Icon

105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.
A sem-I)
1.1 Concept of window, icon, menu Icon:

An icon in Windows is a small picture or object that represents a file, program, web page, or command. Most of the time, the icon picture relates to the function of the item that it represents. A computer icon is a pictogram displayed on a computer screen and used to navigate a computer system or mobile device. The icon itself is a small picture or symbol serving as a quick representation of a software tool, function or a data file accessible on the system.For example, if the icon is attached to an e-mail program, it might be a picture of a letter. Icons are located on the desktop, in the start menu, and various other places. Icon enable the user to easily navigate the system. If you are using Windows 95, 98 or 2000, you can see several icons right now on your desktop.
Internet Explorer
Adobe Reader 8
Google Toolbar
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
(GUI)
GUI allows users to interact with electronic devices with images rather than text commands. GUIs can be used in computers, hand-held devices such as MP3 players, portable media players or gaming devices, household appliances and office equipment . A GUI represents the information and actions available to a user through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface (i.e., a way for humans to interact with computers) that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse (and often to a limited extent by a keyboard as well). A graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface (i.e., a way for humans to interact with computers) that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse (and often to a limited extent by a keyboard as well). An icon is a small picture or symbol in a GUI that represents a program (or command), a file, a directory or a device (such as a hard disk or floppy). Icons are used both on the desktop and within application programs. A major advantage of GUIs is that they make computer operation more intuitive, and thus easier to learn and use.
Shri Manilal Kadakiya College of Management & Computer Studies, Ankleshwar
By Shachi S. Naik
105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I)
GUIs allow users to take full advantage of the powerful multitasking (the ability for multiple programs and/or
multiple instances of single programs to run simultaneously) capabilities of modern operating systems by allowing such multiple programs and/or instances to be displayed simultaneously. But the GUI has became much more than a mere convenience. It has also become the standard in humancomputer interaction, and it has influenced the work of a generation of computer users.
Menu:
A menu is a list of commands presented to an operator by a computer. They may be thought of as shortcuts to frequently used commands that avoid the operator having to have a detailed knowledge or recall of syntax.
A computer using a graphical user interface (GUI) presents menus with a combination of text and symbols to
represent choices.
By clicking on one of the symbols, the operator is selecting the instruction that the symbol represents.
A common use of menus is to provide convenient access to various operations such as saving or opening a file, quitting a program, or manipulating data. Most provide some form of pull-down or pop-up menu. Pull-down menus are the type commonly used in menu bars (usually near the top of a window or screen), which are most often used for performing actions. Pop-up (or "fly-out") menus are more likely to be used for setting a value, and might appear anywhere in a window.
Menu
Pull Down menu
By Shachi S. Naik
Window
In windows operating system, a window may represent several things, such as a document, an application (e.g. word processor or spreadsheet program), a folder (an MS-DOS sub directory in windows in called the folder), a dialog box (where the user enters some information) etc, you can keep several windows open at a time. A window is a visual area containing some kind of user interface. It usually has a rectangular shape. It displays the output of and allows input of one or more processes.Windows are primarily associated with graphical displays, where they can be manipulated with a mouse cursor.Windows are two dimensional objects arranged on a plane called the desktop. They can be resized, moved, hidden, restored or closed.Windows can be composed of other windows. One program can have multiple windows. For example in a text-editing program, a user might benefit from working with several text files available at once. Those "child" windows "containing" text files can either be left separate from the main window (see Metapad) or be encapsulated under the main "parent" window (see Notepad++).
Window 1 (control panel)
Control box
Title bar Menu
Window 2 (recycle bin)
Toolbar
By Shachi S. Naik
In a graphical user interface on a computer monitor a toolbar is a panel on which onscreen buttons, icons, menus or other input or output elements are placed.
An example of a web browser toolbar, the Google toolbar, in Firefox
Task bar
In computing, the taskbar is a term for an application desktop bar which is used to launch and monitor applications. Microsoft incorporated a taskbar in Windows 95 and it has been a defining aspect of Microsoft Windows's graphical user interface ever since. The Windows taskbar can be modified by users in several ways. The position of the taskbar can be changed to appear on any edge of the primary display. Users can resize the height (or width when displayed vertically) of the taskbar up to half of the display area.
A standard Windows Vista taskbar with two tasks running.
Title bar
In computing, the title bar consists of that part of a window where the title of the window appears. Most graphical operating systems and window managers position the title bar at the top of the application window as a horizontal bar. Default title-bar text often incorporates the name of the application and/or of its manufacturer. The name of the host running the application also appears frequently. The title bar often contains icons for system commands relating to the window, such as a maximize, minimize and close buttons; and may include other content such as an application icon, a clock, etc. Title bar from Calculator
1.2 Desktop
A desktop commonly refers to a style of graphical user interface (GUI) that is based on the desktop which can be seen on most modern personal computers today.
By Shachi S. Naik
These graphical interfaces are designed to assist the user in easily accessing and configuring (or modifying) the most important (or frequently accessed) specific OS packed features. A desktop environment typically consists of icons, windows, toolbars, folders, wallpapers. Software which provides a desktop environment might also provide drag and drop functionality and other features which make more complete. Today, most popular personal computers come pre-installed with an operating system that provides a desktop environment. Traditionally these computers have used Microsoft Windows and to a lesser extent Mac OS whose desktop environments are relatively unalterable. The most common desktop environment on personal computers is the one provided by Microsoft Windows; another common environment is the one provided by Apple Mac OS.
Desktop
MY Document
My Computer Internet Explorer
My network places Recycle bin
Start menu
Task bar
1.3 creating folders and shortcuts

