through the use of valid arguments, where the conclusion is necessarily true if the premises are true. Intuition and deduction provide us with knowledge a priori, knowledge gained independently from sense experience. Typically rationalists argue mathematics, ethical truths and metaphysical claims to be knowledge gained from intuition and deduction. Rationalists vary in the strength of their faith in intuition and deduction in establishing warrants for beliefs, with some claiming intuition to always be true, while others allow for the possibility that certain intuited propositions may to be false. 3.5.3 The Innate Knowledge thesis: (http://en.wikipedia.org). We have knowledge of certain truths in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature. The Innate Knowledge thesis, as the Intuition/Deduction thesis, asserts the existence of knowledge gained a priori, independently of experience, but the two theses differ from one another in the understanding of how this a priori knowledge is gained. The Innate Knowledge thesis contends that our innate knowledge is acquired neither through sense experience nor intuition and deduction, but is part of our rational nature. According to this thesis our knowledge is innate, with experience acting only as a trigger to bring this knowledge to consciousness. 3.5.4 The Innate Concept thesis: (http://en.wikipedia.org). Certain concepts we employ in a particular subject area, S, are part of our rational nature. According to this thesis, certain concepts are not gained from experience, but are part of our rational nature. Experience does not provide the concepts or determine the information they contain, but can merely act as a trigger to bring them to consciousness.

58

It is sometimes claimed that the Innate Concept thesis is entailed by the Innate Knowledge thesis, as explained by Locke (http://en.wikipedia.org), though this connection is denied by others, as argued by Carruthers (http:// en.wikipedia.org). The more abstract and removed from experience a concept is, the more plausible it is to claim it to be innate, such as the concept of perfect triangles. It is sometimes argued that innate knowledge and knowledge gained from intuition and deduction are not possible to obtain from sense experience, and that this type of knowledge is superior to those sourced from experience. The superiority claimed for knowledge sourced from reason has to be defended by rationalists. A view associated with Descartes asserts that a priori knowledge is certain, while knowledge gained from sense experience is open to doubt and uncertainty. The view associated with Plato locates the superiority of a priori knowledge in the objects of rational knowledge, such as Platonic forms, which are superior in a metaphysical sense, for example eternal, perfect, etc. as opposed to what we know from sense experience. Rationalists generally are committed to the denial of scepticism, while supporting epistemic foundationalism, which argues that all knowledge is derived from some basic known truths. The contrasting and opposing philosophical position to rationalism is empiricism, which rejects the Intuition/Deduction thesis and the Innate Knowledge/Concept theses, and asserts that all knowledge is based on sense experience, which is our only source of ideas. According to empiricism, what we cannot know from experience cannot be known at all. These opposing views need not be in conflict, as it is possible to be a rationalist in certain fields, such as mathematics, and an empiricist in others, such as certain physical sciences. The problem only arises when these views cover the same subject.

59

Figure 55: Parmenides, 515 mid- fifth century BC (Wikipedia)

Figure 56: Plato, 427347 BC (Wikipedia)

Figure 57: Rene Descartes, 15961650 (Wikipedia)

60

3.5.5 Brief history of Rationalist Philosophers The root of rationalism within the western philosophical tradition begins in ancient Greece with the Eleatics (Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, and Melissus), with their rejection of sense experience as a way to truth, Pythagoreans, with their mathematical universe, and Plato, with his world of Forms (Honderich 1995). It continued with the advent of Neo-Platonism, founded by Plotinus (205270 CE), which was revived during the Renaissance period. During the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century the so-called continental rationalism of Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza argued for the rationalist view, in contrast to the British empiricism of Lock, Berkley and Hume of the same period. Rationalism was further expounded by the philosophy of Idealism, the view that abstractions and laws are more fundamental in reality than sensory things, that is, that the world is known through and as ideas. This view is expressed in the philosophies of Plato, Kant and Hegel, although Kant (17241804 CE) attempted a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism, which had an immense influence on the intellectual movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy). During the twentieth century, the writings of Chomsky reiterated the rationalist idea that the mind has pre-formed categories which determine the structure of our language and ways of thought (Honderich 1995).

61

Figure 58: Baruch Spinoza, 16321677 (Wikipedia)

Figure 59: Gottfried Leibniz, 16461716 (Wikipedia)

Figure 60: Immanuel Kant, 17241804 (Wikipedia)

62

3.6 ARCHITECTURAL RATIONALISM 3.6.1 Classical period Rationalist architectural theory is based on precedent, and although classical Greek architecture displays some of the principles of rationalism, as an architectural theory it started with earliest known architectural theorist, Vitruvius, with his work De Architectura. He argues that architecture is a science which can be comprehended rationally. "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture). According to Vitruvius, a good building has to satisfy the three principles of firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis, (firmness, commodity and delight), interpreted as: durability it should stand up robustly and remain in good condition. utility it should be useful and function well for the people using it. beauty it should delight people and raise their spirits.

According to Vitruvius, architects should strive to fulfil each of these three attributes as well as possible. 3.6.2 Renaissance period During the Renaissance, Leon Battista Alberti (14041472 CE), expanded the ideas of Vitruvius in his work De Re Aedificatori, wherein he emphasised that the role of the architect was to be firstly concerned with issues pertaining to construction, such as the physical constraints and aspects of site and the properties and limitations of materials. The second concern is articulation, with the criteria that buildings must work, as well as please and suit the needs of its users. The third concern is aesthetics, in terms of proportion and ornament. Alberti elaborated that beauty is based on the idealised human proportions of the golden mean and therefore an inherent aspect of an object and not something superficially applied. Beauty was based on universal, rationally recognisable truths.

63

Figure 61: Alberti, Sant Andrea, Mantau, Italy, 1470 1476 (www.greatbuildings.com)

Figure 62: Alberti, Sant Maria Novella, Florence, Italy, 14561470 (www.greatbuildings.com)

64

3.6.3 Enlightenment period During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, architectural theorists argued for a reasonable approach to design derived from the rational principles of the Enlightenment. These theorists include Durand, with his system of design using simplified, repetitive, modular elements; Viollet-le-Duc, who advanced the Gothic style as a logical, reasoned, functional expression; and Semper, with his notion of types, seen as the essence of objects in relation to their function and form. Structural rationalism, primarily expressed by the neoclassical movement, emerged in the eighteenth century. This movement argued architecture to be a scientific discipline, where structural element should be located according to the scientific principles of engineering. Reason was held to be closely tied to natural forms and in the nineteenth century, structural rationalism found its principles in the works of Henri Labrouste and August Perret. In the early twentieth century, architects such as Berlage explored the idea of space created through structure unaided by decoration, further developed by modern movement. Although aesthetics was a primary concern of Ruskin in his work, Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, his principle insight was that art is an expression of the values of society. This insight meant that art played an important role in the spiritual wellbeing of society, with architecture expressing most fully the whole spirit of a people. He advocated the "truth of expression" in materials and in structure. His hostility to classicism, which he inherited from Pugin, was his key contribution to the development of the modern movement. Pugin argued against classicism as pagan, and advocated the Gothic as a rational, utilitarian architectural system in stone. In his view, the two great rules for design were first, that there should be no features about a building which are not necessary for convenience, construction, or property, and second, that all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essential construction of the building.

