PRESENTED AT THE SESSION ON ADVANCES IN STORAGE TANK DESIGN API, REFINING 43RD MIDYEAR MEETING SHERATON CENTRE TORONTO,

ONTARIO, CANADA TUESDAY, MAY 9, 1978

BASIS OF SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR

WELDED STEEL OIL STORAGE TANKS

SPONSORED BY SIC ON PRESSURE VESSELS AND TANKS MANUFACTURER:S S/C ON TANKS AND VESSELS
R.S. Wozniak Chicago Bridge & Iron Company Oak Brook, Illinois
and W.W. Mitchell Standard Oll Company of California San Francisco, Califomia

CBT-5359

BASIS OF SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WELDED STEEL OIL STORAGE TANKS R. S. Wozniakl

and W. W. Mitche112
ABSTRACT

design provisions for the are described design of flat bottom storage tanks which are proposed The basis in API Standard 650. for to b included is presented design loads establishing including seismic zone The design facilities coefficients factor. and the essential is based on the approximate method of Professor procedure Housner of ground motion is recogexcept that amplification nized in determining The derivation the impulsive response. which simplify is presented of curves of the the calculation weights of the effective of tank contents, their masses and the period of vibration centers of gravity, of the The basis mode. force of the design sloshing lateral is given. coefficients
Recommended

seismie

.2

for unanchored to overturning tanks is provided by the tank shell and a portion of the tank contents which depends on the width of bottom annular ring which may lift The basis off the foundation. for determining this width is presented. A curve is included in the provisions for calculating the maximum longitudinal compression force in The derivation the shell for unanchored tanks. of this curve is presented and an approximate formula for the curve given. The formulas for maximum longitudinal compression in force for anchored the shell resistand required anchorage tanks The basis for establishing is given ance are explained. the maximum allowable shell compression which takes into account the effect of internal due to the liquid contents. pressure the roof
Supplemental information height of sloshing of the

Resistance

support

seismic

to calculate

forces.

is presented liquid contents, columns to resist forces caused in hoop tension in the increase
.

for for

calculating
designing

by sloshing, and the shell due to

1 Chicago 2 Standard

Bridge & Iron Company, Oak Brook, IL Oil Company of California, San Francisco,

CA

INTRODDCTION
Reports

last
.

few decades

steel storage in four general 1.

Buckling

from major earthquakes within the cite cases of damage to flat bottom welded tanks [1, 2, 3, 4]3. Damage to the tanks falls

of damage

categories:

'

has

between 10 and 100 feet in diameter. Loss of contents in some of the more severely resulted buckled tanks. internal

of the bottom of the tank shell due to longicompressive from overturning stresses resulting This buckling forces. is most frequently in the form of an outward bulge in the bottom foot or two of the tank shell extending partly around the tank or completely termed an foot bulge." Damage of this type has generally been limited to unanchored tanks ranging tudinal
"elephant's

2.

Damage

to the roof
roof support

contents.
3.
4.

and upper shell of the tank and to columns due to sloshing of the tank
connected

Damage to piping and other appurtenances tank due to movement of the tank.
Damage

to a

notably

resulting from failure of the supporting ground, from liquefaction, washout due to broken piping, and slope failure due to high edge loads.
The

have led to increasing reports interest in of tanks to be located in seismically active Tank builders, areas. and, in some instances, owners, regulatory agencies have developed their own criteria for seismic design. To provide uniform guidelines, recommended design provisions have been prepared which are proposed to be included (Appendix P) in API Standard as an appendix 650, Welded Steel Tanks or Oil Storage. Similar provisions are = being developed by the American Water Works Association for water storage tanks.

the seismic

damage design

SCOPE OF DESIGN

PROVISIONS

seismic

this

The proposed Appendix P to API Standard design of storage tanks is included in Detailed paper. requirements included are

Appendix

650 covering 1 to to assure

3 References

are

listed

it

the end of the text.

and to overturning shell against due to longitudinal buckling of the tank shell preclude ground motion which for the level of earthquake compression during being exceeded likelihood of not the has a reasonable stability of the tank
of life located. the tank
in

the

region

in which

the

tank

will

be

do not pose a risk to.life facilities, but may be of surrounding the risk to the tank from the standpoint of economic in this paper for Guidelines later are included accomplish these objectives. latter items normally
.safety

suitable flexiis included to provide A requirement of the tank. bility in piping to the shell attached or bottom Additional items which the tank purchaser may wish t'o and damage to the roof consider to minimize or avoid overflow These columns are noted. and to roof support shell and upper itself. the design

safety or to considered

to

ground motion also The response of tanks to earthquake This has in the shell. increase in hoop tension includes an in the past for riveted tanks. led to rupture of the shell The shells however, have substantial of welded tanks, and can absorb energy resulting in hoop tension ductility Current ground motion through yielding. from earthquake for the seismic design of welded steel practice tanks for When this is hoop tension this ductility into account. takes does not govern the done, in hoop tension seismic response design for the maximum level of earthquake of the shell Consequently, for API Standard 650. ground motion proposed When tanks provisions included for hoop tension. are no are ground motion, designed for higher levels of earthquake Guidelines hoop tension increased should be investigated. later in this paper. for this are included
Appendix soil P does not address proposed stability since of the tank. the design this does not affect However, it is important that soil conditions at prospective for in seismically active tank sites areas be investigated potential during instability including liquefaction an earthquake. The DESIGN LOADING
P is based procedure presented in Appendix by Professor G. W. procedure developed Appendix Housner included 6 and in Chapter F of ERDA [5] and TID 7024 [6] with by Professor A. modifications as suggested S. Veletsos Appendix As noted in the Introduction P, [7]. to considers modes of the tank and the procedure two response