Create a New Folder
By Shachi S. Naik
105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I) New folders can be created just about anywhere, but three methods are shown below. New Folder on Desktop
1. Right click anywhere on an open area of the desktop.
2. Select New and then click Folder. A new folder with the default name New Folder will be created on the desktop. Either accept the default name New Folder (bad idea) by hitting the enter key or type a new name for the folder (good idea) and then hit enter on the keyboard.
New Folder Using Windows Explorer in Hierarchical View There are two easy methods for creating a new folder in this view. On the Menu bar select File > New > Folder and the folder will be created in the right hand pane. The trick is to make sure that prior to making the selections from the Menu that you are located at the proper place in the hierarchical view in the left pane. The new folder will always be created as a subfolder of whatever location you have selected
By Shachi S. Naik
New Folder Using Windows Explorer in Task View Once again, make sure you're in the location where the new folder is to be created. In this case I'm using the same location that was used in the previous example; the root of the C drive as shown in the Address bar. In the File and Folder Tasks section, click the Make a New Folder selection. The New Folder is created in the right hand pane as shown in the second screen capture. Note that the File and Folder Tasks section also expands to include new entries relative to what can be done with the folder just created.
By Shachi S. Naik
1.4 Finding Files and Folders

To search for a file or folder:
1. Click Start, and then click Search. 2. In the Search Companion dialog box, click all files and folders.
3. Type part or the entire name of the file or folder, or type a word or phrase that is in the file. 4. In the Look in box, click the drive or drives, folder, or network location that you want to search. 5. Choose one of the following options:
a. Click when it was modified to look for files that were created or modified on or between specific
dates. b. Click what size is it to look for files that are specific size.
c. Click more advanced options to specify additional search criteria. 2. Click Search.
By Shachi S. Naik
1.5 Creating copying, moving and Deleting Files

