Control Systems Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

Number and Name of The Experiment Lab Section ID and Name of The Student Lab Partner E-Mail of The Student Date of The Experiment Deadline of The Submission of Report

: #1 Input Transducers :3 : 2006101603 hsan lter ZGR : Fuat KAYAPINAR : ilter_ozgur@hotmail.com : 01.11.2010 : 15.11.2010

Grading General Data Discussion Answers Sub-Total Delay Total /20 /30 /20 /30 /100 /100

1. LAB MATERIAL The Digiac 1750 Training Set  The Temperature Transducer  Heater  Thermocouple Temperature Transducer  Instrumental Amplifier  x100 Amplifier  Amplifier #1  The Photoconductive Cell  Lamp Filament  Power Amplifier  Carbon Slider Control  Strain Gauge Transducer  LVDT  40Hz Oscillator  AC Amplifier  40 Hz Filter  Full Wave Rectifier A digital Voltmeter

2-THEORY AND METHOD The aim of this experiment was getting familiar with input transducers. These devices can measure the magnitude of system variables and also they can convert this quantity into other signals.

2.1. TRANSDUCERS FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT APLICATIONS 2.1.1. THE I.C. TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER The IC temperature transducer is an integrated circuit containing 16 transistors, 9 resistors and 2 capacitors. LM335 provides an output voltage of 10 mV/OK. For example, at a temperature of 293 oK, the output voltage will be 2,93 V.

Figure 1: I.C. temperature transducer

2.1.1. THE TYPE K THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER Two different materials connected with one end the materials are aluminum and chrome. When the hot junction point is heated, there will be voltage difference between cold junctions. The magnitude of the output voltage depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions and on the materials used. For the type K thermocouple the output voltage is fairly linear over the temperature range 0-100 OC and of magnitude 40.28 V / OC difference between the hot and cold junctions.

Figure 2: The type K thermocouple temperature transducers

2.2. TRANSDUCERS FOR LIGHT MEASUREMENT APLICATIONS 2.2.1. THE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL

Figure 3: Photoconductive Cell

Basic construction of a photoconductive cell, consisting of a semiconductor disc base with a gold overlay pattern making contact with the semiconductor material. The resistance of the semiconductor material between the gold contacts varies when light falls on it. With no light on the material, the resistance is high. Light falling on the material produces hole-electron pairs and reduces the resistance.

2.3. TRANSDUCERS FOR FORCE MEASUREMENT APLICATIONS 2.3.1. THE STRAIN GAUGE TRANSDUCER The construction of a strain gauge, consisting basically of a grid of fine wire or semiconductor material bonded to a backing material. When in use, the unit is glued to the member under test and is arranged so that the variation in length under loaded conditions is along the gauge sensitive axis. Increase in loading then increases the length of the gauge wire and hence increases its resistance. The gauge is normally connected in a Wheatstone bridge arrangement with the bridge balanced under no load conditions. Any change of resistance due to loading unbalances the bridge and this is indicated by the detector (Galvanometer). In a four-element Wheatstone bridge, usually two gages are wired in compression and two in tension. For example, if R1 and R3 are in tension (positive) and R2 and R4 are in compression (negative), then the output will be proportional to the sum of all the strains measured separately. For gages located on adjacent legs, the bridge becomes unbalanced in proportion to the difference in strain. For gages on opposite legs, the bridge balances in proportion to the sum of the strains. Whether bending strain, axial strain, shear strain, or torsional strain is being measured, the strain gage arrangement will determine the relationship between the output and the type of strain being measured. If a positive tensile strain occurs on gages R2 and R3, and a negative strain is experienced by gages R1 and R4, the total output, VOUT, would be four times the resistance of a single gage.

