2011-12

WROCLAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

[ POWER SYSTEM FAULT PROJECT NO-1 ] NOProf. Dr. Hab. In Jan Iykowski Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD SHIVANANDA PUKHREM JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELES

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

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INDEX:

2. Introduction 3 3. Variables used in the line code program. 4 4. Program code 5 5. Graphics results 10 5.1. Three phase voltage.. 5.2. Phase current and their magnitude. 5.3. Phase voltage and their magnitude 6. Consequences of the fault 7. Conclusion 10 11 13 14 15

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

2. INTRODUCTION:
With this report we will try to familiarize with some code lines of Matlab. Thus in the next pages will see how to get from a simulation of and electrical system composed by one transmission line with 2 transformers for measuring (CT and VT) We will see also how to work with some commands from Matlab that will be useful to obtain some graphics which will help to get some information about where and when has been the fault in the system. There are two buses called (S)ending and (R)eciving. That has to be considered to name the different variables.

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

3. VARIABLES USED IN LINE CODE PROGRAM:

3.1 Information about the nomenclature of the simulation code. Time interval: from tSTART=0 to tEND=12 ms Fundamental frequency: f1=50 Hz Sampling frequency: fs=1000 Hz. n: 20. Number of number of samples in a single fundamental frequency period. theta_i: 1500; CT ratio

theta_v: 3636.36; VT ratio Current and voltages parameters: iS_af: Side S phase 'a' current after filtration. iS_bf: Side S phase 'b' current after filtration. iS_cf: Side S phase 'c' current after filtration. vS_af: Side S - phase 'a' voltage after filtration. vS_bf: Side S - phase 'b' voltage after filtration. vS_cf: Side S - phase 'c' voltage after filtration. Notation used in the above specification of current and voltage signals: i-current; v-voltage; S-sending end;

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

4. PROGRAM CODE:
% cd d:\Student\PSFs_Pr1 % Pr1 clear all; theta_i=1500; % CT ratio theta_v=3636.36; % VT ratio n=20; % number of samples in a single fundamental frequency period %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Standard full-cycle FOURIER FILTRATION: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% dT=2*pi/n; for k=1:n, alfa=dT/2+(k-1)*dT; FF(k)=cos(alfa)+sqrt(-1)*sin(alfa); end; FF=-2*FF/n; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% READING AND TRANSPOSING *.PL4 FILES. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% x=readpl452; size(x), y=x'; size(y), %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CURRENT Signals after filtration (full-cycle FOURIER FILTRATION): %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

iS_af(1,:)=theta_i*filter(FF,1,y(2 iS_bf(1,:)=theta_i*filter(FF,1,y(3,:)); iS_cf(1,:)=theta_i*filter(FF,1,y(4,:)); %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% VOLTGAE Signals after filtration (full-cycle FOURIER FILTRATION): %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% vS_af(1,:)=theta_i*filter(FF,1,y(5,:)); vS_bf(1,:)=theta_i*filter(FF,1,y(6,:)); vS_cf(1,:)=theta_i*filter(FF,1,y(7,:)); %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLOT FOR A SINGLE PHASES MAGNITUDE CURRENT: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% figure(2); plot(y(1,:), theta_i*y(2,:), 'r-'); hold on; grid on; plot(y(1,:), abs(iS_af(1,:)), 'r-', y(1,:), abs(iS_af(1,:)), 'ro'); title('Phase current and its magnitude'); xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Current and Magnitude [A B C]'); %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLOT FOR B SINGLE PHASES MAGNITUDE CURRENT: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% figure(2); plot(y(1,:), theta_i*y(3,:), 'g-'); hold on; grid on; plot(y(1,:), abs(iS_bf(1,:)), 'g-', y(1,:), abs(iS_bf(1,:)), 'gx');

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

title('Phase current and its magnitude'); xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Current and Magnitude [A B C]');

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLOT FOR C SINGLE PHASES MAGNITUDE CURRENT: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% figure(2); plot(y(1,:), theta_i*y(4,:), 'b-'); hold on; grid on; plot(y(1,:), abs(iS_cf(1,:)), 'b-', y(1,:), abs(iS_cf(1,:)), 'bx'); title('Phase current and its magnitude'); xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Current and Magnitude [A B C]');

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLOT FOR ALL THE VOLTAGES PHASES: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% v_a=theta_v*y(5,:); % Phase 'a' voltage. v_b=theta_v*y(6,:); % Phase 'b' voltage. v_c=theta_v*y(7,:); % Phase 'c' voltage.

figure(1); plot(y(1,:), v_a, 'r-', y(1,:), theta_v*y(6,:), 'g-', y(1,:), theta_v*y(7,:), 'b-'); plot(y(1,:), v_a, 'r-', y(1,:), v_b, 'g-', y(1,:), v_c, 'b-');