Copy Files in Windows
There are various ways to copy files using windows. Two basic methods are by using menus and by dragging & dropping. Copying files to and from a floppy disk are the most common uses of the Copy command. Lets assume we have a file on a diskette call "Project" and we want to copy it to our hard drive. Lets also assume that the folder we are copying the file to is call practice and it's on our C drive. Therefore, PROJECT is our source file and PRACTICE is our destination folder. Using the Menus Step 1: Inset floppy disk into Computer Step 2: Open My Computer or Windows Explorer Shortcut: Hold down the Windows Key and press E to open Windows Explorer. (The key is next to the left CTRL key. It has the Windows logo on it. windows
Fig 1. Windows Explorer Step 3: View contents of disk by double clicking the floppy disk icon. (See Fig 1. above). Step 4: Select the file you want to copy. In our example, select project. Step 5: Select the Edit menu and click Copy. (See Fig 2. below)
Fig 2. The Edit Menu
By Shachi S. Naik
105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I) Tip. You can also right mouse click on the file and choose copy from the menu. Step 6: Open to the destination folder. In our example, double click Practice. Step 7: Select the Edit menu and click Paste. Tip. You can also right mouse click on the file and choose paste from the menu. Congratulations. You have just copied a file Drag & drop Step 1: Insert floppy disk into Computer Step 2: Open My Computer or Windows Explorer Shortcut: Hold down the Windows Key and press E to open Windows Explorer. (The windows key is next to the left Ctrl key. It has the window logo on it. However
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Fig 1. Windows Explorer Step 3: View contents of disk by double clicking the floppy disk icon. (See Fig 1. above). Step 4: Select the file you want to copy. In our example, select project. NOTE: Make sure the folder you are copying to is visible. Step 5: Select the source file by holding down the left mouse button and drag it to the destination folder. When the destination folder becomes highlighted, release the mouse button. In our example, the destination folder is practice. (See Fig 2.)
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Fig 2. Drag & Drop Congratulations. You have just copied a file. NOTE: If you are coping files from the hard drive to another destination on the same hard drive, this method will move the files instead of copying them. To copy using this method, hold down the CTRL key when dragging the files. You will see a + sign next to your mouse pointer to verify you are copying. (See mouse pointer in Fig 2. above) Tip: The safest way to drag and drop is by using the right mouse button to drag the files. When the button is released, a menu will appear asking you if you want to copy or move the file.
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Deleting Files When deleting files or folders in Windows the default delete behavior is for the file or folder to be moved to the recycle bin. First Method This is the easiest method to delete files and folders in Windows. You can use either Windows Explorer or My Computer to navigate to the file or folder you wish to delete. Highlight the file or folder by left clicking it once. Now press the Delete key on your keyboard. Windows will then popup asking for confirmation to send the file or folder to the Recycle Bin.
Click yes to move the file to the recycle bin or No to keep the file where it is.
Second Method This method can be used by Windows XP, and Windows 2003 users. Open My Computer ((Left click Start/My Computer) or double click the My Computer icon on your desktop). Navigate to the file or folder you want to delete. Then highlight the file or folder by left clicking it once. Now click Delete this file, or Delete this folder from the File and Folder Tasks menu in your Common Tasks toolbar.
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Windows will then popup asking for confirmation to send the file or folder to the Recycle Bin. Click yes to
move the file to the recycle bin or No to keep the file where it is.
Third Method You can use either Windows Explorer or My Computer to navigate to the file or folder you wish to delete. Windows XP Users click Start then My Computer. All other Windows users double left click the My Computer icon on your desktop. Navigate to the file or folder that you would like to delete. Highlight the file or folder by left clicking it once.
By Shachi S. Naik

1. Then from the top toolbar click File then Delete.
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2. Windows will then popup asking for confirmation to send the file or folder to the Recycle Bin. Click yes to
move the file to the recycle bin or No to keep the file where it is.
Fourth Method In this example we will delete a file from my desktop however this method can be used to drag files from a Windows Explorer window to the recycle bin also. 1. Left click the file or folder you wish to delete and keep the mouse button held down. Then drag the file on top of the Recycle bin.
By Shachi S. Naik
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Rename file and folders
Rename Using the F2 Key This is my favorite method as well as being the easiest, simplest, and quickest method to rename files. No matter where you are, single click the file to be renamed and hit the F2 key. The editing box will appear surrounding the filename. Complete the edit and hit Enter. Rename Using a Double Click What's a slow double click? Click the file to be renamed once -- wait about two seconds - then click it one more time. The editing box will appear surrounding the filename. Complete the edit and hit Enter. Rename Using the File Menu Select the folder or file to be renamed then click File > Rename. The editing box will appear surrounding the filename. Complete the edit and hit Enter.
By Shachi S. Naik
105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I) Rename Using a Right Click
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Right click the folder or file to be renamed then click Rename. The editing box will appear surrounding the filename. Complete the edit and hit Enter.
By Shachi S. Naik
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Creating a Shortcut to a Program or File

Everyone is familiar with the icons placed on the desktop, the shortcuts to open programs. Many are also aware that shortcuts can be placed in the taskbar. There are a number of methods for creating new shortcuts:

