Transformer Selection and Calculation

2011-06-13 by seoer1

An existing project, you need 90 sets of 35 air-conditioning, power consumption is 1.4KW / Taiwan 71, need 70 sets of air-conditioning, power consumption 2.84KW / Taiwan; 15 120 need air conditioning, power consumption is 4.8KW, Taiwan; I can only calculate the total power consumption (not considering the case of using both coefficient) is 396.8KW, the problem is to choose how much capacity of the Electrical Transformer? ? Customers also need to set aside part of the lighting power consumption? ? Customers have a 250KW (or 250KVA) and a 80KW (or 80KVA) of the transformer (about this, I do not understand the electrical side, users do not know), do not know can not be used to meet the above requirements.

90 * 1.4 = 126kW 70 * 2.84 = 198kW 15 * 4.8 = 72kW 126 +198 +72 = 396kW 0.8 power factor calculated in accordance with air conditioning, 396/0.8 = 495kVA You need at least 495kVA transformer. Also, consider the reactive power output of the transformer itself and the loss of capacity should be increased by 20%. (Note: do not consider the transformer but also with other than air conditioning load conditions such as lighting, etc.) then the transformer needs at least 495 * (1 +20%) = 594kVA Then the model is closest to your requirements 630kVA transformer. Even if you tie two transformers is not enough, and it looks like you two Distribution Transformers that much difference, does not have parallel conditions. Also with so many air-conditioning, need to increase the reactive power compensation devices to provide a large number of air conditioning required reactive power, power factor or low Power Administration to be fine.

keywords:distribution transformer

Application of Standard Dry Type Transformers in an Electrical System

Most utilities will only provide a customer with one service or electrical system. This system may be either single-phase or threephase. Single-phase installations will normally be 120/240V AC, 3 wire systems. Three-phase installations could be 240 volt, 3 wire , 480 volt 3 wire, 600 volt, 3 wire, 208Y/120 volt, 4 wire , or 280Y/277 volt,4 wire. These are the most popular installations and their selection can be either on customer preference or availability of the system from the serving utility. With this many choices available , you may wonder why anyone would need a transformer, so let us offer an example. A new industrial plant moves into town and requires an electrical service in their new building. They have a great many motors in use at their company, so they decide it would be more economical to use 480 volt three-phase motors. For this reason they request a 480Y/277 volts three-phase system. This takes care of their motor loads at 480 volts and their office and plant lighting loads at 277 volts. However, to operate their office machinery and incandescent lighting they require 120 volts. They also have some small horsepower motors they want to operate at 208 volts. Since the utility will only provide them with 480Y/277 volt three-phase system , they require a dry-type distribution transformer to provide the 208 and 120 volt loads.

This is the most typical of applications for dry-type distribution transformers. Other applications could be matching the voltage of a motor which does not match your system, isolating a computer or solid state device from system voltage due to voltage drop in an extremely long run of wire. The more important thing is to recognize what transformers can and cannot do . Below is a table of some of those things.

Yes No Change Voltage * Change Frequency * Convert single -phase current to three-phase current * Protect equipment (isolate line voltage from load * voltage) * Stabilize fluctuating line voltage (constant voltage) Note Compensate for voltage drop * Improve power factor *
*Note: There are special purpose constant voltage transformers that can do this.

Operation

Selection of a Transformer

When a customer calls you for help in the selection of a transformer these are things you need to know: 1 What is the voltage of this load? The transformer you select must have an output voltage which matches his load voltage. (dont get confused between system and utilization voltage - See Section V, Paragraph D.) 2 Is the load single-phase or three-phase? Remember the transformer cannot change phases. Three-phase loads must be fed from the three-phase transformer/banks. 3 What is the power requirement for this load? We ultimately need to arrive at a KVA value. If only amps are known, use the full load chart or the following formulas. Single -phase KVA= Volts (loads) x Amps (load) 1000 Three=phase KVA = Volts (load) x Amps (loads) x 3 1000 Where 3 = 1.732 4 What is the frequency(hertz or Hz) of the load and line (source)? Remember, transformers cannot change frequency. Generally, all U.S. power companies generate power at 60 Hz. Therefore, the load must also be rated 60 Hz. 5 What is the supply or source voltage? Are primary taps required? 6 Is there a special temperature rise or insulation system requirement ? If not, quote our standard general purpose transformers. 7 Is the transformer to be installed indoors or outdoors? Some transformers, particularly small encapsulated units are rated for indoor or outdoor applications. Others sizes will require the addition of a weather shield for outdoor use. With the above information you should be able to quickly select a transformer from the catalog. Note: Other considerations which may require special units may include, but are not limited to: copper windings; low temperature rise units; units for applications in ambient temperatures higher than 40(C;units to be used at a high altitude above 3300 feet; special impedances; and many others. If requirements arise that do not fit the description of our standard units, be sure to contact your Federal Pacific representatives for assistance. Problem: What is the proper transformer for a customer to supply an electric heater rated 100 amps, @240 volts, three-phase, 60 Hz? His available supply voltage is 480 volts, three-phase, 60 Hz. The transformer is installed indoors. 150 C with standard taps is required. Solution: We have all of the information required with the exception of the load KVA. We know that: Three-phase KVA = Volts (load) x Amps (load) x 3 = 240 x 100 x 1.732 = 41.6 1000 1000 A 480 volt to 240 volt (Delta-Delta), three-phase, 45 KVA (which is the next standard KVA rating) general purpose transformer is required