The design

on the simplified

its contents: the response of the tank shell and roof with a portion of the contents which moves in unison together with shell, and the fundamental the mode of the sloshing The forces with these modes are contents. associated normally force and the convective termed the impulsive force, The design respectively. overturning of moment at the bottom from these forces is given by the the shell resulting following formula P.3.1: in Section
M
=

ZI(C1

sIs

C1"rHt

C1 1*1 + C2N2X2)

(1)

the respective lateral coefficients the impulsive and convective forces and W1 and W2 are the corresponding weights of the effective Curves for determining W1 and masses of the tank contents. Wg as a ratio to the total weight of tank contents, wy are P-2 of Appendix P for various given in Figure ratios of tank diameter, D, to maximum filling height, These H. curves are based on the formulas developed by Bousner in and presented TID 7024. For the weight of the liquid contributing to the impulsive force, W1, Bousner presents formula the following for tanks where the ratio height of filling radius is less to than 1.5 (D/H greater than 1.333):
force for
W,
---

In this

formula,

C1 and C2 are

$24

tonh 0.86
0.866

Wy

(2a)

is greater considers the liquid part of the tank below a depth equal to 1.5 times the radius to respondas a rigid body as far as impulsive forces The effective are concerned. weight of the upper_portion is determined of the contents from formula 1.333. The total (2a) using D/8 effective weight determined by adding the full weight of the lower portion of the contents to the effective weight of the upper This leads portion.

there

than 1.5

(D/H

the ratio
1ess

of filling

height

than 1.333), in the lower contents

Bousner's

to radius

procedure

-is

to the formula:
1.0-0.218

W T

(2b)

used

Housner's

The formula to determine

for the weight of the effective contents force, the convective which is based on corrected version of TID 7024, is as follows:
0.230 ..D.tanh

i
from

(3)

the bottom of the tank seismic forces applied to W1 and to the maximum filling as height, B, are given in Figure P-3 of Appendix P for various D/H ratios. Again, these are based on the work of Housner.. For tanks where the ratio height of filling to radius is less than 1, 5 (D/H greater 1.333) , the formula than for the height to the centroid of the impulsive force is:
shell

The heights

X'

to the

of centrois telateral W2, respectively, ratios

and X

1-

0.375

(4a)

(
'y

Where

than 1.5.(D/H

the ratio of filling less than 1.333):

height

to radius

is

greater

0.500-09tE

(4b)

The

convective

formula for force is-

the height

to the centroid

of the

1.0

cosh

-1.0

3.67 sinh

(5)

As noted at the end of Paragraph P.3.1, the overturning moment calculated in accordance with formula (1) is that applied to the bottom of the shell. The total overturning moment,applied the foundation to by can be determined substituting X1 and X) from the following formulas for X1 and X2, respectively, in formula (1):

XI

0.375

1.0 +1.333

H D

0.866 H tonh 0.866.

H

1.0

(6a)

1.333:

"

0.

0+ 0.060.D
H

(6b)
L

--

1.0

cosh

1.937

II I

O/H

sinh

\ D/HI

Tanks on the ground are inherently rigid. In his work, Housner considered the tank to be infinitely rigid so that the motion of the tank shell and roof together with that portion of the contents that moves in unison with the shell with ground motion. coincides In reality, tanks are not ininitely rigid. Storage tanks typically have natural periods of vibration in the range of 0.10 to 0.25 seconds. Veletsos, in thia_study of thin wall flexible tanks, concludes that the impulsive force can be reasonably well from the solutions estimated derived for a rigid tank except replacing the maximum ground acceleration with the spectral value of the pseudo-acceleration corresponding to the fundamental frequency natural of the tank-f1uid system. Since the calculation perid of the fundamental is complex for tanks which do not experience uplift and unknown for those that do, a constant value is proposed in Appendix P for C1 which represents the maximum amplified The ground motion. value of 0.24 is consistent with the Uniform Building Code maximum value for structures (K = 2.0) other than buildings excluding The soil factor any soil factor. does not appear for structures appropriate with a very low natural period of The high value of C1 in comparison vibration. with buildings

for because of the low damping inherent is appropriate load bearing of nonstructural storage tanks, the lack of the tank shell in and the lack of ductility elements, compression. longitudinal

taking C1 as the maximum amplified For some tanks, For very rigid tanks motion may be overconservative. the it may be desirable to calculate which are anchored, acceleration period and use a lower spectral fundamental
ground

value.
-

presented for C2 is based on a The formula displacement. and a maximum velocity maximum spectral of 1.5 to 2.3 ft/see depending displacement of 1.1 to 1.65 feet, on soil spectral

sloshing mode is relatively of the first acceleration long and the corresponding value of spectral in the region of maximum spectral velocity falls or
The period

type.
The calculation

the natural amplification the expression:

the determination of Cg requires first period sloshing mode and the of the The period can be determined factor, S.
T
=

of site from (8)

kD P-4

where

This

obtained from Figure comes from the formula:

k is

for

various

D/H ratios.