Drag and drop The right-click Send To function The right-click New function
A discussion of each approach to creating shortcuts is given in the sections below. Drag and drop The drag and drop method can be used in several ways. Either the left or the right mouse button can be used for drag and drop with somewhat different behavior. Dragging with the right-click brings up the context menu shown in the
figure. One way to employ drag and drop is to use the menu entry "Copy Here" to make a copy of an existing shortcut in a different location. Shortcuts can also be made from files or folders by using the menu entry "Create Shortcuts Here". Open the folder containing the object whose shortcut is desired, hold down the right-click, and drag to the desired destination, such as another folder or the desktop. The right-click Send To function
For making shortcuts specifically on the desktop, the Send To function of the right-click can be used (figure on the left). Simply right-click on the desired file or folder and select "Desktop (create shortcut)" from the "Send To" menu.
By Shachi S. Naik
105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I) The right-click New function
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The most general method for creating shortcuts uses the "New" function of the context menu that appears when a vacant spot within a folder window or on the desktop is right-clicked (figure on the left). Right-click in the folder where the shortcut is to be placed and select the entry "Shortcut" from the menu. The dialog box shown below will open. The location of the target item can be entered or the "Browse" function can be used to locate it. First dialog box for creating new shortcut
If the "Browse" button is selected, the dialog shown below will open. Here you can select the file or folder that you wish to create a shortcut for (the target). Once the desired folder or file has been selected, Click the "OK" button.
Dialog box for Browse function
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The Create Shortcut window will reappear, this time with the desired file or folder entered as shown below. In this example, the folder "C:\Library" has been chosen. Dialog box with location of target entered
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Click "Next" and a window where the shortcut can be named appears. After entering a name or accepting the default, click "Finish". Naming the shortcut
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RECYCLE BIN
Microsoft introduced the Recycle Bin in the Windows 95 operating system. The Recycle Bin keeps files that have been deleted, whether accidentally or intentionally. Users can review the contents of the Recycle Bin before deleting the items permanently. The Recycle Bin holds data that not only lists deleted files, but also the date, time and the path of those files. The Recycle Bin is opened like an ordinary Windows Explorer folder and the files are viewed similarly. Deleted files may be removed from the Recycle Bin by restoring them with a command, or by deleting them permanently. In recycle bin window, you can restore (i.e. undelete) all items back to their original locations by clicking restore all. If you want to restore selected items, select the require items and then choose the restore command from the file menu or from right click menu. If you want to get details about any item in the recycle bin, select the item and the recycle bin displays it in window. The number of items the recycle bin can hold is limited by the hard disk space allocated to it by windows. Therefore, you should periodically empty the recycle bin by deleting those items from the recycle bin that you no more want to restore. For doing this, select the items and use the delete command from the file or the right click menu. To remove all items from the recycle bin, use the empty recycle bin command from file menu. The Recycle Bin's icon indicates whether there are items in the Recycle Bin. If there are no files or folders in the Recycle Bin, then the icon resembles an empty wastepaper basket. Otherwise if there are files and/or folders the icon resembles a full wastepaper basket. If your recycle bin window is empty, it indicates that currently there are no deleted items.
The Recycle Bin can be accessed via the desktop (In fact it is the only icon shown by default on the Windows XP desktop) or Windows Explorer. Files are moved to the Recycle Bin in a number of ways:

By right-clicking on a file and selecting delete from the menu Selecting the file and pressing the delete key Selecting delete from the side menu in Windows XP Selecting the file and choosing delete from the File menu (in Windows XP Explorer) From a context menu command or some other function in a software application (usually configurable) By dragging and dropping a file into the Recycle Bin icon
The Recycle Bin only stores files deleted from hard drives, not from removable media, such as memory cards and floppy disks. It also doesn't store files deleted from network drives.
By Shachi S. Naik
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NETWORK NEIGHBORHOOD
If your pc is connected to a network, the network neighborhood folder displays all computers in your network. To open the network neighborhood folder, double-click the network neighborhood icon on your desktop or in window explorer. Then windows display the network neighborhood window. This network neighborhood displays a list of all computers that are connected to the network. On double clicking any icon, window will display the resources of that computer which you have access right to. Therefore, you may not be able to access all folders on all hard disks on a particular computer. Moreover, depending on the different types of rights (such as read, write, delete, etc), you may be able to open, edit or delete files on the folder of other computer on the network. If you are connected on a network and you have rights to save files on other computer, you can specify the other computers folder as the path.
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WHAT IS FILE?
File is a collection of text or data stored on a storage device, such as a floppy disk or hard disk. You can store different type of documents (invoices, letters, reminders, memos, etc) in conventional file, the file that stores letters, memos, documents, etc is known as document or text file. The file that stores database information, such as an address list or sales information for a period is called database file. A file that contains instructions written in a programming language is called a program file.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DOS COMMANDS

There are two types of Dos commands- internal and external. The internal commands are that are automatically loaded in the memory of your pc when Dos is loaded. These commands can be used without the need of any dos file. The internal commands are simple and are used for common tasks, such as copying, renaming or erasing files, displaying a list of files in a disk, creating and changing directories, changing current date and time of pc, etc. The external commands are used for relatively complex job, such as copying an entire drive, formatting a drive, comparing a drive, sorting a file, etc.
FILE ALLOCATION TABLE (FAT)