Problem: A single line shows a 25 KVA, single-phase, 60 Hz, 150(C rise, 240X 480V to 120/240 volt transformer fed from a three-phase volt system. Is it correct? Solution: Yes, the transformer has series-multiple primary windings so connection to 480 volt is acceptable. Remember, that if the transformer is single-phase, the source can be single-phase or three-phase. When the supplies three-phase, any two (2) lines or one (1) line and neutral will be used as shown below . Figure 1 applies for the 480 volt primary voltage in the above problem.

Problem: An industrial plant requests a transformer that ca step down 480 volt three-phase to 240 volt three-phase and supply 200 KVA of load at 240 volt three-phase and 5 KVA of load at 120 volt single-phase. What would you quote? Solution: A general purpose 300KVA, 480volt to 240 volt three-phase transformer with 120 volt lighting tap will work. Remember that the use of the 120 volt lighting tap requires a 30 % derating of the nameplate KVA and that the 120 volt loads cannot exceed 5% of the nameplate KVA. (See below) Derating Calculations: 300 KVA x .30 KVA 300 KVA -90KVA 210KVA (Available capacity for 30 (loads) 120 Volt Lighting Tap Calculations: 300 KVA x .05 = 15 KVA (Available capacity for 120 volt loads) The following must be known before a transformer can be selected:

KVA the rating or capacity of the transformer Phase Load requirements (single-phase or three-phase) If the load is three-phase, both the supply and the transformer must be three-phase. If the load is single-phase, the supply can be either single or threephase, but the transformer must be single-phase. Frequency usually 60 Hz (Hertz). Primary Voltage Designates the load voltage for wich the primary winding is designated. Secondary Voltage Designates the load voltage for which the secondary winding is designed. Taps Adjustment capability for voltage variations. Location of Installation Indoor or Outdoor Other Considerations Mounting Requirements, Sound Levels, Impedance, Special Applications, K-Rating, Copper Windings, Electrostatic Shields, Temperature Rise, Insulation Class Cost Comparison Secondary Unit Substation Transformers

How to choose transformer rating?

Posted Mar 12 2011 by Edvard in Transformers with 1 Comment
Translate

y y y y y y

Save PDF

When an installation is to be supplied directly from a MV/LV transformer and the maximum apparent-power loading of the installation has been determined, a suitable rating for the transformer can be decided, taking into account the following considerations:
y y y y

The possibility of improving the power factor of the installation (see chapter L) Anticipated extensions to the installation Installation constraints (e.g. temperature) Standard transformer ratings In (A) - 237V - - 410V -

Apparent power [kVA]

100

244

141

160 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150

390 609 767 974 1218 1535 1949 2436 3045 3898 4872 6090 7673

225 352 444 563 704 887 1127 1408 1760 2253 2816 3520 4436

Figure. 1 : Standard apparent powers for MV/LV transformers and related nominal output currents

3-phase transformer
The nominal full-load current In on the LV side of a 3-phase transformer is given by:

where:
y y y

Pa = kVA rating of the transformer U = phase-to-phase voltage at no-load in volts (237 V or 410 V) In is in amperes

Single-phase transformer
For a single-phase transformer:

where
y

V = voltage between LV terminals at no-load (in volts)

Simplified equation for 400 V (3-phase load)

y

In = kVA x 1.4

The IEC standard for power transformers is IEC 60076.

SOURCE: Schneider Electric

Transformer Ratings
5,900 views

Transformer Ratings Transformer size or capacity is most often expressed in kVA. We require 30 kVA of power for this system is one example, or The facility has a 480 VAC feed rated for 112.5 kVA. However, reliance upon only kVA rating can result insafety and performance problems when sizing transformers to feed modern electronic equipment. Use of off-the-shelf, general purpose transformers for electronics loads can lead to power quality and siting problems:
y y y

Single phase electronic loads can cause excessive transformer heating. Electronic loads draw non-linear currents, resulting in low voltage and output voltage distortion. Oversizing for impedance and thermal performance can result in a transformer with a significantly larger footprint.

It is vital for the systems designer to understand all of the factors that affect transformer effectiveness and performance. .

Thermal Performance
Historically, transformers have been developed to supply 60 Hz, linear loads such as lights, motors, and heaters. Electronic loads were a small part of the total connected load. A system designer could be assured that if transformer voltage and current ratings were not exceeded, the transformer would not overheat, and would perform as expected. A standard transformer is designed and specified with three main parameters: kVA Rating, Impedance, and Temperature Rise. .

KVA Rating
The transformer voltage and current specification. KVA is simply the load voltage times the load current. A single phase transformer rated for 120 VAC and 20 Amperes would be rated for 120 x 20 = 2400 VA, or 2.4 KVA (thousand VA). .