65

Figure 63: Viollet-le-duc, Concert Hall interior, 1854 (www.greatbuildings.com)

Figure 64: Berlage, Commodities Exchange, Amsterdam, 1897 1909 (www.greatbuildings.com)

66

3.6.4 Modern period Subsequent advocates of Rationalism in the twentieth century developed the notion that design had a moral meaning, and evolved certain principles for the designers of the built environment. This included the idea of utilising the designed environment to educate and engineer society, using inexpensive industrialised building methods in the construction of buildings, devoid of ornamentation, expressing their ideals through the Machine Aesthetic. They went further in deeming it necessary to demolish and rebuild the existing urban fabric for the creation of a new and just society, using standardised, prefabricated materials and mass-production techniques for structures whose form was to evolve from constructional, economic, functional, political and social reasons, and not from individual fancy. Although Rationalism in the twentieth century had no unified theoretical approach, its advocates shared the view that the real world problems, amplified or caused by the two world wars, could be resolved through reason. This developed into an International style devoid of all historical and decorative elements, influenced by Constructivism and de Stijl, and the Cubist art movement, given its fullest expression in the works of the Bauhaus school, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. The principle postulates of the Bauhaus school directed by Gropius included maximum economy in the use of land and in construction; attention to the specific characteristics of different materials (wood, iron, glass, metals, etc.); the idea that artistic form derives from a previously defined method or problem, leading to the correspondence between form and function; and constant use of new technologies. Other central points of rationalist architecture of this period are the systematic use of elementary forms in architectural composition in order to obtain symmetry; equilibrium and regularity of the design whole; the use of new materials; visible structure; flat roofs; simplicity of ornamentation; large glazed surfaces; and the concern with the internal space of a building. The theoretical bases that served to unify the movement were provided by CIAM (Congrs Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne), which promoted

67

functionalism, standardisation, and rationalisation in the 1930s, at first dominated by the Germans, and then by Le Corbusier. Among the most notable theorists to contribute to this movement were Giedion and Pevsner. With the publishing of the book, Vers une Architecture in 1923, Le Corbusier gained international recognition as the formulator of the principles of the new architecture, anchored in rationality and functionality. The central principles of Le Corbusiers working method and urban planning philosophy are the rational use of materials, economic construction methods, a formal language without ornament, and a systematic dialogue with industrial technology. Le Corbusier had a major influence on the younger generation of architects in Brazil, including Lucio Costa, Affonso, Carlos Leo, Jorge, Ernani Vasconcelos and Oscar Niemeyer. The landmark of modern Brazilian architecture is the building of the Ministry of Education and Health which reflects the attempt by the group to incorporate the rational precepts of Le Corbusier's architecture. In the Soviet Union, the Modernist group Association of New Architects (ASNOVA) founded by Nikolai Ladovsky, was known as 'the Rationalists'. Ladovsky defined architectural rationalism as the economy of psychic energy in the perception of spatial and functional aspects of a building, as opposed to a 'technical rationalism'. In Italy the International Modernist movement found its base in Gruppo 7, referring to their movement as Rationalism, whom expanded to form the Movimento Italiano per l'Architettura Razionale (MIAR), inspired in part by Futurism. Terragni was Italian Rationalisms most distinguished member, with his Fascist Party Headquarters at Como (19326). Rationalism was adopted as the style of Western Europe and America after the Second World War, though it was mostly applied superficially, with the principles of mass- production, modernity and industrialisation remaining the underlying approach.

68

Figure 65: Rationalist architecture G. Grassi, Residential units, Italy, 1972 (Papdakis 1984)

69

Figure 66: Rietveld, Schroder House, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 19241925 (www.greatbuildings.com)

Figure 67: Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 19281929 (www.greatbuildings.com)

Figure 68: Mies van der Rohe, German Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain, 1929 (www.greatbuildings.com)

Figure 69: Terragni, Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy, 19321936 (www.greatbuildings.com)

70

Integrating the aspects of materiality (substance), utility (use) and beauty (proportion) into a collective and unified architectural solution, within a hierarchical system of importance starting with the physical context, properties and constraints of site and materials, structured around the functional organization of activities accommodated economically and to the satisfaction and requirements of its users, formed and finished to express the inherent beauty of proportions based on fundamental geometry and logical structure of numbers and sensory qualities of materials used honestly, constitutes the essential principles of a rational approach to architecture. Rationalism purges and seeks the truth at the fundamental level of being, reducing constructs and its elements to their essentials, and logically and systematically rebuild and shape ideas and substance within the physical and cultural context in which it operates. It is against excess, waste, vanity and needlessness, choosing instead what is considered necessary and fit for purpose, not unlike a physically and mentally fit athlete, whose skills and body is honed to achieve success. The rationalist approach suites the type of building proposed, with its large scale, long spans, and complex accommodation. Creating a simple geometric shape, finished with a regular and repetitive surface, could restrain the visual force of the building, both from afar and up close. With the design having to overcome the structural challenges inherent in these buildings, utilising a unified and systematic structural grid system can reduce both costs and potential difficulties in planning. Rational design makes it possible for the various components to work as a whole, visually unifying all the elements and spaces through geometry. Through ordering and grouping the related functional areas within the complex on a logical basis, the complexity can be managed. The context in which the project is situated allows for an industrial scale, construction and aesthetic. Through pleasing proportions, surprising use of materials and exquisite detailing, the experience of the user can be enhanced on a subtle level, without the architecture distracting from the activities housed. Although the temptation is there to use this opportunity for an architectural feast, the core function of the building discourages one from competing with its purpose. Rather, it should complement and express the values, principles and

71

image of sports, such as discipline, focus, determination and teamwork, which makes a formal and rational approach to this project appropriate.

72

CHAPTER 4 Intervention Programme

In this chapter the design considerations for indoor sports buildings as named by Allan Konya will be set out (Konya 1986), followed by the brief, programme and accommodation schedule. The design concept will be formulated and translated it into a detailed building design. 4.1 DESIGN CRITERIA The aim is to design an integrated Olympic-standard Indoor Sport Centre for TUTs Pretoria West Campus, primarily for the use of their students and the pupils of the Pretoria West High School, on which site the facility is to be erected, incorporating various court-based indoor sports, TUT sport administration offices and various auxiliary support functions, with provision made for spectators and media during competitions and events. The facility must be geared toward the training of staff and students, and the hosting of competitions from regional up to national levels and beyond, including international competitive standards with regard to the relevant sport codes accommodated. In setting up an initial brief the design issues and principles below need to be considered to assist in creating a general framework and strategy for establishing a proposed design solution. 4.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The data for this section was provided by Allan Konyas book on indoor sport centres and was used to help formulate the brief, programme and accommodation schedule. (Konya 1986). 4.2.1 General data The following issues to be considered relate specifically to information and guidance for the design of sports buildings: establish clients brief determine type of community in which centre is to be located investigate the structure and characteristics of the population to be served determine available services, such as existing public and private transport as well as existing or planned sport facilities in catchment area.

73

consider the types of users and their requirements define the general scope of services, activities and facilities to be include, in terms of sport types and standards, social and commercial facilities, and whether all these could be accommodated in one building

determine potential resources and constraints, such as possible income from rentable space and hiring of facility to outside bodies and statutory requirements applicable

4.2.2 Concept In considering the basic strategic design concepts, the following need to be taken into account: stated objectives and principal priorities constraints to the project, such as site circulation patterns of spectators and of users for wet and dry facilities control and supervision of user areas by minimum staff massing, in terms of appropriate ceiling heights for various spaces and single or double storey areas placement of social areas for overlooking the activity areas establishment of required flexibility and allowance for growth consideration of required energy consumption and energy conservation methods natural versus artificial lighting and ventilation

4.2.3 Activities to be accommodated In order to determine the programme and scope of the facility the sports and activities to be accommodated as required by the client needs have to be established. The following should be considered: the types of indoor sports to be accommodated the need for practise and training facilities, such as specialised practise halls, training pool, gymnasium, etc. the standards and level of play and practise for each sport to be accommodated in order to establish floor areas, floor finishes and services which indoor games will be provided for and which ones need separate spaces and which ones can be accommodated in general sport area the provision to be made for general social and club activities and which need separate spaces

74

whether any of the spaces will be used for community activities, such as trade shows, exhibitions, etc.