\/ 3.67g tanh

Substituting

32.2

ft/sec2,

k is

then:

0.578 k
=

tanh

10 )

Table

soft

correspond

to medium stiff to those

The site amplification P-2 and varies from 1.0

from S, is determined factor, for rock-like soils to 1.5 for These amplifications factors soils. Review Draft of recommended in the Final

Recommended Buildings

Comprehensive Seismic Design Provisions for prepared by the Applied Technology Council [8] ATC-3) sponsored Science by the National study (Project National Foundation Bureau and the of Standards.

in a

'

moment to provide an adjustment seismically active and for areas tanks for emergency to be functional The value operations after of the zone an earthquake. 3, is obtained from Table P-1 for the various coefficient, in Figure P-1. The values of Z correspond zones defined to in the Uniform Suilding specified Code. those The zone maps are based on peak ground motion acceleration contour maps Review included in the Final Draft of the ATC-3 Project. For the 48 contiguous the map used is that where the states, accelerations peak velocity are a measure of effective so to be appropriate for the long period force convective as well period impulsive The ATC-3 map depicts force. as the short of approximately contours equal seismic risk and is considered to be an improvement in over the zone map included Code which is based on historic the Uniform Building earthThe ATC-3 map is for use in quake damage levels. design establishing ultimate loads and the acceleration depicted be reduced for application values should in working design The relationships procedures. stress between the in Appendix zones shown on the maps included P and the contour ranges shown on the ATC-3 maps are as follows: the

for for

force The lateral Ci and C2, are coefficients, for the areas of highest applicable seismicity and for tanks for emergency which are not required to be functional post The zone coefficient, earthquake operations. Z, and,the facilities factor, I, are included in formula essential (1)

tanks

design overturning located in less which are required

'

Appendix

Seismic

Zone

ATC-3 Map Contour Ranges Over 0.4 0.2 to 0.4

4
3

2 1
0

0.1 to 0.2 0.05 to 0.1 Under 0.05

The essential facilities factor, I, corresponds to the Occupancy Importance Factor Building specified in the Uniform "structures Code. The UBC requires which that or buildings must be safe and usable for emergency purposes after an earthquake in order to preserve the health and safety of the general be designed public" for a factor For oil of 1.5.

storage,

this

should

apply

to tanks
8

such

as those

storing

power generating emergency postearthquake fuel for

facilities operations.

which

are essential

for

RESISTANCE TO OVERTURNING

of the to resistance may contribute The weight of P.4. overturning moment are noted in paragraph is overturning to resist the contents which may be utilized reaction at the tank shell of an. based on the calculated bottom plate perpendicular to the strip elemental of the The calculation is off the ground. which can be lifted shell deflection and assumes the development theory based on small hinges, of two plastic one at the junction to the shell and The inward from the shell. the other at some distance diagram shown deflection and moment are assumed loading,
The factors

which

below:

The

relationships:

equilibrium

solution

leads

to the following

WL=

g
W

(11)

and
L=
1.707-

i.

Substituting

My

and

w= 62.tGH,

wL=

7.90tb

s/

byGH

(13)

and

0.0274

L_
GH

(14)

Practice has been to limit the uplift length, 7 percent L, to 6 to of the tank radius [9]. The limitation 1.25 GHD limits of wL L to about 6.8% of the radius. shaking Recent table model tests of tanks [10] show significant changes in the response characteristics which.are accounted for by current design not procedures when greater amounts of uplift occur.

to establish the maximum contents to overturning is conservative of the tank since it doea not take into stresses which will develop account membrane in the bottom Further upon uplift. studies need to be undertaken uplift determine to better resistance the and to account for the changes in when large response amounts of uplift

The

resistance

abov

of the liquid

procedure

occur.

SHELL COMPRESSION Methods

compression

for force,

determining b, at the

bottom

the maximum longitudinal of the tank shell

are

10

P.5.1 given in Paragraphs For unanchored and P.5.2. tanks where there is no uplift and for anchored tanks the from the formula: compression force can be determined readily

wt 7TD

1.2 3M D

15)

which assumes that the force varies directly with the distance from the centerline of the tank in the direction of For tanks which experience loading. the lateral b uplift, from the value of the compressive can be determined force parameter obtained from Figure P-5 as a function of the overturning moment parameter.
The curve in Figure assumed load distribution P-5

is derived

from

around

the shell

the following of the tank:

11

moments,

From the summation of vertical forces and overturning the following expressions are obtained:

b+ wt
"

7T 1- cos$

sin-cos

M
-

02 w

,,

2- sin2S

sin -Scos

(17)

This relationship applies for values of the moment from /4 where uplift parameter to /2 where the commences shell becomes unstable. The relationship may be approximated with good accuracy up to a value of the moment parameter of 1.54 with the following formula:

obtained.

substituting values of from 0 to radians these expressions, between the two the relationship parameters lefthand on the side of the expressions is

By

in

b+wt
.