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

grid; title('Three-phase voltages'); xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Voltage [V]'); Legend('v_a','v_b','v_c'); % axis([0, 0.02, -500, 500]);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLOT THE A SINGLE PHASE MAGNITUDE VOLTAGE: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% figure(3); plot(y(1,:), theta_i*y(5,:), 'r-'); hold on; grid on; plot(y(1,:), abs(vS_af(1,:)), 'rx', y(1,:), abs(vS_af(1,:)), 'rx'); title('Phases Voltage and Magnitude '); xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Voltage and Magnitude [A B C]');

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLOT THE B SINGLE PHASE MAGNITUDE VOLTAGE: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% figure(3); plot(y(1,:), theta_i*y(6,:), 'g-'); hold on; grid on; plot(y(1,:), abs(vS_bf(1,:)), 'go', y(1,:), abs(vS_bf(1,:)), 'go');

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

title('Phases Voltage and Magnitude '); xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Voltage and Magnitude [A B C]');

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLOT THE C SINGLE PHASE MAGNITUDE VOLTAGE: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% figure(3); plot(y(1,:), theta_i*y(7,:), 'b-'); hold on; grid on; plot(y(1,:), abs(vS_cf(1,:)), 'bo', y(1,:), abs(vS_cf(1,:)), 'bo'); title('Phases Voltage and Magnitude '); xlabel('Time [s]'); ylabel('Voltage and Magnitude [A B C]'); %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

5. GRAPHICS RESULTS:
According to the kind of the time interval we can distinguished two main parts in the graphics: PRE-FAULT INTERVAL: From t-0 to t-6ms. There isn't any disturbance in the amplitude of the voltages of the phases.

FAULT INTERVAL: From t-6ms to t-12ms. Here disturbance is occurred due to

the fault in the system. The different graphics obtained from the program are showed down:

Fig 1: three phase voltage. Fig 2: phase current and magnitude. Fig 3: phase voltage and magnitude. Now we can star talk about the different results that are showed in the different graphics.

5.1 Three phase voltage. In this figure; we can see the three phase voltage. And as because of the fault the amplitude of the phase A and B decreases and phase C increases its original amplitude. Since due to fault in the system one of the phase is carrying more load so that the reason its increasing its amplitude and the other two phases decreases its original amplitude after fault.

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Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

FIG:1 THREE PHASE VOLTAGE

5.2 Phase currents and their magnitude.

In this figure it represents the phase current and its magnitude of the system. We know that, P=V*I As we saw before in figure 1, due to the fault in the system the voltage increased, so if the power has to be maintain constant, the only parameter that has to change is the current, because of that the current has suffered and increases of its value and magnitude.

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Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

FIG.2 : PHASE CURRENT AND ITS MAGNITUDE

5.3 Phases Voltage and their magnitude: In figure 3, it depicts the magnitude of the phases A,B and C. As we can see in figure due to the fault in the system, phases A and B magnitude reduces while the magnitude of phase C increases

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Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

FIG.3 : THREE PHASE VOLATAGE AND MAGNITUDE

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Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

6.CONSEQUENCES OF FAULTS:
Fire is a serious result of major un-cleared faults, may destroy the equipment of its origin, but also may spread in the system causing total failure. The short circuit (the most common type of fault) may have any of the following consequences: A great reduction of the line voltage over a major part of the power system, leading to the breakdown of the electrical supply to the consumer and may produce wastage in production. An electrical arc often accompanying a short circuit may damage the other apparatus in the system. Damage to the other apparatus in the system due to overheating and mechanical forces. Disturbances to the stability of the electrical system and this may even lead to a complete blackout of a given power system. Considerable reduction of voltage on healthy feeders connected to the system having fault, which can cause abnormal currents drawn by motors or the motors will be stopped (causing loss of industrial production) and then will have to be restarted.

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Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

PROJECT NO-1

7.CONCLUSION:

A fault in an electric power system is studied in this project through MATLAB programming. Any abnormal flow of electric current in an electric power system is considered as a fault. In this particular project the fault is occurred between two phases A and B i.e, Red and Green. The fault can be between phase to phase, phase to ground or phase to phase to ground. Through this project we have learn that due to any kind of fault in three phase system there is a transient sudden surge increase of current in the power system affecting the other healthy lines. Many faults in overhead power lines are transient in nature. At the occurrence of a fault power system protection operates to isolate area of the fault. A transient fault will then clear and the power line can resume to service.

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Presented by: INDRAJEET PRASAD, SHIVANANDA PUKHREM, JOAN JIMIENEZ ANGELE