2.4. TRANSDUCERS FOR LINEAR POSITION MEASUREMENT APLICATIONS 2.2.1. THE LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT) The construction and circuit arrangement of an LVDT are consisting of three coils mounted on a common former and having a magnetic core that is movable within the coils. The center coil is the primary and is supplied from an A.C. supply and the coils on either side are secondary coils Secondary coils have equal number of turns and are connected in series opposing so that the output voltage is the difference between the voltages induced in the coils. With the core in its central position there will be equal voltages induced in secondary coils by normal transformer action and the output voltage will be zero. If we say that left coil is A, and right coil is B, with the core moved to the left the voltage induced in coil A (Va) will be greater than that induced in coil B (Vb). there will therefore be an output voltage Vout= (VaVb) and this voltage will be in phase with the input voltage as shown. With the core moved to the right the voltage induced in coil A (Va) will be less than that induced in coil B (Vb) and again there will therefore be an output voltage Vout = (Va-Vb) but in this case this voltage will be 180O out of phase with the input voltage as shown. Movement of the core from its central (or neutral) position therefore produces an output voltage, this voltage increasing with the movement from the neutral position to a maximum value and then falling for further movement from this maximum setting. A measurement of the output therefore gives an indication of movement from the neutral position but will not indicate the direction of this movement.

3.EXPERIMENTAL DATA
In part 1.1.1. we connected the circuit as you can see in the figure 7.

Figure 7: Connection for the I.C. temperature transducer

We recorded the values of output voltage and find related temperature values in Kelvin and Celcius. Time(Mins) Voltage (V) Temperature 0 2.99 299 26 1 3.03 303 30 2 3.10 310 37 3 3.17 317 44
Table 1

K C

4 3.22 322 49

5 3.26 326 53

6 3.30 330 57

7 3.32 332 59

8 3.34 334 61

9 3.35 335 62

In part 1.1.2. we made the connections in figure 8 . Amplifier # 1 coarse and fine gains was 10 and 0.25 , respectively. Then we measure the voltages and recorded the data in Table 2.

Figure 8

Time (Min) Temp Hot junc o K Cold junc Difference

Thermocouple output (mV)

0 3.02 3.02 0 0

1 3.06 3.02 0.04 19

2 3.13 3.02 0.11 78

3 3.19 3.03 0.16 118 Table 2

4 3.24 3.03 0.21 159

5 3.28 3.04 0.24 178

6 3.31 3.05 0.26 197

7 3.34 3.06 0.28 208

8 3.35 3.07 0.28 214

9 3.37 3.08 0.29 219

In part 1.2. we made the connections as in figure 9. Then we set wire wound resistor to 0, and cover the phovoltaic cell and measure the output voltage , then we exposure it to light and again get measurements. Then, we started to increase resistor and get measurements. The results recorded in table 3.

Figure 9

Lamp Filament 0 0 1 Vol. (Dark) (Ambient) Photoconductive 3.96 2.75 2.71 Cell output vol. (V)

2 2.69

3 2.63

6 1.61

7 1.26

8 0.97

9 0.77

2.42 2.05

Table 3

In part 1.3 we connected the circuit and firs we adjusted output offset voltage to 0. Then we placed a coin on strain gauge platform and measure output voltages. We repeated this step six times. The measured data can be seen in Table 4.

#of coins Output Voltage

0 0

1 0.59

2 1.22
Table 4

3 1.80

4 2.40

5 3.00

6 3.58

In part 1.4 we made necessary connections, then we adjust core position to zero voltage. Then we measured the output voltage for different core positions. The recorded data can be seen in Table 5.