The physical location of each file is maintained in a table called the file allocation table (FAT). When you format a disk with FORMAT command, DOS creates the FAT on the disk. The information regarding areas of eh disk where a file is stored is maintained by DOS in FAT. Whenever you modify a file, DOS updates FAT so that FAT always keeps the latest information about the storage of the file on the disk. The storage surface is divided into the tracks. When DOS stores information on the disk, the smallest unit of the disk space that it works with is called the clusters. A file stored in several clusters that may be located in different parts of the disk. The complete information about the clusters occupied by each file stored on the disk is maintained by dos in FAT. FAT is so important in DOS that it maintains two copies of FAT on the disk. If the FAT gets destroyed, dos will not be able to read files from the disk.
BATCH FILES
A batch file is a simple text file that contains a series of DOS commands. It can help you to run a series of DOS commands without requiring your attention. When you use your keyboard to enter commands, you can enter only one command at a time. After enter a command, you have to wait for DOS to finish that command to enter the next command. In a situation when you have to enter a series of commands back to back, the batch file is very useful. You simply need to type the series of commands that you want to execute in batch file. Then you can ask DOS to run the batch file. Dos automatically execute all commands entered in the batch file, on command at a time.
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WHAT ARE HIDDEN FILES?

Hidden files are those files that are not listed with DIR. Some application programs create hidden file. ATTRIB, an external Dos command, can be use to find out if there are nay hidden files in any directory. For example, ATTRIB c:\*.* displays attribute (characteristic, featurs) for all files in root directory of drive C. if Dos displays H against a file name, it indicates that file is hidden. Other file attributes are read only(R). You can also use ATTRIB to hide files or change the hidden files to normal ones. For example, ATTRIB +H C:\*.BAT makes all files with BAT extension name in root directory of drive c hidden. To convert hidden files to normal ones, use H option with ATTRIB. for instance, ATTRIB H C:\*.BAT unhide any hidden file having extension name BAT in the root directory of drive C.
DOS COMMANDS
1.
DIR
The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or parent directories. Syntax Dir [Drive:] [path] [filename] [/p] [/w] [/A:Attributes] [/O:order] [/S] [/L] [drive:][path][filename] :- Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list. /P :- Pauses after each screenful of information. /W :- Uses wide list format. /A : attributes :H|-H - Hidden (or not hidden) files. S|-S - System (or non system) files. D|-D - Directories (or files only). R|-R - Read-only (or read/write) files. A|-A - Archivable (or already archived) files. /O:order N|-N - By name (alphabetical or reverse alphabetical). E|-E - By extension ( alphabetical or reverse alphabetical). D|-D - By date and time (chronologically or reverse). S|-S - By size (increasing or decreasing). C|-C - Sorts by DoubleSpace compression ratio lowest to highest or highest to lowest. (Version 6.0 only) G|-G - Group directories (before, or after) other files. /S :- Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories. /L :- Uses lowercase. Example
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dir Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in. dir /s Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after that directory, if you are at root "C:\>" and type this command this will list to you every file and directory on the C: drive of the computer. dir /p If the directory has a lot of files and you cannot read all the files as they scroll by, you can use this command and it will display all files one page at a time. dir > myfile.txt Takes the output of dir and re-routes it to the file myfile.txt instead of outputting it to the screen. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.
MD
/ MKDIR
Allows you to create your own directories in MS-DOS. Syntax MKDIR [drive:]path MD [drive:]path Examples md test The above example creates the "test" directory in the directory you are currently in. md c:\test Create the "test" directory in the c:\ directory. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.
RD
/ RMDIR