4.2.4 Pattern of use The broad patterns of use need to be determined as this will affect the amount of changing accommodation to be provided, as well as the size and arrangement of the ancillary facilities. Consider the following: number of users in terms of participants, instructors or attendants for each sport and activity type of users in terms of age, sex and disability, as this will affect provision of services, safety measures and circulation requirements the pattern of use for major spaces, taking into account multi-use and subdivision of spaces the required provision to be made for spectators in terms of frequency of attendance, types of seating and estimated number given by client or sports bodies the estimated number and types of users and spectators during peak attendance the management and staff structure, number and sex for the various components of the facility 4.2.5 Administrative areas the management, service, such as ticket selling or bookings, supervision and methods of directing of the public and users to and within the facilities, which would influence the position and direction of circulation through entrance hall or control area establish the number, type and spatial requirements of administrative personnel, such as office type, location, acoustic privacy needs and storage decide which type of social or rest areas are required for the staff, such as lounge and tea-making facilities, and what number need to be serve by these spaces determine the requirements for staff changing and toilet accommodation, taking into account separate facilities for male, female and disabled users

75

4.2.6 Social areas consider the type, scale, management, operation, form of service, ancillary facilities required and special requirements, such as location close to activities, of refreshment facilities, such as restaurant, licensed bar and vending machines ascertain the number, uses and flexibility requirements of clubrooms determine the provision to be made of toilets for spectators, visitors and restaurant patrons in terms of numbers for males and females, and disabled users considering their placement within facility 4.2.7 Ancillary areas decide on the scale and system of provision of changing-rooms considering the separation of male, female and wet, dry and outdoor sport areas, type and numbers of users at peak periods and special requirements of disabled users decide on the system and scale of provision for clothes storage and determine the number of lockers taking into consideration the provision of storage for bulky items, such as sports bags and equipment consider the provision of separate changing areas, showers and toilets for coaches and instructors of both sexes and the number and type required ascertain the requirements for and the number and type of toilet equipment and showers for wet and dry sport areas for both sexes, taking into consideration the special requirement s of disabled users consider the placement, dual use and equipment requirements for the firstaid room, which needs to be accessible to ambulances establish the exact storage requirements for each activity in terms of equipment dimensions and method of storage, also catering for ancillary equipment, such as tables and chairs, visual aids and cleaning equipment determine the need for plant rooms and approximate the space requirements for LPG installations, swimming-pool filtration, disinfection and heating equipment, and heating, ventilation and air treatment plants 4.2.8 General Considerations consider the energy requirements and possible methods for energy conservation and harvesting, such as insulation and sun control and solar energy collectors

76

check the required pattern of movement through the facility of different user types, such as staff, participants, spectators and visitors, with consideration given to the needs of disabled users in terms of widths and gradients and the movement of material and equipment

ascertain the requirement of security and control with regards to the number and position of exits, fire escapes, control points, fire-fighting installations and equipment and anti-vandal/theft measures, such as burglar alarms and closed-circuit television

determine the provisions to be made for television and radio broadcasting, considering permanent commentators box in halls, space required for cameras and dollies, etc.

ascertain the provisions to be made for communications, such as signalling and public address systems and electronic equipment, such as clocks, electronic scoreboards, timing devices and control room equipment

determine the extent of flexibility required in terms multiple-use of certain spaces and the ability of spaces to adapt to different future uses, such as new sports

4.2.9 Site with a site already chosen, check that the client has ascertained its suitability and that alternatives have been investigated ensure that the site is in a prominent position well-situated to serve its primary users and is safely accessibility by foot, bicycle, car and public transport joint use of the facility should be investigated and the location should be easily accessible and identified by users and public for planned outdoor activities the effect on the provision of changing rooms and toilets should be determined, as well as their relationship to the proposed building establish that the site is large enough for the estimated accommodation, future expansion/additions, parking, outdoor activities and landscaping The next phase should be to establish a schematic framework for the interaction and relationship of spaces focused on resolving the following:

77

4.2.10 Preliminary planning the outline schedule of accommodation drawn up should be compared with the accommodation of existing examples and the floor areas for each individual space needs to be determined the system of organisation to be used needs to be confirmed and consider the form of management, number of staff, number and type of control points, patterns of use and programme of activities in various spaces and the basic space relationship between activities, social, service areas in relation to one another and to circulation areas and elements the approximate building form needs to be conceptualised and should take into consideration building regulations, zoning, visual relationships of various spaces, circulation and control, external vehicular access, building orientation in terms of climatic and contextual considerations, fenestration, environmental control, flexibility and relationship with adjoining facilities the broad requirements for the internal environment in terms of heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, acoustic control, filtration, disinfection and heating of the pool should be determined with particular consideration given to recycling of energy and waste and the suitability of the lighting system used for various activities as well as the possible structural systems of the building it should be ensured that the services such as water, electricity and waste disposal will be adequately supplied with consideration given to communications systems, protection systems, integration and distribution of services, and flexible lighting technologies the fixed equipment should be ascertained and checked for dimensions, weights and methods of fixing in terms of building structure it should be considered whether it will be a single or partial double storey building focussing on heights and large spans required in some spaces as well as taking into consideration fittings/equipment suspended from the roof structure in developing the form of the building the massing of the various spaces should be related to the context and the requirements of internal spaces with the problems of scale, suitability for considered ventilation and lighting systems and town planning regulations considered check that the initial design layouts will fit on the site keeping in mind expansion, outdoor requirements and adequate access

78

At this phase a brief was developed as derived from the design criteria and considerations covering all the major factors in more detail. 4.3 BRIEF The building is a large indoor sports facility within the context and requirements of the academic institution, TUT, whose programme regarding the centre is primarily to serve its students through providing facilities accommodating a wide spectrum of indoor sports. The secondary requirement is to fulfil the broader responsibly of the institution within the context of the aims of the government concerning the sharing and integration of public and private facilities to the benefit of the greater community and country as a whole. To these ends the facility should be accessible to and operate for a variety of users and uses. This determines the complexity, scope and scale of the building as a sports centre of international standard to maximise its sustainability, service, reach and contribution. TUT is in the process of reorganising, upgrading and expanding after its merge with the previous Northern Gauteng and North West Province Technikons. With TUTs reclassification as a university, the aim has become the enhancement of the scope and standards of their universal programme to facilitate the higher demands and requirements expected of such institutions. In order to compete with other universities, the infrastructure and services must be on par with or exceed those of the competition. Aside from providing equivalent types of facilities, the goal of TUT is that all new and restructured facilities should use the opportunity to advertise the upgraded scope and quality of the institutional programmes and infrastructure as an incentive to prospective students of local and international origin. In line with these requirements in terms of its sports programme, the centre will accommodate multi-functional indoor sports training, and practise and competition facilities of international standard, with supporting amenities for operation.

