MOLE CONCEPT 1.

Mole
The mole is a chemists measure of the amount of substance. It is defined according to the number of particles that the substance contains. In particular, we use the definition : A mole is the number equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure 12C isotope. In 12 gram of 12C isotope, there are 6.022 x 1023 atoms. This number is called Avogadro constant. The unit of the constant is mol-1 .
2.

Molar mass of an element

A dozen is the same number, whether we have a dozen oranges or a dozen apples. However, they have different weight. In the same way, a mole of 12C and a mole of 16O contain the same number of atoms, but they have different masses. 1 mole 1 mole C = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g 16 O = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 16.00 g
12

Molar mass of an element is equal to the relative atomic mass, which can be found in the periodic table. The only difference between molar mass and relative atomic mass is that, molar mass has a unit gram ; relative atomic mass does not have any. However, most elements are composed of mixtures of two or more isotopes. Isotopes of the same element will have different masses. For example, in 1 mole of carbon, most of the atoms are carbon-12 , but some are carbon-13. The molar mass of carbon should be calculated according to the abundance of each isotopes. Example 1 Isotope Chlorine-35

Natural abundance/ % 75

MOLE CONCEPT
Chlorine-37 25 Calculate the molar mass of 1 mole chlorine atoms.

3. Molar mass of a chemical compounds

A chemical compound is a collection of atoms. For example, methane (majot component of natural gas) consists of molecules that each contain one carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4). One mole of methane consists of one mole of carbon atoms and 4 mole of hydrogen atoms. Mass of 1 mole of C atoms = 12.001g Mass of 4 mole of H atoms = 4 x 1.008 g Mass of 1 mole of CH4 molecules = 16.043g 16.043g is the molar mass of methane molecule. However, traditionally, the term molecular mass has been used to describe the mass of one mole of a molecule. Thus the terms molar mass and molecular mass mean exactly the same thing: the mass in grams of one mole of a compound. Usually, molecular mass is used in the case of covalent compound. However, in ionic compound, there is no molecule exist. For example, in NaCl, it exists as a giant ionic crystal, but not NaCl molecule. Thus another term, formula mass, is used. But for convenience, some textbook may still use molecular mass. Example 2 Calculate the formula mass/ molecular mass of (i) NaCl (ii) H2SO4 (iii) H3PO4 (iv) [Cu(OH)4]2-

4. Interconverting moles and mass in gram

If you have a mass m of a substance which has a molar mass of

MOLE CONCEPT
M, then the amount of substance, as expressed in the number of moles n , is given by n= number of moles =

If the unit of mass is gram, ant the unit of molar mass is gram, then numerically M is the relative atomic or molecular mass of that substance. It is important to specify precisely what elementary entities we mean in discussing the number of moles of different substances. For example 1 mole of hydrogen atom weighs 1 g, and contains 6.02 x 10 atoms
23

1 mole of hydrogen molecule weighs 2 g, and contains 6.02 x 10 23 H2 molecules but 2 x 6.02 x 10 23 H atoms 1 mole of H + ions weighs 1 g, and contains 6.02 x 10
23

H + ions

Thus the statement 1 mole of Hydrogen is ambiguous.

Example 3 What is the mass of 4.86 mol CO32- ions? Example 4 What is the number of mole of molecules present in 8.8 g glucose? In an experiment, 0.95 mol of glucose molecules are needed. Is 8.8 g sufficient? If not , calculate the mass of extra glucose needed.
[02/23] Which of the following gases contains the greatest number of molecules at room temperature and pressure ? (Relative atomic masses : H = 1.0, N = 14.0, 0 = 16.0, Cl = 35.5)

MOLE CONCEPT
A. 2.0 g of hydrogen C. 18.0 g of ammonia B. 16.0 g of oxygen D. 60.0 go of chlorine

[06/18] Element X forms two XO and XO2. If 1 mole of XO contains n atoms, 2 moles of XO2 would contain A. 3/2 n atoms B. 2n atoms C. 3n atoms D. 6n atoms

How about the number of mole of molecules of 2 mole XO2 ?