1 0.6262- 0.18667
M w+w
.4

*t

* "L

(18)

the maximum allowable shell are given in paragraph to provide a safety factor Excluding the effect oE stress for very thin wall Et/R where E is the modulus of elasticity, t the shell thickness, and R the shell radius. This is based on the work of C. D. Miller [11] of Chicago Bridge & Iron Company. Using E = 29,000,000 psi and a safety factor of about 1.5, this leads to an allowable stress of: longitudinal

for determining compression in the P.5.3. These were established against buckling of about 1.5. internal pressure, the critical shells was established as 0.125

Formulas

12

400,0001 0

(19)

where

t is in inches
Lo,

and D is the diameter

in feet.

through theoand Schwartz [12] determined tests that the critical and experimental analysis retical for thin wall cylinders in compression buckling stress Theoretically, with suffiwith internal pressure. increases will buckling critical stress the cient internal pressure 0.6 Et/R. limit However, only limited of reach the classical The tests made by Lo, Crate tests have been made to date. buckling critical of the showed a doubling and Schwartz 2-ncreased parameter stress as the nondimensional This pressure) to a value of 0.1028. from zero (no internal GHDS/t2 is about 200,000. is reached when the value of value compressive longitudinal stress Based on this, the allowable than for thin wall tanks for values of GHD2/t2 greater 200,000 was established as:
Crate
-

--

Fa=

80 000t

(20)

tests of Lo, Crate and Schwartz buckling in critical linear increase stress limits of their tests. pressure up to the the allowable of GHD2/t2 less than was established as:
The
.200,000

showed'a nearly with internal Thus, for values compressive stress

Fg =

I.00,0000t

2GHD

(21)

tanks values
diameter

Formula (21) will normally apply only thickness is established where the shell rather than by hoop stress. As the

to very

small

by minimum

thickness

of
becomes

of the tank

in proportion to the the shell formulas large, (20) relatively

13

diameter).

Miller and (21) are no longer applicable. formulas presents for critical buckling without internal of shells for pressure intermediate leading and thick shells maximum value of to a buckling critical The stress equal to the yield stress. limit is established 0.5 F of Fa Appendix in P to mainfactor tain an adequate throughout the intermediate This limit ratio. will range of thickness to diameter normally apply only to small diameter tanks (under 15 ft
=

saty

longitudinal compressive buckling is a subject which needs further study. of internal and the radial restrain pressure bottom leads form of buckling to a different in most experimental experienced work on the cylinders under axial and bending loads.
The

shells

stress

presence provided by the than has been buckling of

The

of tank

ANCHORAGE OF TANKS Generally, tanks need not be anchored when the resistance required to overturning by the can be provided and internal tank shell without contents exceeding the maximum value permitted When anchorage for wg. is required, careful attention should be given to the attachment of the anchors to the shell to avoid the possibility of tearing the shell. The specified anchorage resistance given in paragraph P.6 for anchored tanks provides of safety in that a factor the resistance provided by the weight of the tank shell is

not

considered.

'

SLOSHING WAVE HEIGHT In some cases it may be desirable to provide freeboard in the tank above the maximum filling height to minimize or avoid overflow and damage to the roof and upper shell due to sloshing of the liguid The height contents. of the sloshing wave may be determined from the following formula based on Housner"s corrected version of TID 7024: 1.12AZIC272

tanh

4.77

ROOF SUPPORTING COLUNNS

then

it the

to resist

is desired to design roof supporting forces caused by the sloshing of the

liquid

columns

Appendix

contents,

these forces may be determined 2 of this paper.

as described

in

BOOP TENSION When it

-

'

increased increased

obtained

from the following

is desired the tank shell for to analyze hoop tension due to earthquake ground motion, the Pg Per inch of shell height hoop tension can be

expression:
Py + P2

Pg

(23)
force 1.333,

where

P1 is For

thatdue
determined

the tension due to the impulsive force. to the convective

'

and P2 is
P1 may be

where D/H is from the following

tanks

g'reat er than formula:

2

4.5 ZIC GDH

tanh 0.866
I

(24)

where Y is the distance in feet from the liquid surface to the point under consideration. As can be seen, P1 is zero at the surface and maximum at the bottom (Y = B). WEere D/H is less than 1.333, P1 may be determined as follows: Y < 0.75D:

P=

2.77ZM:GD2

4750
'

y 0.750

(25a)

>

0.75D:

1.384ZICGD2

'

(25b)

The

the following

convective formula:

hoop tension,

Pg may be determined

from

15

0.975 Z IC2

GD2

cosh

3.64

H-Y O
. -

cosh 3.68

(26)

The

motion should The pressure. be divided by the design at

CONCLUSION

increased hoop tension due to earthquake.ground be added to the hoop tension due to hydrostatic hydrodynamic portion Pg, should of the stress, factor of 2.0 for application a ductility in normal allowable design tensile stresses.