79

4.3.1 Sport types The following sports types and activities have been accommodated: Gymnastics: a variety of gymnastics, including trampoline and tumbling. Court-based sports: basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer and tennis, badminton, handball, indoor hockey, lacrosse, micro korfball, netball, bowls, cricket and golf practise. Mat/stage-based sports: aikido, boxing, judo, karate, kendo, tae kwon do, kung fu, aerobics, dance, fencing, wrestling, archery. Table tennis, snooker. Courts: squash. Climbing wall: exploration. Practise and training facilities: gymnastics training hall, multiple indoor sports training hall, indoor pool, gymnasium and sauna. Standard of play and practise: competition hall accommodating international competition standard for gymnastics and most indoor courtbased sports. Recreation: clubrooms and recreational facilities, namely billiards and darts. Special uses: the building lends itself to special uses, such as exhibitions, fashion shows, concerts as required. 4.3.2 Support services The centre is supported by the following services, which must fulfil the listed requirements: Administrative Areas 1. Entrance hall/control area Single controlled entrance for daily user which have circulatory links to all the facilities Separate spectator entrances with ticket sales facilities Reception between office and public areas Queuing and waiting areas Administrative waiting areas Public telephones Notice board in main entrance lobby with facility map Vending machines in gymnasium, offices and foyers

80

All the main facilities are accessible from the main entrance

2. Offices Sports Administrative director has visual control of entrance area Individual and open plan offices Shared archive and strong room for administrative staff Two components of the administrative offices: coaches adjacent to practise halls, administrative staff separate for privacy and noise control Visual control and supervision directly into practise halls from coach and trainer offices 3. Rest rooms and toilets Tea kitchens Separate male and female ablutions with shared disabled ablutions Lounge area Director has private change room and ablution facilities Trainers and coaches must have separate changing rooms and ablution facilities with disabled facilities Social Areas Refreshment facilities: there will be a restaurant accommodating up to 100 patrons, with a licensed bar and outside service area. The restaurant will be a leased facility and can be operated independently as it can be accessed directly after hours. A visual link is established between the restaurant and the main competition hall. Provision will be made for refuse disposal, kitchen, stores, washing up, and office and pay point. Vending machines will be positioned throughout the building. During competition events outside caterers will have access to the spectator foyer space for setting up temporary catering services. Club rooms: provision will be made for shared club rooms. Toilets: provision will be made in the public foyer space for male, female and disabled ablutions with the number calculated according to peak attendance

81

Ancillary areas Changing rooms: there will be separate changing areas for wet and dry sports areas. The numbers are calculated according to peak use, with cubicle showers separated for male and female. Separate provision will be made for outdoor sports areas. All of the above will have facilities for the diabled. Clothes storage: Individual lockers will be available. Centralised storage will be at the squash reception. Specialist storage for bulky items, sports bags and equipment will be provided for within the changing room areas. Shower/toilets: The pool area will have combined shower, changing rooms and toilets. Dry sports will have shower and changing rooms with separate toilets. First Aid Room: There will be a fully equipped doctors consultation room and physiotherapist with massage facilities. Both will have direct access for ambulances. Storage space: Will be located directly adjacent to the sports areas served. Large equipment and props storage (with direct access to outside delivery at the service road) with separate smaller equipment stores will also be available. Bleacher seating can be stored directly under the spectator seating in the competition hall and squash areas. All cleaning and chemical storage is provided for in the plant room and caretaker stores. There will be storage for cleaners equipment in the spectator foyer. Plant rooms: Swimming pool plant room for filtration, disinfection and heating will be in the basement. There will be external, roof-mounted ventilation and air treatment plants, as well as emergency generators and an underground rainwater reservoir. Large workshop and maintenance equipment storage will be located outside on ground level and linked to the service road. Multi-media lecture/strategic discussion rooms for training will be located within the main user area. An auditorium will be located in the ancillary block. The auditorium will have a service counter linked to the restaurant. There will be a broadcast centre, media commentary boxes, announcement centre and executive boxes. All of these will have shared lounge and refreshment areas.

82

Outdoor activities: In phase one the remainder of the site to the south of the facility will accommodate outdoor sports fields.

4.4 PROGRAMME Functional factors (users/uses) This sport centre is a joint-use project, with the main users being the students of TUT and Pretoria West High School. The secondary users will include the greater community for daily use and specialised use such as visiting sports teams and spectators. Pattern of Use: Primary user type Teenagers and young adults of both sexes with provision made for the disabled. Use of spaces Two dedicated areas: gymnastics training and squash courts; two multi-use and area. Spectators Only in the event of competitions or events. Fixed seating according to TUT requirement of a maximum of 2 000 for the competition hall. The adjacent halls will have fixed seating to accommodate smaller competitions as required. Peak attendance users Competitors, contingent). Staff Facility management and sports administrators with their receptionists and secretaries have to be accommodated. Instructors and coaches. For competition events the sports administration of TUT will be utilised as sports organisers and attendants. trainers/coaches, spectators (general, VIP & media sub-divisible indoor sport competition and training halls to accommodate a number of different activities each requiring a smaller

83

A permanent doctor and nurse will be on site as well as a physiotherapist. Restaurant and gymnasium could be privatised. Plant engineers and cleaners permanently on site.

Types of spaces in the building: a purpose-built gymnastics practise hall with visitor seating on upper level, a sub-divisible indoor competition hall with seating for up to 2 000 spectators and bleacher seating for sports teams on field level, a sub-divisible indoor practise hall with visitor seating on upper level, an indoor gymnasium with fitness training, weight training and aerobics facilities, an indoor squash hall with seven squash courts with spectator seating on the upper level and sports team bleacher seating on court level, an indoor heated 25 meter four-lane swimming pool for fitness training and rehabilitation, a 150 seat auditorium for conferences and media briefings, a 100 seat restaurant with visitors ablutions, fully-fitted kitchen, bar, office and staff facilities, and an administration office block with two reception desks with waiting areas, 26 individual offices, 20 work stations, five boardrooms, directors office, two medical rooms, security control room, two building management offices and visitors reception desks. 4.5 TECHNICAL RESEARCH 4.5.1 Sizes and technical aspects of services (scale and equipment) Below are lists pertaining to the functional requirements of the various uses of an indoor sport centre for academic institutions of international standards in terms of space, structure, and health and safety regulations, as given by Konya (Konya 1986) and Neuferts (Baiche 2006). 4.5.2 Sports halls 1. Multi-purpose halls 1.1 Competition hall British standard: 36.5m x 32m x 9.1m high German standard: 45m x 21m x 7m high

84

The main competition hall needs to cater for the largest standard required to accommodate the widest range of sports. Consideration should be given to additional space required for judges, and the circulation of competitors and athletes. The storage space for this hall should be more than adequate as many bulky sports props, stages and equipment would need to be stored after use during competitions. The correct tangent of angle of clear view for spectator seating should be taken into account. The design structure should be planned in such a way not to impair the view of spectators. (Konya 1986) 1.2 Practise halls 21-24m x 12-15m x 4.5m This is provided as a back-up facility in support of the main hall, specifically for activities requiring small floor areas and for practise and recreational play. Combat sports, such as judo, karate and fencing, as well as table tennis, movement and dance, may use this space. Providing curtains to subdivide this hall into smaller spaces will accommodate more activities concurrently and increase the flexibility of use. Full-length mirrors should be provided for fencers and dancers. All doors and cupboards should be set flush with walls. Direct access to this hall is required so as to operate independently from the main hall, especially relevant during competitions with the main hall hosting the activities and the practise hall open for warm-up and preparations for events. The hall needs to be extremely adaptable in order to accommodate as many different sports as possible, with the hall shape permitting maximum flexibility. Wider halls are more flexible in use. The position of the players entrance from the changing room areas and their circulation routes to the various sports positions and to emergency exits should be considered (Konya 1986). 1.3 Gymnastic training hall Due to the large, cumbersome and often fixed equipment used in gymnastics, it is advisable to allocate dedicated space for gymnastics training. Another advantage of having a separate and dedicated gymnastics training hall is that, as well as normal training, it can be used as a warm-up area for gymnasts during competitions when the main hall is in use. The following functional activities have been identified for inclusion of the proposed indoor facility.