Core Position Output Digital V. Voltage M.C. Meter

-4 0.59 8.9

-3 0.51 7.9

-2 0.37 6.1

-1 0.20 3.5

0 0.01 0.8

1 0.19 3.3

2 0.35 5.7

3 0.47 7.3

4 0.54 8.2

Table 5

4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 1.1.The IC Temperature Transducer In this experiment, we start the heater and it affects IC temperature transducer. We measured the Vout at time zero and each minute until ten minutes. The transducer increases the output voltage 10 mV for 1 Kelvin. At the start point, I measured 2,933 V means 293 OK (20 OC) and it is true. Also, other values can be acceptable. 1.2.The Type K Thermocouple Temperature Transducer In this experiment, we used Type K thermocouple temperature transducer. We should look at the thermocouple output. According to difference, Vout is increasing. 1.3.The Photoconductive Cell In this setup, when the lights magnitude increased, the resistance became lower and Vout increased. We increased the lamp filament voltage 0 9 and measure the output voltage of photoconductive cell. As expected, the value of the output voltage decreases. 1.4.The Strain Gauge Transducer In this setup we used strain gauge transducer, it gave us a Vout according to pressure. In this experiment, we use 6X1TL to observe its application. As expected, Vout increased linearly by increasing the pressure of coins. 1.5.LVDT In this experiment, LVDT gave us a Vout according to position of core. We turned it clockwise and counterclockwise. As expected, when we turned the stick, we observed the output voltage was increased. The values are approximately same.

5.ANSWERS OF THE QUESTIONS 5.1.The IC Temperature Transducer 5.1.1.Solution

Temperature in Celcius
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time versus Temperature

5.1.2.Solution

Voltage
3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.10 3.05 3.00 2.95 0 2 4 6 8 10 Voltage

5.1.3. Output voltage will be decreasing. Until 25 degree (room temp.) it will be decreased and remain same for 5 minutes. 5.1.4. Calculations are at the Table 1. For 0 OC Vout=2,73 V. For 50 OC Vout= 3,23 V. For -20 OC, Vout= 2,53 V. 5.1.5.Direct calibration in degrees and a linear scale factor. 5.1.6.Vout / 0.01 = Temperature (oK) Vout / 0.01 -273 = Temperature(oC) 5.2. The Type K Thermocouple Temperature Transducer 5.2.1. Hot junction

Hot junction
3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 Hot junction 3.15 3.10 3.05 3.00 0 2 4 6 8 10

Cold junction

Hot junction
3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.10 3.05 3.00 0 2 4 6 8 10 Hot junction

5.2.2.

Thermocouple (mV)
250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 0 2 4 6 8 10 Thermocouple (mV)

Time versus Vout 5.2.3. 50X40uV = 2mV (70-20)X40uV = 2mV 0 X 40uV = 0mV 60+20) X 40uV = 3.2 mV (but the range is btw 0-100 degree. I dont know how act the thermocouple when it is out of this range) 5.2.4. 1 V for 100 oC 0.01V for 1 oC 40u for with no gain 0.01/0.00004 = 250 5.2.5. Seebeck effect is the voltage that is generated that tends to cause a flow current to flow in the loop formed by two wires when the two junctions are at different temperatures. With this effect, a current is occured and causes a voltage difference. 5.3. The Photoconductive Cell 5.3.1. Lamp filament V vs output V

3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0 2

Output Voltage

Output Voltage

10

5.3.2. The illumination is proportional to the power of the lamp. Low Illu. = 6000 High illu. = 200 Half illu = 1/((1/200+1/6000)/2) = 31000/12 5.3.3. The main disadvantage of the photoconductive transducer is that it requires a source of potential to drive the current. 5.3.4. When illumination is high, resistance becomes low and Vout will be increasing. If illumination is low, the opposite situation occurs. No.We used the carbon resistance as a voltage divider and if we dont use it we can not see the changes of the resistance of photoconductive. 5.4. The Strain Gauge Transducer 5.4.1. Number of coins vs Vout

outpu voltage
4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 outpu voltage

There is linear relation between force and output voltage of strain gauge transducer. 5.4.3. Dummy gauges are using for forming a wheatstone bridge and compensating. 5.4.4. G= (resistance change/resistance)/(coins mass change/coins mass)

5.5.

LVDT 5.5.1

MC meter output V
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 MC meter output V

The plot is nearly symmetric with respect to neutral position. 5.5.1. The output voltage and its phase according to input voltage give us the solution about cores direction. 5.5.2. In central position, Vout= 0, if one secondary is 500 mV, the other = 500 mV. 5.5.3. 400 mV (180 degree with input voltage).