The basis has been presented for the seismic design provisions for oil storage tanks which have been proposed as (Appendix an appendix P) to API Standard 650. The formulas have been given for the curves included in the proposed revision design to facilitate calculations. Supplemental information has been presented to determine the sloshing wave height, the forces on roof supporting columns caused bY sloshing and the increased tension due to earthquake ground motion for use when it is desired to take these factors into consideration in the seismic design.
.hoop

'

It has been seen that the design provisions are based on the simplified procedure developed by Housner for rigid tanks except that the maximum ground acceleration is replaced with the spectral value of the pseudo-acceleration corresponding to the fundamental natural frequency of the tankfluid system as suggested by Veletsos. Provisions are included to insure stability of the tank shell against overturning and to preclude buckling of the tank shell due to longitudinal compression; however, further study of these effects are recommended.

16

NOMENCLATURE
.

maximum longitudinal shell circumference

=

shell

compression

force, for

1bs/ft

of

C1, C2

lateral

earthquake convective forces,

coefficients

impulsive ft

and

respectively

d
D E Fa Fby

height

of sloshing
ft of elasticity,

wave above mean depth,

tank diameter, nodulus

psi longitudinal compressive stress in

naximum allowable psi tank shell, and Fty

=

minimum specified

annular psi

ring

of bottom yield strength respectively, and tank shell,

=

g
G 8
.

acceleration specific

due to gravity
gravity

32.2

ft/sec2

(1.0 for water)

height

maximum filling total

essential parameter
bottom

of tank,
ft

ft

Et I

height

of tank shell,
factor
T,

facilities for uplift

k
L M Mp

calculating
length,
ft

(sec2/ft)

overturning_moment
Et-1bs plastic
bending

applied

to bottom

of tank shell, ring,

moment in bottom psi

hoop

annular

in.-1bs/in.
p
Pl'
=

internal
22,

pressure,
=

and PE

convective, impulsive, respectively, force, in. factor 17

increased

tension

in tank shell due to and total earthquake 1bs/in.

tank radius, site

amplification

thickness
formulas

shell tb
T
.=

of cylindrical shell, in. When used in tank design applies to thickness of bottom course excluding corrosion allowance.
for of bottom
wave period,

Maickness

annular see

ring,

in.

sloshing
=

w
wL

unit

weight

on tank bottom,

1bs/sq

ft

maximum weight of tank contents which may be utilized shell overturning to resist moment, lbs/ft of shell circumference. weight total
any,

t
Wy
W,

of tank
weight 1bs weight weight

shell,

1bs/ft plus

of shell
portion

circumference of snow load, if

of tank roof
of

total total
=

tank shell,

1bs lbs for

Wy

of tank contents,

Wy and W2

weight of effective masses of tank contents determining impulsive and convective lateral earthquake forces, 1bs

Xs
,

height from bottom of shell, ft

=

of tank shell

to center

of gravity

X1 and X2

height from bottom of tank shell to centroids of impulsive and convective lateral earthquake forces, respectively, for computing M, ft height from bottom of tank shell to centroids of ilm_pulsive and convective lateral earthquake forces, respectively, for computing total overturning ft moment on foundation, distance from liquid surface analyzed for hoop tension, ft zone

XI and X2

being

vertical seismic

to point

on shell

coefficient of

angle between axis of tank in the direction central earthquake ground motion and point on circumference where shell uplift commences, radians.

18

REFERENCES

1.

J.

NTGeodetic 2.

Rinne, "Oil 1964," The Prince 1964, Volume II-A, E.

Storage William

Tanks,

Sound,

Alaska Alaska,

Earthquake

Survey,

U.S. Department 1967.

Earthquake of of Commerce, Coast

of

Tanks,'' R. D. Hanson, "Behavior of Liquid Storage The Great Alaska Earthquake National of 1964, Engineering, Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1973. Jennings, "Damage of Storage P..C. Tanks," Engineering Features Earthquake, of the San Fernando February 9, Research Engineering 1911, Earthquake Laboratory, Cal. Tech., June 1971. R. Busid, Earthquake Bulletin 6), No. Espinosa and J. de las Casas, "The Lima 3, 1974: Damage Distribution," of October Society of the Seismological Volume of America, 6, pp. 1441-142, October 1911.

3.

4.

A. F.

5.

G. W. Housner,

"Dynamic

Containers," Bulletin Volume 41, eg, 6.

Pressures Fluid on Accelerated of the Seismological Society of 1951. pp. 15-15, January

Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and Holmes & Narver, Inc., Nuclear Reactors and Earthquakes, Chapter 6 and Appendix F, ERDA TID 7024, pp. 183-195 and 367-390, August 1963. A. S. Veletsos and J. Y. Yang, Liquid-Storage Tanks," Advances Mechanics, Through Engineering Mechanics Engineering D1vlslon ASCS,, pp. 1-24 May 1977. ATC-3-05, Provisions Technology "Earthquake in Civil Proceedings Specialty
Response

7.

Engineering Second Annual

of

Conference,

8.