85

4.5.3 Sport types 1. Aikido 9m square area with surrounding safety area of 2.5 to allow for officials Storage required for mats on trolleys, officials tables and scoreboards. 13.4m x 6.1m court size with a minimum of 1.5m extra space around it for all standards of play Minimum ceiling height of 7.6m No windows at ends of court Storage required for nets and 250mm x 1500mm long supporting posts and two trolleys occupying 3m x 3m which carries all the apparatus for four courts. 3. Basketball 26m x 14m court size with 1.5m and 3m at each end for if possible. Minimum ceiling height of 7m Best view for spectators is from side whom should be at least 2m away from the court edge. Storage is required for two nets, their backboards and stand, which will take up 4.5m x 2.5m x 4m high space. 4. Boxing Maximum 6.1m x 6.1m square raised ring for contests with minimum 1.2m circulation space between ring and spectators required. 130m area required with spectators Storage necessary for raised ring or floor mat, corner post and ropes An area of at least 17m x 8.6m for two pistes and officials is required. Bleacher seating should be at least 2m from back of piste Storage required for mats 36.5m x 26m x 7.6m floor space for competitions required A permanent area for gymnastic practise is preferable as equipment is large and cumbersome and time and effort is saved if permanently installed A large storage area will be required for competition hall to store equipment

2. Badminton

5. Fencing

6. Gymnastics

86

Figure 70: Indoor sports hall (Baiche)

Figure 71: Gymnastics training hall (Baiche)

87

7. Handball 40m x 20m x 9m high court with 2m clear space at ends for competitions Best viewing from galleries, but bleacher seating is also suitable. Storage necessary for portable goal-posts which can also be used for hockey. 8. Hockey 9. Judo A 9m square contest area (called the shiaiju) with a 1m danger area around is suitable for international competitions This is surrounded by a safety area Total space requirement is approximately 16m x 16m. Storage necessary for mats kept on trolleys. A 6m 10m square area with a clear surround of at least 1.5m is required for officials etc. 11. Kendo 11m x 11m space with clear surround of 1.5m on 3 sides and 2.5m on the remaining side. 12. Lacrosse Womens pitch 42m x 21m Mens pitch 48m x 24m Storage necessary for goal posts A minimum requirement is 27m x 18m and up to 60m x 30m Clear space of 2m is required all round Best view from side galleries overlooking court Bleacher seating is also suitable Storage space of at least 3.5m high x 0.5m x 0.5m for 2 goals Spatial requirements are 30.5m x 15.25m x 7.6 m high with a clear space of at least 1.5m around the court Best spectator viewing is from the sides Storage required of about 0.35m x 3m high for each goal 40m x 20m field with 1.5m 3m clear space at ends Best viewing from galleries, but bleacher seating is also suitable Storage required for portable goal posts and side boards

10. Karate

13. Micro Korfball

14. Netball

88

Figure 72: Gymnastics competition layout (Baiche)

89

15. Soccer (5 a side) Minimum area required is 30m x 18.5m with a maximum of 36m x 28m Best viewing is from gallery Portable side boards could be used Storage of 6.5m x 1.2m high for each set of portable goal posts and for portable walls 16. Table Tennis Table size is 2.74m x 1.52m 14m x 7m overall space required for players Up to 9 tables to be used for tournaments Best viewed from sides Storage necessary for tables 23.77m x 10.97m court size with clear space of 4m on each side and 6.4m on each end is required For championships a height of 9m is required Storage necessary for nets, posts and umpires chair The size of the trampoline is 5.2m x 3.05m with a clear space of 3m on each end and 2m on the sides Minimum floor to ceiling height is 7m Storage necessary for trampolines on roller stands and safety nets 18m x 9m court size with a 5m long side and 8m short side obstruction free zone A 12.5m clear ceiling height is required Storage is necessary for the net about 1m long by 300mm in diameter when rolled up 20. Wrestling 12m square mat size with a 3m obstruction free space is required for international competitions Storage required for mats

17. Tennis

18. Trampoline

19. Volleyball

90

Figure 73: Basketball court (Baiche)

Figure 74: Badminton court (Baiche)

Figure 75: Football court (Baiche)

91

Figure 76: Hockey pitch (Baiche)

Figure 77: Volleyball court (Baiche)

Figure 78: Netball court (Baiche)

92

The following sport types could be accommodated in the main hall, but due to the nature of the area required, it may rule out concurrent use of the hall: 21. Archery Competition distances are up to 30m Distance from side wall to target 1.2m and from back wall to target 2m Archers stand at least 1.25m apart in shooting line with 2-3 to each target A waiting line of 5m back from the shooting line is required Spectators must be situated behind archers, standing or seated Storage necessary for targets, straw bosses, stands and back stop 4.55m wide x 37.49m length roll out rinks End ditches of 300mm x 200mm recess in the floor covered with a hinged cover plate have to be provided Storage necessary for roll out mats 33.5m long x 3.65m wide net area The normal game requires a playing area of 36.5m x 30.4m with a clear height of 7.6m Storage necessary for mats, netting and wickets 6.7m x 2.4m plus surrounds is sufficient and can be used for both driving and putting practise on a roll out carpet with netting on 3 sides and below the ceiling Storage necessary for mats and netting. 24. Golf practise 23. Cricket practise

22. Bowls

93

Figure 79: Judo Mat (Baiche)

Figure 80: Fencing pistes (Baiche)

Figure 81: Table tennis area (Baiche)

94

Figure 82: Karate Mat (Baiche)

Figure 83: Boxing ring (Baiche)

Figure 84: Tennis court (Baiche)

95

4.5.4 Specialist facilities 1. Climbing wall The wall height and design should correspond to the standards of the climbers for whom it is intended The wall should not be located too close to other activity areas and should not be in the main hall with no projections from the lower wall lower than 2m above the floor 2. Squash 9.754m x 6.4m x 5.8m high court size with additional space for spectators behind the glass back wall or on gallery. There are cost advantages to placing courts side by side with common party walls and a continuous linear gallery for spectators. The door to the court must be centrally placed in the back wall and set flush with no protrusions inside. For match play there should be provision for a referee to stand above the centre of the back wall with an unobstructed view of the court. 3. Gymnasium A dedicated gymnasium is advisable in the light of the permanently installed equipment which is impractical to move. Aerobics can be accommodated in the same space if there is a separate floor area. The gym must be accessible to changing rooms and, if possible, the sauna. If the gym is to be operated as a private enterprise, an office and reception space are required. 4. Swimming pool A four lane swimming pool is 25m x 12.5m. The depth and slope of the training pool must be considered taking into account the range of ages to be accommodated. A sloping pool is recommended for use by varying age groups. For reasons of safety the pool hall must be entered from the shallow end of the pool. In addition to the surround space required for safety, extra space can be provided for seating of casual spectators.

96

Figure 85: Handball court (Baiche)

Figure 86: Wrestling mat (Baiche)

Figure 87: Trampoline area (Baiche)

97

4.5.5 Indoor Games and General Activities 1. Billiards / Snooker Size of the table is 3.7m x 2m. There should be a clear playing space around the table of 2m . The club room must at least be 8m x 4.5m. Club rooms must accommodate a variety of different activities such as group and table games. Outside noise should be controlled. Dancing can be accommodated in the practise hall. The area required is 10.5m x 2.5m. It should be located close to refreshment and public toilet facilities. Storage may be required for rostrum, tables and chairs. A 17m x 17m with a minimum floor to ceiling height of 4.5m is recommended. This activity can be accommodated in the practise hall. The area should be close to changing rooms. A 2.5m x 3.2m x 2.8m high sauna will seat up to 8 bathers. Separate facilities are usually provided for males and females. The sauna suite can be part of the main changing/shower complex. If a plunge pool is not provided, it is preferable to situate the sauna close to the main swimming pool area. 6. Auditorium The amount of people to be accommodated must be determined and the tangent of angle of clear view considered. Externally and internally generated sound must be controlled to ensure audibility of speech. 3. Dancing

2. Club Rooms

4. Movement and Dance

5. Sauna

98

Figure 88: Fitness training layout (Baiche)

Figure 89: Squash court (Baiche)

99

4.5.6 Supporting functions 1. Entrance hall/ control areas This area must be spacious enough to accommodate the flow of visitors traffic. For spectators consider undercover provision for people queuing Users should be able to access public telephones and toilets, refreshment areas and changing rooms from the entrance hall. Consideration should be given to the segregation of players and spectators. Reception/control staff should be able to supervise the major circulation routes and be prominently positioned at entrance/exit of building. Information display boards and facilities map could be provided in the entrance hall. 2. Offices The minimum area for the managers office is 20m For general offices it is 10m Offices should be close to the reception/control area. It should be separated from public circulation areas. Different offices should preferably be grouped. Instructor/coaches offices should ideally be adjacent to activity areas or changing rooms. Changing rooms/toilets (separate male and female, separate changing rooms for coaches) 15m is required for restrooms These areas should be easily accessible from the offices Instructors or coaches may require separate changing, locker and shower facilities. 4. Refreshment and social facilities Restaurant The restaurant tables should seat between 4 and 6 people. The restaurant should ideally be centrally located overlooking the major activity areas where possible. It should be visible from the entrance hall. Public toilets must be provided for its users, refer to Appendix 2. A licensed bar with an average bar area of 150m and storage space of 75m.