Removes empty directories in MS-DOS. Syntax RMDIR [drive:]path RD [drive:]path Examples rmdir c:\test Remove the test directory, if empty. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.
CD
CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS. Syntax CHDIR [drive:][path] CHDIR[..] CD [drive:][path] CD[..] Examples cd\ Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive. cd..
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Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within the C:\Windows\COMMAND> directory, this would take you to C:\Windows> Windows 95, 98, and later versions have a feature in the CD command that allows you to go back more than one directory when using the dots. For example, typing: cd... with three dots after the cd would take you back two directories. cd windows If present, would take you into the Windows directory. Windows can be substituted with any other name. cd\windows If present, would first move back to the root of the drive and then go into the Windows directory. cd\windows\system32 If present, would move into the system32 directory located in the Windows directory. If at any time you need to see what directories are available in the directory you're currently in use the dir command. cd Typing cd alone will print the working directory. For example, if you're in c:\windows> and you type the cd it will print c:\windows. For those users who are familiar with Unix / Linux this could be thought of as doing the pwd (print working directory) command. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.
COPY
Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location. Syntax COPY source [destination]
Examples copy *.* a: Copy all files in the current directory to the floppy disk drive. copy autoexec.bat c:\windows Copy the autoexec.bat, usually found at root, and copy it into the windows directory; the autoexec.bat can be substituted for any file(s). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.
DEL
/ ERASE
del (Erase) is a command used to remove files from your computer's hard disk drive and or other writable media. Syntax DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P] ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P] [drive:][path]filename /P Specifies the file(s) to delete. Specify multiple files by using wildcards. Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.
Examples Erase c:\windows\*.FAK
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Delete any files that end with the FAK extension. del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are in, if the file exists. del c:\windows\test.tmp = Delete the c:\windows\test.tmp in the windows directory if it exists. del c:\windows\temp\*.* = (* is for wild character(s)) *.* indicates that you would like to delete all files in the c:\windows\temp directory. del c:\windows\temp\?est.tmp = (? is a single wild character for one letter) This command would delete any file ending with est.tmp such as pest.tmp or zest.tmp... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.
COPY CON
To create a new file Syntax copy con [filename] Example copy con test.txt a user can create a file using the copy con command as shown above, which creates the test.txt file. Once the above command has been typed in, a user could type in whatever he or she wishes. When you have completed creating the file, you can save and exit the file by pressing CTRL+Z, which would create ^Z, and then press enter. An easier way to view and edit files in MS-DOS would be to use the edit command. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.
REN AND RENAME
Used to rename files and directories from the original name to a new name. Syntax Renames a file/directory or files/directories. RENAME [drive:][path][directoryname1 | filename1] [directoryname2 | filename2] REN [drive:][path][directoryname1 | filename1] [directoryname2 | filename2] Examples rename c:\chope hope Rename the directory chope to hope. rename *.txt *.bak Rename all text files to files with .bak extension. rename * 1_* Rename all files to begin with 1_. The asterisk (*) in this example is an example of a wild character; because nothing was placed before or after the first asterisk, this means all files in the current directory will be renamed with a 1_ in front of the file. For example, if there was a file named hope.txt it would be renamed to 1_pe.txt. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.
TYPE
Allows the user to see the contents of a file. Syntax TYPE [drive:][path]filename Examples
By Shachi S. Naik