"Recommended Comprehensive Design Seismic for Buildings," Final Review Draft, Applied" Palo Alto, Council, California, January 1977. "Lateral 3ridge Seismic
& Iron

9.

R. S. Wozniak, Tanks,' Chicago November 1971.

Loads

Company,

on Flat

Bottomed The Water Tower,

10.

D. P. Clough, "Experimental Evaluation of Seismic Design Methods for Broad Cylindrical Tanks," University of California Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report Number UCS/EERC-77/10, May 1977.

19

11.

"Buckling C. D. Miller, of Axially Compressed Division, Cylinders," ASCE, Journal of the Structural Volume 103, No. ST3, Proc. Paper 12823, pp. 695-721, March 1977. 8. Lo, 8. Crate and E. B. Schwartz, "Buckling Thin-Walled Under Axial Compression Cylinders Pressure," NACA TN 2021, 1950. Internal

12.

and

of

20

APPENDIX 1 PROPOSED APPENDIX P TO API STANDARD 650

SEISMIC DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS P.1

This SCOPE

and manufacturer.
P.2

establishes recommended minimum basic requiredesign of storage ments the tanks subjected to seismic load as specified by purchaser. These requirements represent for application accepted practice to flat bottom tanks. However, it is recognized that other procedures and applicable factors additional requirements or by the may be specified purchaser authorities. Any deviation or jurisdictional from herein the requirements must be by agreement between purchaser for
INTRODUCTION

appendix

..-

procedure considers two response modes of the tank contents: (1) the relatively high frequency amplified ground motion of the tank shell and roof response to lateral with a portion together of the liquid which moves in contents unison with the shell, and (2) the relatively low frequency amplified of the liquid response of a portion in the contents fundamental The design sloshing mode. requires determithe nation of the hydrodynamic with each mode and mass associated the lateral force and overturning moment applied to the shell resulting from the response of the masses to lateral ground motion. Provisions to assure stability are included of the tank shell against overturning buckling and to preclude of the tank shell due to longitudinal compression. and its

The design

regarding are included the increasesin hoop due to seismic forces since this does not affect shell thickness for the lateral force coefficients herein specified taking into account generally accepted increased allowable stress and ductility ratios.

No provisions

tension

P.3 P.3.1

DESIGN LOADING Overturning The Moment

the

bottom

overturning
=

moment due to seismic forces of the shell shall be determined

+

applied to as follows:

ZI(CyW,X,

CyWyHt + C1*1XI + C2 2X2)

21

Where: M
=

Overturning

moment

in foot

pounds

bttom 3 I
=

applied

of tank

shell.
from Figure
P-1 and Table

to
P-1.

zone coefficient

Essential facilities factor. which must be functional for quake operations and 1.0 for
=

all

I = 1.5'for tanks emergency post earth-

other

tanks.

C1 and C2
W,
'

Lateral

determined
=

earthquake
per

force paragraph

coefficients
P.3.3.

Total Height

weight

in pounds

of tank shell. of tank shell to

X,

center
W, Et
er
=

in feet from bottom of gravity of shell.

in pounds

weight of snow load,

Total Weight height

Total

if any,
in feet

of tank roof
as specified

plus portion by purchaser.

of

tank shell.

N1

in pounds of effective mass of tank which moves in unison with tank shell, determined P.3.2(a). per paragraph

contents

X1
.

determined
=

in feet from bottom of tank shell to centroid of lateral seismic force applied to W1*
per paragraph
P.3.2(b).

Eeight

W2

Weight

in pounds

sloshing paragraph
X2
=

of effective

contents

P.3.2(a).

of tank,

mass of first determined per

mode

in feet Erom bottom of tank shell of lateral seismic force applied determined P.3.2(b). paragraph per

Height

centroid

to

to

W2'

Note:

an overturning moment due to lateral displacement of the tank contents which may need in the design of some founto be considered dations such as pile supported concrete sats. additional

The overturning moment determined'per this paragraph is that applied to the bottom of the shell The tank foundation only. is subjected to

22

P.3.2

Effective

Nass

of

Tank

Contents

a.

The effective bo determined

mass UI, and the effective mass W2, may Wy, by the ratios W1/NT and W2/ T, respectively, from Pigure obtained P-2 for the ratio D/U.
by multiplying

Where:

Wy =
D H
=

weight in pounds of tank contents gravity specific specified by purchaser). Tota3

Tank

(product

diameter

in feet,

filling height of tank in feet from bottom of shell to top of top angle or overflow which limits filling height.

Maximum

b.

The heights from the bottom of the tank shell to the centroids of the lateral seismic forces applied to W1 and W2, X1 and Xg, may be determined by mutiplying H, by the ratios X1/H and X2/H, respectively, obtained from Figure P-3 for the ratio of D/8. The

c.

modification
Technical W1' 2,

curves

analytica

Document 7024*. Alternatively, X1 and X2 may be determined by other

Information

in Figures P-2 and P-3 are based on a of the equations in ERDA presented
based

characteristics

procedures

of the tank.
Coefficients

on the dynamic

P.3.3

Lateral

Porce

a.