100

Figure 90: Typical office layouts (Baiche)

Figure 91: Restaurant layouts (Baiche)

101

Ancillary areas required i.e. kitchen, washing-up area, stores, door to outside service areas, refuse disposal For a single sitting per meal restaurant, the ratio between dining and kitchen area should be approximately 3:1.

3. Staff Restrooms Toilets For visitors and spectators, refer to Appendix 2. Separate changing rooms for wet and dry sports Calculate the number of persons using the facility during a one hour period and double to allow for overlap, to establish the number of users to be catered for. The cubicle size is 1m x 1m and 2m x 2m for disabled Lockers 0.3-5m x 0.5m Separate facilities for dry and wet sports Number of showers, WCs, urinals and wash basins, refer to Appendix 2. Specialised shower and ablutions for disabled users with an area of 3.8m. For wet sports showers and toilets must be placed in such a way that bathers pass them on the way to the pool. 6. First aid The minimum area required is 10 m. It must be accessible from outside with direct access for ambulances. The doors should be a minimum of 1.07m wide to allow for stretchers. For a large hall the storage area must be at least 115m.l Storage must be directly accessible from outside for deliveries. Storage doors need to be a minimum of 2.25m but preferably 2.7m high. The space will depend on the size of the pool and system used, but an estimate of 5060% of the water area can be used. Chemicals should be stored separately. The plant room for the pool area should be situated close to the pool itself. Workshops and storage for spare parts should be provided. Clothes store 5. Showers/toilets Changing rooms

7. Storage space: Establish exact requirement for each activity

8. Plant rooms

102

4.6 ACCOMMODATION SCHEDULE (For a detailed accommodation schedule, refer to Appendix 1)

103

CHAPTER 5 Design process

5.1 PLANNING DIAGRAMS

Figure 92: Ground floor diagram (Author)

104

Figure 93: First floor diagram (Author)

105

5.2 CONCEPT The first priority was to investigate the appropriate building form which would allow for the accommodation and integration of all the envisioned multi-use and specialised activities and facilities. The second priority was to ensure that the building or buildings be satisfactorily accommodated on the site, taking into consideration its impact on the surrounding area and access to the facility for its users. First it had to be decided whether to accommodate all the uses in one or more structures or buildings and to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of these opposing strategies. Separating the various components of the facility into specialised individual centres has the advantage of customising these to the exact requirements of each and catering only for needs specific to them. Further, such a strategy would diminish the scale of the structures and allow for greater freedom in arrangement on site, creating possibilities of common external spaces for the use of outdoor sport, refreshment and social areas, as well as dedicated parking close to each facility for the users. Another advantage is the possibility of phasing the development over time as needs dictate and financing allows. The negative concerns regarding such an approach are first, the increased complexity and costs pertaining to the construction, management, running and maintenance of the facilities, as the possible sharing of functions and spaces would be difficult or impossible. Second, this option could potentially complicate the use of and circulation between the various facilities for its users. Third, this strategy would increase the extent of the facility and use a larger area of the site, as well as complicating the vehicular circulation and accommodation. Integrating the various components of this facility into a single structure has the benefits of clarifying and easing both external and internal access and circulation for users. A further benefit is the savings made possible by the shared use of spaces and services as well as in construction, maintenance and running of the centre. Management and security and control can be centralised and simplified with less staff required to service the facility and its users. Flexibility of

106

use is increased within such an integrated centre with the possibility of overlapping between areas. The possibility of using different levels in a single structure increases its potential to accommodate and separate the distinct functions and uses of the facility, further enhanced through the grouping of related areas and services on plan. This mitigates to a degree the advantages of separate structure as a solution. Legibility for the users is key for such complex and large facilities. Simplification of circulation and use through integrating and grouping the various functions of such facilities would greatly assist this matter. The single structure approach allows for the creation of a visually

uncomplicated building. Though potentially monumental in size, its simple form can downplay its complexity and scale and thus reduce its visual impact on the environment as compared to a more complex and busy layout of multiple structures. The question of scale can potentially be a negative point with regard to the singular structure approach in conditions where the building can be overbearing and inappropriate for the environment or context. Environmental control of the internal space is complicated due to the volume of air that needs to be conditioned and treated. The amount of potential natural illumination could also be reduced. There could be a trade-off between generalisations of functions in an integrated facility versus potential specialisation in the case of multiple structures, although this could be realised in a single structure with proper planning. In light of the above discussed matters it was decided to settle on the singular structure approach for the proposed solution. The most important element for the development of the concept was the classification of the users as primary and secondary users. From this a strategy was devised of pairing the functions and services relating to each user group and separating them in terms of access and layout.

107

Figure 94: Concept diagram (Author)

108

The development of this strategy is set out below. 5.3 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 5.3.1 Grouping Being such a large scale building accommodating various user types, it was decided, for the sake of clarity, legibility and ease of use, to identify and separate the various users and group those specific functions and amenities related to each around them. The primary users are the daily users, comprising firstly, the athletes and trainers and secondly, the sports administrators, medical and commercial staff, building management and maintenance groups. Daily visitors are also grouped with the primary users for management and security reasons. The secondary users are spectators and visitors during large events, such as exhibitions and sports competitions or tournaments. The spectators are grouped with the athletes in block A2, but are separated from them through levels. 5.3.2 Functional layout and circulation Access into the spectator area, comprising the entrance foyer with attached ticket sales offices, public ablutions with maintenance storage, and seating area, is from the upper floor level of block B. Entry, across a bridge link spanning over the service ring road below, is from the upper parking level, which is reached from the access street bordering the site to the west, via a dedicated and separated visitors vehicular entrance gate. The primary or daily users (athletes, trainers, daily visitors, administrative, medical, and commercial and management staff) enter the site on the ground floor level from the main entrance gate and access the building from a security controlled entrance foyer at block A. This block accommodates the sports administration and medical offices, a restaurant, auditorium, sauna, swimming pool with changing rooms and ablutions, clubrooms and ablutions for the open air athletes.

