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Motivation

Everybody is motivated => Contrary to what people think, everyone is motivated but we are not all motivated by the same things, one can be motivated by food but not with a beautifully written poem, motivation can depend on the event, the time, the place, people when we say a person is not motivated, what we are saying is they are not doing what we want, how we want, or when we want. Meaning of motivation => Can be defined as an internal state or condition, sometimes described a need, desire, or want that serves to activate or energize behaviour and give it direction. Nature of motivation => When we talk about motivation, it may not be easy to explain or understand. Conscious motivation => Are motivations that are wilful and we are aware of thus. Unconscious motivation => Are motivations that are not aware of.

Theories of motivation
1. Instrict theory => the assumption of the theory is that there is an innate biological force causing an organism to act in a certain way. 2. Homeostatic theory => the assumption of the homeostatic theory are that organisms attempt to maintain homeostatic, the balance of physiological state or equilibrium by constantly adjusting themselves to the demands of the environment. 3. Arousal theory => states that rather than all organisms being motivated to seek to reduce arousal, they seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal and this optimal level varies from organism to organism. 4. Incentive theory => according this theory, people and animals are likely to be activated because they have the tendency to be pulled toward a specific goal. 5. Maslows Hierarchy of needs => of the most popular theories in motivation is Abraham Maslows sequential theory and development. Maslows made a hypothesis that our needs are prioritized from physiological, to biological, to social, and up to the spiral. 6. Freudian concepts of motivation => according to the theory of Sigmund Freud, sexual or libidinal and aggressive wishes are the primary motivating forces in human life. 7. Needs theory => one of the most influential theories based on the content of motives is the needs theory. 8. Expectancy theory => Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivation explained why individuals choose to follow certain courses of action organizations, particularly in decision-making and leadership. 9. Goal theory => could be explained through the identification of the following dichotomies. 10.Adams equity theory => John Stacy Adams theory pertains to the perceptions of people about how they are being treated as compared with others.

2 types of factors that influence motivation


Intrinsic extrinsic

Emotions Emotions => is a distinct feeling or quality of consciousness, such as joy or sadness, which reflects the personal significance of an emotion-arousing event. Elements of emotion the body the mind the culture primary emotions => there are universal and biological bases to be considered in emotion. Secondary emotions => there are developed with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures. Mixed emotions Awe mixture of fear and surprise Disappointment mixture of surprise and sadness Jealousy could be a mixture of love, anger and fear Love mixture of joy and acceptance Areas of emotions 1. Facial expressions => for primary emotions are universal expression of human emotions. 2. Brain regions and circuits => the amygdala is responsible for assessing any eminent threat. 3. The automatic nervous system Theories of emotion James-Lange theory (1884-1885) => the theory argued that emotional feelings follow bodily arousal. Cannon-Bard theory (1927) => the theory purposed that emotional feelings and bodily arousal are both organized by the brain. Schachters cognitive theory of emotion (1971) => Stanly Schacher realized that cognitive (mental) factors also enter emotions. The Evolutionary perspective => Started in the late 19th century with Charles Darwins publication of a book on the expression of emotions in man and animals. How to control emotions Change of cause emotions => fix thoughts, fix the emotions. Realized that thoughts is not the same as logic Recognize that you love right to have whatever feelings. Increase your awareness of and look out for moments when you feel an irrational thought or attitude coming on. Aspects of emotion

Physiological changes => change the body are a major elements of fear, anger, joy, and other emotions. Emotional expressions => pleasant or unpleasant feelings can be communicated through gestures. Emotional feelings => the experiences that a person may gather will reflect on his responses when he or she is placed on situations. Personality Meaning and nature of personality The word personality was derived from the Latin word persona which means mask. People wear masks in the sense that the behaviour that is manifested may differ on the situations that they are in to and people would have to fit in to those situations. Factors that determine and influence personality Genetics and heredity factors Environment factors Cultural influences Traits and states Traits => are enduring dimensions of personality characteristics along which people differ, thus it distinguishes the qualities of a person. States => is considered as a temporary alteration of ones personality, thats assumes that people differ on variables or dimensions that are continuous. Filipino traits Smooth interpersonal relations => the facility of getting along well with others without any conflicts. Pakikisama Use of euphemistic language Use of go-between Hiya => defined as the painful emotion arising from a relationship with an authority figure or a society that inhibits self-assertion. Ningas Kugon => this refers to the personality of Filipinos of starting something but eventually would quit in the middle of things. Utang na loob => debt of Gratitude. Reciprocity. This is one of the important values in the Filipino system. Bahala na => an expression that from the Filipino word Bathala which means God.

Pseudo-Scientific methods of assessing personality Physiognomy Phrenology Graphology Theories of personality Trait theories Type theories Psychoanalytic theories Neo-Freudian concepts Behaviourist theories Cognitive theories Psychosocial theory Humanistic theories Biopsychological theories

Personality disorders Antisocial personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizoidpal personality disorder Scientific methods of assessing personality Objective test Behavioural method Interview Life history Projective methods

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