The lateral-force 0.24.

coefficient

C1 shall

be taken as

Technical Information Document 7024, Nuclear Reactors Earthquakes, prepared by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Holmes & Narver, Inc., for theU.S. Atomic Energy Commission, August 1963.

and and

23

b.

sloshing,

lateral force coefficient function of the natural as a

The T,

and the

soil

C2 shall be determined period of the first mode

conditions

at the tank site.

When T is

less

than 4.5:
C2
*

0.30
T

When T is

greater C2

than
*

4.5: 1.35 T2

Where:

S
T

Site
Natural

amplification period
T may be T
=

factor

from Table

P-2.

sloshing.
following

in seconds

of first

determined

mode from the

expression:

kD

Factor
D/H.

obtained

from

Figure

P-4

for

the ratio

c.

correspond a damping
P.4

Cl and Cg may be determined from for the specific established response spectra site of the tank and for the dynamic characteristics of the The spectrum for Ci should be established tank. for a damping coefficient of 2% of critical and scaled to a maximum onglified acceleration of 0.24 times the The spectrum for Cg should acceleration of gravity. to the

Alternatively,

coefficient

spectrum

for C1 except of 0.5% of critical.

modified

for

RESISTANCE TO OVERTURNING Resistance to the overturning moment at the bottom of the shell by the weight may be provided of the tank shell and by the weight of a portion of the tank contents adjacent to the shell for unanchored tanks or by anchorage of the

a.

For unanchored tank shell. tanks, the portion of the which may be utilized contents overturning is to resist

24

'

dependent
=

lifts

off

on the width
wL

the foundation
*

of the bottom annular ring which and may be determined as follows:

IUtb1
FbyGB exceed'1.25GUD.

except
idlere:
WI.
=

that

wL shall

not

Maximum weight of tank contents in pounds per foot of shell circumference which may be utilized to resist the shell overturning soment.
Thickness Minimum

th
Fby

of bottom
inch

annular

ring

in inches.
per

square
G b.
The
=

specified yield in pounds strength of bottom annular ring.

gravity

specific by purchaser.

Design

of contents

as specified

thickness of the bottom annular ring, tb'-shall not the thickness of the bottom shell course, or 4 inch, whichever is greater. Where the bottom annular ring is thicker than the remainder of the bottom, the width of the annular ring in feet shall be equal to oc greater than:
exceed
.

0.0274 SHELL COMPRESSION

Unanchored Tanks

NL

P.5 P.5.1

.The

maximum longitudinal M p2("t

of the shell
When

may be determined LI is equal

compression force follows: as

at

the bottom

to or less
1.273
D

than
M

0.785:

wt

25

When

D2("t**LI

is greater

'

than 0.785:
b+wL

b may be computed from the value obtained from Pigure P-5.

Where:

of the parameter

--

--

Maximum longitudinal shell compression pounds per foot of shell circumference.

Weight of tank shell circumference. Tanks

force

in

wt

in pounds

per foot

of shell

P.5.2

Anchored The

bottom

maximum longitudinal compression of the shell may be determined

b
=

force

as follows:

at the

wt Shell

1.273
.0

P.5.3

Maximum The

Allowable

Compression exceed as

te
.

shell,

maximum longitudinal b , shall not

TFE
F,,

compressive in the stress the maximum allowable

follows: greater

stress,
When

determined

the

value

of GHD2 is
Pa
=

than 200,000:

800,000
D less

t than 200,000:
----

-_

When

the value
F

of GHD2 is
=

400,000
D

2 GHD

Except

Ety

that

in no case

shall

the value

of F, exceed

0.5

26

Where:

Thickness

in inches,

excluding

corrosion

allowance,

of the bottoa

shell

course.

r,
'.

-Nazimum allowable

longitudinal compressive in the shell in pounds per square inch. stress The above formulas for Fa take into account the due to the liquid effect of internal pressure contents. strength

Fey P.6

Ninimum specified yield pounds per square inch.

of the shell

in

ABCHORAGE OF TANRS

Anchorage

anchorage resistance of:

of tanks shall

be designed to provide a minimum pounds per foot of shell circumference in

1.273 M D2

The stresses due to anchor forces in the tank shell at the points of attachment of the anchors shall be investigated.
,

P.7

PIPING

for suitable flexibility in all piping attached to bottom of the tank shall be considered. the shell or On piping unanchored tanks subject to bottom uplift, connected to the bottom shall be free to lift with the bottom or shall be located distance measured from the so that the horizontal shell to the edge of the connecting reinforcement shall be the width of the bottiii hold down as calculated in paragraph P.4(b) Plus 12 inches.
P.8 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS The purchaser desired shall specify any freeboard to avoid overflow and damage to the roof and ainlaise or upper shell due to sloshing of the liquid contents.

Provisions

a.

b.

of the roof supporting columns shall be restrained to prevent lateral movement during earthquakes. Nhen specified by the purchaser, the columns shall be designed to resist the forces cased by the sloshing of the liquid contents.

The base

27

.e

av

'.4

90 AWAi!
4

I
----

4
.