109

Figure 95: Functional diagram (Author)

110

A broad interior street connects blocks A and B and provides access to all areas for primary users. From this street athletes and trainers can access the passages tucked in below the upper spectator seating level, leading to the trainers offices and athletes changing rooms and ablutions. Entry into the gymnastics practise hall, competition hall, indoor sports practise hall, gymnasium and squash court hall are from these passages. Spectators forming part of sports teams can be seated on the retractable bleacher seating in the competition hall and squash court hall. Smaller groups of spectators can also utilise the bleacher seating for the squash court hall during normal use. Entry is then from the main interior street, with security control at the entrance. The squash hall has its own reception desk and administrative offices so it can be run semi-independently from the rest of the facility. Large sports equipment and apparatus storage, located below the spectator foyer area, are linked directly to the sports halls. Smaller sports equipment and janitor stores are located underneath the spectator seating at the entrances to the halls from the passages. These passages and large sports equipment stores are linked to the service road north of the building. Flanking the passages at the exits are large maintenance stores, sharing the loading dock areas with the sports apparatus stores. Private vehicle parking for both primary and secondary users is on two double storey parkades located to the west and east of the complex. Primary users enter from the west on the ground floor level from the road accessed from the main entrance gate; while secondary users, also entering from the west, enter on the roof parking level from the road accessed from the visitors gate. These roads continue past the complex on both levels with parking alongside for buses. The parkade levels are connected via internal ramps to allow for spillover traffic in case of large visitor attendance numbers during big events. 5.3.3 Form and envelope The basic building form was derived from the idea of containing the climatic, functional and programmatic requirements within an abstract, geometrical aesthetic. The building orientation is east-west, so as to reduce solar heat gain and make utilisation of natural illumination more viable. Through using a simple

111

box shape form for the building and wrapping the three-dimensional volumes with transparent and translucent two-dimensional planes forming the skin or face of the building, a composition with subtle or punctuated variations along the faade relating to pragmatic requirement from the specific internal volumes, such as openings and protruding service elements, can be created. Functional elements are either underplayed and morphed within the vertical planes of the facades as fields or differentiated as individuated objects placed onto the elevations, such as certain windows, doors or mechanical elements. These objects are distinguished from the two-dimensional planar fields of the faades, acting as backgrounds, through establishing their independence as an element with the use of framing or colour and texture discrimination techniques in order to enhance the recognition of shape and form as contrasted with the surface onto which they are placed. The result is a composition of abstracted elements expressed on each faade, a selfreferential composition when observed as a whole, with its compositional elements relating its function and context. As a pure, self-referential object, a building could conflict with an existing fabric and risk undermining its contribution, but to a large extent this is determined not only by its nature (what it is), or position in the social hierarchy, principally dictated by its role or function, but even more so by the quality of its character (how it is). 5.3.4 Structure and cladding The large sport halls have roof spans up to 50 meters to accommodate the sport floors and seating level without physical or visual obstruction. Furthermore, these roofs carry air circulation and lighting installations with access gangways for maintenance, increasing the load to be diverted to the columns. To limit the self-load of the roofing structure, a metal space frame structural system was selected for the large span halls to minimise weight, yet be strong enough to carry mechanical and electrical installation and maintenance personnel.

112

The type and material of the cladding elements were chosen to assist in the creation of layered translucent and transparent wall and roof planes with the aim of diminishing the visual and atmospheric separation of outside and inside as well as between internal spaces. In this way the walls become an active, rather than a static, element in the experience of the building. The use of light is important as an integrating and penetrating element revealing or hinting at what is between and beyond the cladding layers, such as the structure, the electrical and mechanical installations, and the activities of the opposing spaces. The idea is to break down the solidity and bulk of the structure and to shift the focus to the activities and components rather than the space forming planes, such as the wall and roofs. On a more practical note, the external wall cladding is fixed away from the structure, forming an air cavity between itself and the double glazing layer and thus firstly acts as a screen and filter for sunlight and secondly helps in creating a heat trap which ventilates the hot air away from the building before it heats it up.

113

CHAPTER 6 Proposed Solution

DESIGN DRAWINGS

114

Figure 96: Site plan (Author)

115

Figure 97: Ground floor plan (Author)

116

Figure 98: Upper floor plan (Author)

117

Figure 99: Longitudinal section (Author) Figure 100: Transverse section (Author)

118

Figure 101: Section through public foyer (Author)

Figure 102: Section through auditorium (Author)

119

Figure 103: Administration office plans (Author)

120

Figure 104: Restaurant, bar and auditorium plans (Author)

121

Figure 105: Swimming pool, sauna, club rooms and outside ablution plans (Author)

122

Figure 106: Gymnasium, squash administration, players ablutions and changing rooms and public ablutions (Author)

123

Figure 107: View of complex from proposed landscaping (Author)

124

Figure 108: Aerial view of centre (Author)

125

Figure 109: Primary user entrance level (Author)

126

Figure 110: Parking in relation to the building (Author)

127

Figure 111: Section/ elevation of entrance foyer and sports hall (Author)

Figure 112: Section/ elevation of auditorium (Author)

128

Figure 113: Section/ elevation of swimming pool (Author)

129

Figure 114: Spectator approach view (Author)

130

Figure 115: Spectator entrance (Author)

131

Figure 116: Spectator foyer (Author)

132

Figure 117: View of sports hall from spectators foyer (Author)

133

Figure 118: Squash courts (Author)

134

Figure 119: Sports hall view from stands (Author)

135

Figure 120: Sports hall view from players level (Author)

136

Figure 121: View of model from south (Author)

Figure 122: Top view of model from north (Author)

Figure 123: Top view of model from west (Author)

137

Figure 124: View of model from spectators entrance level no. 1 (Author)

Figure 125: View of model from spectators entrance level no. 2 (Author)

138

CHAPTER 7 Conclusion and Recommendations

CONCLUSION The aim of this study was to assist in the planned expansion of the sports programme of the Tshwane University of Technology with its drive to provide and offer international standard sport facilities and programmes for all recognised and organised sport types in South Africa, through the provision of a multi-sport indoor sport centre at the Pretoria main campus. This aim was partially realised through the design of the proposed indoor sport centre, which, with its multi-functional and flexible halls, can accommodate a large variety of indoor sports, though it does not provide for all recognised indoor sport types, nor offer specialised or dedicated venues for all the sports it does accommodate.

RECOMMENDATIONS This dissertation was restricted to addressing the dry indoor sport needs of TUT, though a wet sports facility (aquatic centre) is as needed for the institution to reach its sport developmental goals. This issue could be the subject of a future study to explore.

139

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS Baiche, B. 2006. Neufert Architectural Data. Third edition. Cornwall: Blackwell Science. Geraint, J. and Herd, H. 1987. Indoor Sports. London: The Architectural Press. Honderich, T.1995. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press. Kavanagh, K. 2002. South African Concise Oxford Dictionary. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Konya, A. 1986. Sports Buildings. London: Architectural Press. Lam, D. 2004. Structural Steelwork / Design to Limit State Theory. Third edition. Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth-Heineman. Mainstone, R.J. 2001. Development and Structural Form. 2nd Edition. Great Britain: The Architectural Press. Marques, F. 2000. 1981- 2000 herzog and demeuron. Madrid: El Croquis. Papadakis, A. 1984. Building and Rational Architecture. Great Britain: Architectural Design AD Editions. REPORTS TUT Department of Sport. s.a. Business plan for sport 2005-2007. Unpublished report. Cultmatrix. 2007. Specialist heritage progress report: History and cultural significance of erven R/1834 and R/1/1834, Pretoria West. Unpublished report.