Impedance
Transformer Impedance and Voltage Regulation are closely related: a measure of the transformer voltage drop when supplying full load current. A transformer with a nominal output voltage of 120 VAC and a Voltage Regulation of 5% has an output voltage of 120 VAC at no-load and (120 VAC 5%) at full load the transformer output voltage will be 114 VAC at full load. Impedance is related to the transformer thermal performance because any voltage drop in the transformer is converted to heat in the windings. .

Temperature Rise
Steel selection, winding capacity, impedance, leakage current, overall steel and winding design contribute to total transformer heat loss. The transformer heat loss causes the transformer temperature to rise. Manufacturers design the transformer cooling, and select materials, to accommodate this temperature rise.

Transformer Heat Loss Use of less expensive material with a lower temperature rating will require the manufacturer to design the transformer for higher airflow and cooling, often resulting in a larger transformer. Use of higher quality materials with a higher temperature rating permits a more compact transformer design.

Transformer Insulation Systems .

K Factor Transformer Rating

In the 1980 s, power quality engineers began encountering a new phenomenon: non-linear loads, such as computers and peripherals, began to exceed linear loads on some distribution panels. This resulted in large harmonic currents being drawn, causing excessive transformer heating due to eddy-current losses, skin effect, and core flux density increases. Standard transformers, not designed for nonlinear harmonic currents were overheating and failing even though RMS currents were well within transformer ratings. In response to this problem, IEEE C57.110-1986 developed a method of quantifying harmonic currents. A k factor was the result, calculated from the individual harmonic components and the effective heating such a harmonic would cause in a transformer. Transformer manufacturers began designing transformers that could supply harmonic currents, rated with a k factor. Typical K factor applications include:
y y y

K-4: Electric discharge lighting, UPS with input filtering, Programmable logic controllers and solid state controls K-13: Telecommunications equipment, UPS systems, multi-wire receptacle circuits in schools, health-care, and production areas K-20: Main-frame computer loads, solid state motor drives, critical care areas of hospitals

K factor is a good way to assure that transformers will not overheat and fail. However, K factor is primarily concerned with thermal issues. Selection of a K factor transformer may result in power quality improvement, but this depends upon manufacturer and design. .

Transformer Impedance
Transformer impedance is the best measure of the transformers ability to supply an electronic load with optimum power quality. Many power problems do not come from the utility but are internally generated from the current requirements of other loads. While a K factor transformer can feed these loads and not overheat, a low impedance transformer will provide the best quality power. As an example, consider a 5% impedance transformer. When an electronic load with a 200% inrush current is turned on, a voltage sag of 10% will result. A low impedance transformer (1%) would provide only a 2% voltage sag a substantial improvement. Transformer impedance may be specified as a percentage, or alternately, in Ohms ( ) from PhasePhase or Phase-Neutral. .

High Frequency Transformer Impedance

Most transformer impedance discussions involve the 60 Hz transformer impedance. This is the power frequency, and is the main concern for voltage drops, fault calculations, and power delivery. However, nonlinear loads draw current at higher harmonics. Voltage drops occur at both 60 Hz and higher frequencies. It is common to model transformer impedance as a resistor, often expressed in ohms. In fact, a transformer behaves more like a series resistor and inductor.

The voltage drop of the resistive portion is independent of frequency, the voltage drop of the inductor is frequency dependent. Standard Transformer impedances rise rapidly with frequency. However, devices designed specifically for use with nonlinear loads use special winding and steel lamination designs to minimize impedance at both 60 Hz and higher frequencies. As a result, the output voltage of such designs is far better quality than for standard transformers. .

Recommendations for Transformer Sizing

System design engineers who must specify and apply transformers have several options when selecting transformers. .

Do It Yourself Approach
With this approach, a larger than required standard transformer is specified in order to supply harmonic currents and minimize voltage drop. Transformer oversizing was considered prudent design in the days before transformer manufacturers understood harmonic loads, and remains an attractive option from a pure cost standpoint. However, such a practice today has several problems:
y y y

A larger footprint and volume than low impedance devices specifically designed for non-linear loads Poor high frequency impedance Future loads may lead to thermal and power quality problems

Standard Isolation Transformer .

K-factor Rated Transformers

Selecting and using K-factor rated transformers is a prudent way to ensure that transformer overheating will not occur. Unfortunately, lack of standardization makes the K factor rating a measure only of thermal performance, not impedance or power quality.

Percent Impedance Some manufacturers achieve a good K factor using design techniques that lower impedance and enhance power quality, others simply derate components and temperature ratings. Only experience with a particular transformer manufacturer can determine if a K factor transformer addresses both thermal and power quality concerns. .

Transformers Designed for Non-Linear Loads

Transformers designed specifically for non-linear loads incorporate substantial design improvements that address both thermal and power quality concerns. Such devices are low impedance, compact, and have better high frequency performance than standard or K factor designs. As a result, this type of transformer is the optimum design solution. This type of transformer may be more expensive than standard transformers, due to higher amounts of iron and copper, higher quality materials, and more expensive winding and stacking techniques. However, the benefits of such a design in power quality and smaller size justify the extra cost, and make the low impedance transformer the most cost effective design overall.