28

1.0

W 2

o.8
0.6

0.2

0 0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
D/E

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

FIGURE P-2

1.o
I

o.8

elm o.s
0.2 O O 1.0 2.0

3.0

4.0
D/H

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

FIGURE P-3

..

__

..

....

.--

--,..-

.-----

-------

.-

-y--

--

ag

....

....

.....

....-

---

---g-

--

...

....

,,4.

....

-.e

-w

--

-i----
....t..-

o,8
.

..

.-.

....

.--

---*---I
.

......-

...

..

.._

..

--.

..

'

0.6
r 0 -'----+-,--

......

..

---,-+-=-t-

--f

--

--

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

f-,--l-t-

5.0

6.0

7.0

6.0

FIGURE P
...

1 on When

M
,+

--

1.5,
VL 1.490

.o

wwL

0.637M (wt+VL

.0

L
--

b
.

wy
.--.-.i...

1.273
-

M
.....1..

..

...I..

t-1.2

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.4

1.6

(vgM**L
FIGURE P-5
20

SONE COEFFICIENT Seismie

-

3one

Per

Figure

P-1

1 0.1875

2
0.375

3 0.75 for

5 No earthquake

1.0
0.

design

required

zone

TABLE P-1
SOIL PROFILE COEFFICIENT

Soil
---

Profile
---

Type
---

S
SOIL PROFILE Rock TYPE A is

1.0 a profile
Such

1.2 with:

1.5

1.
'

second,
2.
Stiff

of any characteristic, in nature. crystalline by a shear wave velocity

or soil

either shale-like or material may be characterized greater than 2,500 feet per

200 feet deposits stiff

deposits

conditions where the soil depth is less than and the soil types overlying rock are stable of sands, gravels, clays. or stiff
TYPE B is

SOIL PROFILE

clay

exceeds

with deep cohesionless a profile or including sites where the soil depth 200 feet and the soil types overlying rock are stable of sands, gravels, or stiff clays.

conditions,

SOIL PROFILE

clays and sands, soft-to-medium-stiff of sand or other

In

TYPE C is

with soft-to-medium-stiff a profile characterized by 30 feet or more of clay with or without intervening layers cohensionless soils.
known in

locations

sufficient
Profile

where the soil profile type is not detail to determine the soil profile C shall be assumed.
TABLE P-2

type,

Soil

31

APPENDIX 2

HORISONTAL FORCES ON COLUNNSCAUSED BY SLOSSING OF FLUID IN CYLINDRICAL TANKS

approximation on columns.
The

the following
for total
.column

presentation the determination

is

considered of seismic

induced

a reasonable

loads

length
.

includes

force of the column mass, etEective of water.

horizontal force acting drag force, inertial the

The drag and inertial forces seismic factor. are and acceleration, . of the fluid velocity, u,

column and its

effective

force of an and the acceleration The acceleration force of the water mass are functions of the
-

per foot of column force, acceleration

functions

2dgT u.
-

H-Y

cosh

WT

cos2

TcosT

cosh

(1)

I.dg
-y--

u=

cosh

sin 2
cosh 7 0

Tcos T

_H_

(2)

The average
H

force

per foot
HdF

of column is:
+ZICI

mc4%

where:

"d

Oc

32

to circular and For circular rectangular shaped interior columns. columns, De, is the maximum dimension of the member cross-section as 1. The analysis for rectangular shown in Figure columns is based on an equivalent circular column with diameter Dc. The drag factor is corrected for rectangular column to account for the additional resistance to flow.

Equation

(3) may be applied

FIG1 Substituting Equation

and integrating of column:

yields

(1) and (2) into Equation the following average force per

(3)
foot

Ty

cos27

cos

cos 2

Cos

inh?T

dg
---

sin27

cos

sinhyH
'

cosh The solution

z ic,

me +'"w
-

N
of time and with time to search

IF

location

over the period of the sloshing out the maximum column load.
For

of Equation (4) is a function of the column in the tank. An iteration

wave is necessary

beam-column

simplicity, the design of the column for combined action is made assuming the seismic load acts uniformly over the full height of the column rather than the fluid height. It is recommended that AISC primary column allowables be used in the beam-column design since secondary

33

column allowables have safety factors too low to allw an increase for the seismic load. additional
NOMENCLATURE FOR APPENDIX 2

The following For other

CD
=

of the paper.
drag

terms,

defines terms used in Appendix 2 only. Nomenclature following the main body see the

coefficient. A value of 1.0 is recommended for round columns and 1.6 for wide flange structural shapes.
A value

Cg De

mass coefficient. maximum cross-section

=

of 2.0 is recommended. of column,

ft.

dimension force

Fd and Fi

drag

and inertia
force

on column, 1b/ft.
1b/ft.

l?f
ac
mg
,

average

total

on column,

column weight,
weight fluid fluid

1b/ft. column of water,

Et/sec. ft/sec.2 force 1b/ft.
m,
=
--

of effective particle particle

velocity,

acceleration,

horizontal distance from center of tank

in direction of earthquake of column, ft. to center

mass of fluid,

1b-sec2/ft.A

time from beginning from 0 to T.

of wave cycle,

sec.

vries

34