140

WEBSITES http://www.answers.com (Accessed on 02/10/07) http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world (Accessed on 06/10/07) http://www.greatbuildings.com/ (Accessed on 06/10/07) Government Department of Sports and Recreation. s.a. White Paper. http://www.info.gov.za/whitepapers/1998/sports.htm (Accessed on 08/09/07) http://www.itaucultural.org.br/ (Accessed on 02/10/07) http://www.tshwane.gov.za (Accessed on 06/10/07) http://www.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/PretoriaStats.jsp: (Accessed on 19/04/07) http://en.wikipedia.org (Accessed on 02/10/07)

141

APPENDIX 1

BUILDING BLOCK A 1
OFFICE BLOCK ROOM/AREA NAME Building management Visitors foyer Reception desk Offices Security office Sports management General reception desk Waiting area Boardroom 1 Boardroom 2 Tea kitchen 1 Tea kitchen 2 Open plan offices Cellular offices Achive Strongroom Male ablutions WC's urinals hwb Female ablutions WC's hwb Disabled ablutions WC's hwb Directors suite Reception/secretary Office Boardroom Dressing/ablutions WC hwb Health Practitioners Reception Waiting areas Disabled ablutions WC hwb Archive/store 1 2 1 1 1 1 13.7m 6.7m 6.5m 1 1 1 1 1 1 15.6m 31.5m 36.3m 6.4m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 6 6 2 1 1 8.5m 31m 25m 25.1m 7.8m 7.8m 156.7m 12.2m 17.5m 17.9m 17.4m 1 1 2 1 112.7m 19.8m 8.3m 25.6m FITTINGS QUANTITY ROOM AREA

4445m
TOTAL

112.7m 19.8m 16.6m 25.6m

17.5m

3.4m

17m 62m 50m 50.2m 15.6m 15.6m 313.4m 256.2m 35m 35.8m 34.8m 4 8 12 35m 12 12 6.8m 2 2 15.6m 31.5m 36.3m 6.4m 1 1

6.4m

13.7m 13.4m 6.5m 1 1 6.4m

142

Doctors consultation Doctors examination Physios consultation Physios examination

1 1 1 1

13.5m 12.8m 13.5m 13.9m

13.5m 12.8m 13.5m 13.9m

2806m RESTAURANT ROOM/AREA NAME Administration Pay point/reception Office Patrons level 1 area Dining area Male ablutions WC's urinals hwb Female ablutions WC's hwb Disabled ablutions WC hwb Patrons level 2 area Dining area Bar Bar store (with dumb waiter) Kitchen/staff area Servery Food preparation area Dry store Cold store Scullery Staff changing room Garbage storage area 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12.9m 23m 4.7m 7.4m 8.9m 8.5m 1.8m 12.9m 23m 4.7m 7.4m 8.9m 8.5m 1.8m 1 1 1 119.6m 19.9m 11.4m 119.6m 19.9m 11.4m 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 150m 16.2m 150m 16.2m 2 3 3 12.3m 2 3 2.9m 1 1 1 1 17.6m 7m 17.6m 7m FITTINGS QUANTITY ROOM AREA TOTAL

12.3m

2.9m

143

Gas storage area Auditorium catering area Auditorium catering store AUDITORIUM ROOM/AREA NAME Foyer 150 seat auditorium Store SAUNA SUITE ROOM/AREA NAME Store Male Suite Male sauna Male foot bath area Female suite Female sauna Female foot bath area SWIMMING POOL FACILITIY ROOM/AREA NAME Changing rooms Male changing room Male shower room showers Female changing room lockers Female room shower showers shower FITTINGS FITTINGS

1 1 2

1.6m 8.6m 3.9m

1.6m 8.6m 7.8m 442.1m

QUANTITY 1 1 1

ROOM AREA 92m 260.4m 8m

TOTAL 92m 260.4m 8m 360.4m

QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ROOM AREA 3m 5.8m 8.3m 5.8m 7.7m

TOTAL 3m 5.8m 8.3m 5.8m 7.7m 30.6m

FITTINGS

QUANTITY

ROOM AREA

TOTAL

lockers

1 13 1 4 1 13 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

11.7m 6.1m

11.7m 6.1m

11.7m

11.7m

6.1m 0.64m 5.5m

6.1m

Open shower Ablutions Male ablutions

WC urinal hwb Female ablutions WC's hwb Pool area

6.1m

5.5m 1 1 1 6.1m 2 1

144

Swimming room Plant room Plant room Clubroom area Clubrooms Decks Unisex WC

pool 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 44.2m 67.5m 7.5m 265.2m 135m 7.5m 498m 498m

WC hwb OUTSIDE SPORTS ABLUTIONS ROOM/AREA NAME Ablutions Male ablutions

FITTINGS

QUANTITY 1 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 1 1

ROOM AREA 23m

TOTAL 23m 1 2 3 3 3 8m 2 2

WC's urinals hwb Female ablutions WC's hwb Disabled ablutions WC's hwb Changing rooms Male room changing lockers Male shower room cubicles Female changing room lockers Female room shower cubicles

23m

4m

1 32 1 7 1 32 1 7

27m 32m

27m 32 32m 7 27m

27m

32m

32m 7 149m

BUILDING BLOCK A2
HALLS ROOM/AREA NAME Gymnastics hall Floor Store room Competition hall 1 1 1070.2m 188.2m 1070.2m 188.2m FITTINGS QUANTITY ROOM AREA TOTAL

145

Floor Store room Practise hall Floor Store room Squash hall Courts hall SUPPORT SERVICES LEVEL 1 ROOM/AREA NAME Trainers areas Male ablutions

1 1 1 1 1

1889.2m 353.3m 1320.2m 284.2m 705.3m

1889.2m 353.3m 1320.2m 284.2m 705.3m 5810.6m

FITTINGS

QUANTITY 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 10 3 10 3 4 3 4 40 3 1 to 2 2 to 3 4 3 4 4 6 6 6 7 16 8 16 7 6 8

ROOM AREA 1.8m

TOTAL 5.4m

WC's hwb Female ablutions WC's hwb Male room changing

1.8m

5.4m

10m

30m

lockers Female changing room lockers Male shower rooms showers Female rooms Offices Players areas Male ablutions WC's urinals hwb Female ablutions WC's hwb Disabled ablutions WC's hwb Male room changing lockers Female changing room lockers Male shower room cubicles Female room shower shower

10m 8.4m

30m 25.2m

8.4m 25m 29.5m

25.2m 1000m 88.5m 5 7 12 88.5m 12 12 22.8m 36 36 178.5m 112 204m 128 193.2m 42 220.8m

cubicles

29.5m

3.8m

25.5m 0 25.5m 27.6m

27.6m

146

cubicles Audio visual rooms General areas Small equipment store Players lounge Gymnasium Reception Office Training floor Equipment store Maintenance areas Cleaners room Garden store Bulk storage areas Workshop Staff room Squash admin Lobby Reception Locker room Storage Office 1 Office 2 Tea kitchen Unisex ablutions WC's hwb

6 3

48m

48 144m

3 1 1 1 1 1

11.5m 106.9m 14.3m 12.15m 321.2m 35.4m

34.5m 106.9m 14.3m 12.2m 321.2m 35.4m

3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

15.4m 99.3m 65.3m 99.3m 31.3m 39.m 22.6m 9.4m 7.7m 11.9m 12.3m 2m 6.7m

30.8m 130.6m 99.3m 31.3m 39m 22.6m 9.4m 7.7m 11.9m 12.3m 2m 6.7m 1 1 3189.6m

BUILDING BLOCK B
SUPPORT SERVICES LEVEL 2 ROOM/AREA NAME Administration areas Ticket sales counter Offices General stores Visitor areas Outside waiting area Foyer/Exhibition area Seating areas Male ablutions WC's urinals ROOM AREA

FITTINGS

QUANTITY

TOTAL

2 2 3

14.9m 15.2m 16.1m

29.8m 30.4m 48.3m

2 1 6 3930 3 3 9

108m 1388.2m

216m

2322.9m 53.9m 161.7m 9 27

seats

147

hwb Disabled ablutions WC's hwb Female ablutions WC's hwb Communication areas Broadcast centre Server room

6 6 1 1 3 12 6

3.2m

53.9m

18 19.2m 6 6 161.7m 36 18

1 1

125.8m 46m

125.8m 46m

SUPPORT SERVICES LEVEL 3 ROOM/AREA NAME VIP areas Lounge Bar VIP boxes

FITTINGS

QUANTITY 3 3 30

ROOM AREA 98m 24m 26m

TOTAL 294m 72m 780m

PARKING AREA
MARKED PARKING ROOM/AREA NAME Cars Parkades Parking bays Buses Level 1 Level 2 12 12 2 1014 24 FITTINGS QUANTITY AREA TOTAL 1014

148

APPENDIX 2

149