type c:\autoexec.bat This would allow you to look at the autoexec.bat ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10.
DATE
The date command can be used to look at the current date of the computer as well as change the date to an alternate date. Syntax DATE [date] Type DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date. Examples date Display the current date and prompt for a new one. If no date is entered, the current date will be kept. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11.
TIME
Allows the user to view and edit the computer's time. Syntax TIME [time] Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time. Examples time 12:00 Set the time to 12:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12.
Syntax CLS
CLS
Cls is a command that allows a user to clear the complete contents of the screen and leave only a prompt.
Examples cls Running the cls command at the command prompt would clear your screen of all previous text and only return the prompt. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.
Syntax VER
VER
Displays the version of MS-DOS (Operating System)
Examples ver Display what version of MS-DOS or Windows command prompt you're using. Below is an example of what this may look like. Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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14.
EDIT
Edit allows a user to view, create, and/or modify their computer files. Syntax edit FileName Examples edit c:\autoexec.bat This would look at the autoexec.bat. However, if the file is not found, you will have a blank blue screen. When editing this or any file, ensure that you know what you are placing in the files improperly editing the file can cause issues with your computer. Using edit you can also create files; for example, if you wanted to create a file called myfile.txt, you would type: edit myfile.txt This would bring up a blank edit screen, as long as the file is saved upon exit this will create the file myfile.txt. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15.
PRINT
This command allowed users to print a text file to a line printer, in the background. Syntax print filename Example print c:\file.txt /c /d:lpt1 Prints the file file.txt to the parallel port lpt1. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16.
FORMAT
Format is used to erase all of the information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive. Syntax format drive: Examples When using the format command, remember all information on the drive you wish to format will be completely erased. format a: Would erase all the contents off a disk. Commonly used on a diskette that has not been formatted or on a diskette you wish to erase. format a: /q Quickly erases all the contents of a floppy diskette. Commonly used to quickly erase all information on the diskette. format c: This would erase all the contents of your C: hard disk drive. In other words, unless you wish to erase all your computer's information, this command should not be done unless you're planning to start over. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17.
Syntax
UNFORMAT
Used to unformat a drive that has been formatted.
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UNFORMAT drive: Examples unformat c: Command specified to unformat drive c: if it was formatted. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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18.
MORE
More allows information to be displayed one page at a time. Syntax command-name | MORE [drive:][path][filename] [drive:][path]filename Specifies file(s) to display one screen at a time command-name Specifies a command whose output will be displayed.
Examples dir | more Allows you to view the directory listing one page at a time, if applicable. This would be the same as doing dir /p. more myfile.txt Would display the contents of a page one page at a time. Pressing space would go to the next page and pressing enter would go down one line at a time. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19.
FDISK
It is used to divide a hard disk into the number of partition. If divide your hard disk into partitions you can efficiently organize directories. Syntax FDISK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20.
FIND
Allows you to search for text within a file. It is case sensitive command. Syntax find string filename Example find "hope" *.txt Next this example searches for any text file (.txt) that contains the text hope in the current directory. Below is an example of the output you may see. As can be seen from the below example the only file that contains hope is the CH.TXT file. ---------- ACTIVE SETUP LOG.TXT ---------- CH.TXT computer hope ---------- MODEMDET.TXT
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---------- OEWABLOG.TXT ---------- SCHEDLGU.TXT ---------- SETUPLOG.TXT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21.
DEFRAG
When you work on the pc, you delete files from your hard disk and create new files. At that time dos first tries to reuse the space occupied by the deleted files so that the new file gets fragmented. It means different parts of the same files get stored in different areas of hard disk. Overall period of time when you create and delete many files, they will be fragmented s defragment your hard disk using defrag command. Syntax defrag drive: Example defrag c: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22.
ATTRIB
Attrib allows a user to change the properties of a specified file Syntax ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [[drive:][path]filename] [/S] + R Sets an attribute. Clears an attribute. Read-only file attribute.
A Archive file attribute. S System file attribute.
H Hidden file attribute. /S Processes files in all directories in the specified path.
Examples attrib Typing attrib by itself will display all files in the current directory and each of their attributes. If any file is hidden it will also display those files.
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attrib +r autoexec.bat Add the read-only attribute to the autoexec.bat file so it cannot be modified until the read only attribute is taken off. This is helpful for important system files or any other file that you do not want to have mistakenly edited or changed by another program. attrib +h config.sys Add the hidden attribute to the config.sys file causing it to be not be seen by the average user. attrib -h config.sys This command will do the opposite of the above command. Instead of hiding the file it will unhide the file if hidden. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.
LABEL
Label is used to view or change the label of the computer disk drives. Syntax Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk. LABEL [drive:][label] Examples label a: mydisk This would label the disk currently in the drive to "mydisk", but will not label if your disk is write protected. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24.
VOL
Displays the volume information about the designated drive. Syntax VOL [drive:] Examples vol c: Display the volume of drive c: as shown in the below example. Volume in drive C has no label. Volume Serial Number is 1C24-AB20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25.
Syntax
TREE
Allows the user to view a listing of files and folders in an easy to read listing.
TREE Drive:\ Path /f /a Drive:\Path /f /a Drive and directory containing disk for display of directory structure. Displays file names in each directory. ext characters used for linking lines, instead of graphic characters. /a is used with code pages that do not support graphic characters and to send output to printers that do not properly interpret graphic characters.
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Examples tree List a tree listing of the current drive. Below is a basic example of what a directory may look like. C:. Common Director Flash Shockwave 8 DswMedia Prefs Xtras update ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26.
Syntax
DELTREE
Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and directories permanently from the computer.
DELTREE [/Y] [drive:]path
Examples deltree c:\fake010 Deletes the fake010 directory and everything in it. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27.
PROMPT
Allows you to change the MS-DOS prompt to display more or less information. Syntax PROMPT [text] The prompt can be made up of normal characters and the below special codes: $Q = (equal sign) $$ $ (dollar sign)
$T Current time $D Current date $P Current drive and path
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$V Windows version number $N Current drive $G > (greater-than sign) $L & (less-than sign)
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Examples prompt $t $d $p$g Display the time and the date above your prompt when in DOS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28.
CHKDSK
Chkdsk is a utility that checks the computer's hard disk drives' status for any cross-linked or any additional errors with the hard disk drive. Syntax CHKDSK [drive:][[path]filename] [/F] [/V] [drive:][path] filename /F /V Specifies the drive and directory to check. Specifies the file(s) to check for fragmentation. Fixes errors on the disk. Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk.
Examples chkdsk Will display all information described above and also report any crossed linked files. chkdsk /f Will fix any crossed linked files; however, do not run this command while you are in Windows95 or Windows 3.x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29.
SCANDISK
Microsoft Scandisk was first introduced with MS-DOS 6.2 and is a a software utility capable of checking the hard disk drive and/or floppy diskette drive for any disk errors. Syntax scandisk drive:
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Examples scandisk c: /autofix Scandisk the main hard disk drive for any errors and if found automatically fix those errors. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30.
PATH
Path is used to specify the location where MS-DOS looks when using a command. Syntax PATH [[drive:]path[;...]] PATH ; Type PATH ; to clear all search-path settings and direct Windows to search only in the current directory. Type PATH without parameters to display the current path. Example C:\> path Result: path=c:\windows\command
31.
DISKCOPY
This is where a lot of DOS commands are stored in Window 95; if you are not able to do a dos command, type this command in, allowing all commands you type in, such as "deltree", to be loaded from this directory. However, if you have another file in another directory such as C:\DOS it will no longer look there. The diskcopy utility allows a user to copy the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette. It is not recommended that the diskcopy command be used for anything but a floppy diskette. Syntax Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another. DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/V] [/M] /1 Copies only the first side of the disk.
/V Verifies that the information is copied correctly. /M Force multi-pass copy using memory only. The two floppy disks must be the same type. You may specify the same drive for drive1 and drive2. Examples diskcopy a:
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This would make a copy of the disk that is currently in your drive. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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32.
XCOPY
Xcopy is a powerful version of the copy command with additional features; has the capability of moving files, directories, and even whole drives from one location to another. Syntax XCOPY source [destination] /P /S source Specifies the file(s) to copy. destination Specifies the location and/or name of new files. /P Prompts you before creating each destination file. /S Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones. Examples xcopy c:\temp /e The above example is the basic xcopy command to copy the files, directories, and subdirectories to the directory you're currently in. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33.
DISKCOMP
Compares the contents of a floppy disk in the source drive to the contents of a floppy disk in the target drive. Syntax DISKCOMP [drive1: [drive2:]] Examples DISKCOMP A: B: Compares the A: with B: This command cannot be used with a hard disk drive and must be only used with floppies that are the identical size. The diskcomp exit codes are: 0 - Disks are the same. 1 - Disks are different. 2 - Process aborted with CTRL + C by user. 3 - Critical error. 4 - Initialization error. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34.
COMP
A simple compare that compares two or more files. Syntax comp filename1 fielname2 Example comp file1.txt file2.txt Compares file1.txt with file2.txt.
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35.
MOVE
Allows you to move files or directories from one folder to another, or from one drive to another. Syntax move path1 path2 path1 Specify full path of source files with drive and folder path2 Specify full path of a destination folder where you want to move Examples move c:\windows\temp\*.* c:\temp Move the files of c:\windows\temp to the temp directory in root, this is of course assuming you have the windows\temp directory.
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Control Panel:
The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. The Control Panel allows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls via applets, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, and changing accessibility options. Additional applets can be provided by third party software. In recent versions of Windows, the Control Panel has two views, and it is possible to switch between these through an option that appears on the left side of the window. Classic View Category View
The classic view consists of shortcuts to the various control panel applets, usually without any description (other than the name). The categories are seen if the user use "Details" view. The category view consists of categories, which when clicked on display the control panel applets related to the category. In Windows Vista, the category displays links to the most commonly used applets below the name of the category.
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By Shachi S. Naik

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105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.

1.1 Concept of window, icon, menu Icon:

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

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Pull Down menu

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Title bar Menu

Window 2 (recycle bin)

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An example of a web browser toolbar, the Google toolbar, in Firefox

A standard Windows Vista taskbar with two tasks running.

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My Computer Internet Explorer

My network places Recycle bin

1.3 creating folders and shortcuts

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1.4 Finding Files and Folders

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1.5 Creating copying, moving and Deleting Files

Fig 2. The Edit Menu

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105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I)

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Rename file and folders

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105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I) Rename Using a Right Click

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Creating a Shortcut to a Program or File

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105 Pc Software- 1 (F.Y.B.C.A sem-I) The right-click New function

Dialog box for Browse function

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INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DOS COMMANDS

FILE ALLOCATION TABLE (FAT)

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