TRANSIENT PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE USING WAVELET TRANSFORM

M Solanki'", Y H Song('), S Potts(2),A Perks") '"Brunel University, UK Alstom Protection and Control, UK

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Abstract: This paper presents a new approach to developing protection techniques for EHV overhead transmission lines. When a fault occurs, the fault current and voltage waveforms contain significant high frequency transient signals. The presented method is based on the detection of fault generated transient signals using wavelet analysis. The simulation study is carried out, using ATPEMTP and wavelet analysis, which indicates that the proposed approach has the potential of developing high speed protection relays with accurate fault detection and classification. Introduction
The main function of digital relays in power system is to reduce the consequences of faults by fault detection, localization and clearance of faults. The main power signal analysis tools, which are currently used in the digital relay, have proven very useful and efficient in power system steady state analysis. Among these are (1) Kalman filtering based algorithms, (2) Fourier analysis based algorithms, (3) Least squares methods based algorithms and (4) FIR filtering based protection. However in, presence of non-stationary signals, the performance of these techniques is limited. A more recent solution to the problem is the wavelet transform. F Jiang et a1 ( 1 ) states that the wavelet analysis has the capability of providing accurate transient information in both time and frequency domain. The current and voltage signals obtained from a transmission line when a fault occurs have long duration low frequency components and short duration high frequency components. Wavelet transforms appear to offer the right characteristics to analyze the information contained in these signals for the purpose of line protection. Wavelet transform has a special feature of variable time-frequency localization, which is very different from windowed .Fourier pansform. This feature can be explored as an alternative to the methods mentioned above. This paper presents a technique to detect and classify faults on EHV overhead transmission line. The wavelet transform is applied to decompose the current signals into a series of detailed wavelet components, each of which is a time-domain signal that covers a specific frequency band. Thus the time and frequency domain features of the transient signals are extracted. The spectral energies of

Source1 B u A

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190 km Figure 1: system configuration

the wavelet components are calculated and then employed to detect and classify the faults.

Simulation of Faulted Transmission System

An extensive series of simulation studies have been carried out to obtain various fault signals for subsequent analysis. I A typical 400 kV power transmission line system is shown in figure 1. The simulation of this system, was carried out using ATP-EMTP software and it included study of system for different fault types, fault positions and different fault inception angles.

Wavelet Transform
The wavelet transform is a recently developed mathematical tool for signal analysis. It has become a very important tool for research in the field of mathematics, physics and engineering. It transforms a time domain signal to time-scale domain. This process of transformation is called signal decomposition because a signal is decomposed into several other signals with different level of resolution. From these decomposed signals, it is possible to recover the original time domain signal perfectly. This reverse process is known as signal reconstruction. Given a signal or a function x(t), its Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is defined as follows:

1 " t-b C W x ( a , b )= J=&p)r(-)dt U

(1)

Where a and b are the scaling (dilation) and translation (time shift) parameters respectively and y/ is the mother wavelet function. Goswami J C & Chan A K (2) states

Developments in Power System Protection, Conference Publication No.479 0 IEE 2001 .

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that the choice of the mother wavelet function is flexible provided that it satisfies the admissibility conditions. There are many mother wavelet functions available and they have different properties. The selection of mother wavelet depends on the given application. wavelet transform has a digitally implementable counter part, the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The DWT of x (k) is defined as:

reconstruction is also performed using the filter bank approach similar to the decomposition but in reverse order. Figure 3 shows the reconstruction of c o [ n ] . Mathematically it can be written as:
k

d, [n]The

S
c1[nl dSn1 Figure 2 Wavelet decomposition of a signal

d , [n]Where the asterisk denotes a complex conjugate, the parameters a and b in Eq.( 1) are replaced by digitised
parameters a: and k a r , also k and m are scale and time-shift parameters. The above transformation is performed by dilating the mother wavelet by a factor of two and hence it is also known as dyadic transformation. Misti M et al ( 3 ) states that the implementation of the discrete wavelet transform using a filter bank is computationally very efficient. Refer. to figure 2. First, is the original discrete signal co[n] decomposed into two components, c, [n] and d ,[n] by a low-pass filter h[n] and a high-pass filter g [ n ] , respectively. In fact, these two filters connect the so-called 'quadrature mirror filters (QMF) which is familiar to engineers. So the fast transform (or multiresolution analysis) is an orthonormal decomposition of the signal. c, [n], called the approximation of the signal, contains the lower frequency components of the signal c o [ n ]while d , [ n ], called the , detail of the signal, contains the high frequency of the c o [ n ] . Next, the approximation cl[n] is again decomposed into a new approximation c2[n]and a detail

c, E 1 n

dl [nl

CO [nl

Figure 3 Wavelet reconstruction of a signal

Wavelet Analysis of Fault Current Signal

When a ground fault occurs, the measured current waveforms contain significant transient components. Figure 4 shows a simulated a-g fault current waveform. The a-g fault occurs at time 0.025 seconds. For the discrete wavelet analysis of the signal there are many wavelets available with different properties. More information can be found in Misti M et al (3).

d , [ n ] in at larger scale. Then c 2 [ n ]can be decomposed to third scale, and this process can be repeated many times. Mathematically cl[n] and d , [ n ] are defined as follows:

(4)
The implementation of signal reconstruction is fairly straightforward. Strang G and Nguyen T (4) states that the original signal c,[n] can be reconstructed perfectly by using the approximations and details of it. Signal

For the protection relaying purposes the wavelet should have properties like availability of discrete transform, compact support, FIR filter implementation, fast algorithm and orthogonal or biorthogonal analysis. For real time relaying purposes the speed of algorithm and easy computation are very important. Since the wavelets, Mexican hat, Morlet and Meyer do not have discrete transform and fast algorithm implementation, so they were not considered. The wavelets designed by Daubechies have the properties required so they were investigated

300

using Matlab s wavelet toolbox. be found in Daubechies (5). Current (A)

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More information can

asymmetric and Symmetry is a very desirable property in signal processing applications because it leads to linear phase response. The current signal was analyzed using the three level discrete wavelet transform, which was implemented in Matlab with the Sym2 wavelet and the results are shown in figures 5 , 6 , 7 and 8. Coeff value

Time(s) Figure 4 The a-g fault current waveform

0.04 0.05 Time(s) Figure 5 Detail 1 ( d, [ n ]) for fault current signal Coeff value -2OOL 0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Wavelet Db 1 Db2 Db3 Db4 Db5 Db6 Db7 Db8 Db9 DblO

flops 7387 13561 20293 28339 36277 46123 5595 1 67669 784 15 92014

Wavelet Biorl. 1 Biorl.3 Biorl.5 Bior2.2 B ior2.4 Bior2.6 Bior2.8 Bior3. 1 Bior3.3 Bior3.5

flops 8035 20833 36133 21 103 36547 55105 76336 14479 29059 46069

0.04 0.05 Time(s) Figure 6 Detail 2 ( d, [n]) for a-g fault current signal

-200

0.01

0.02

0.03

Coeff value
4000

Coif5 Haar sym2 sym3 sym4

167011 7225 13561 20293 28339

Bior6.8 sym5 Sym6 sm y 7 Sym8

78442 36277 46123 5595 1 67669

-2000
-4000

0.04 0.05 Time(s) ) Figure 7 Detail 3 ( d , [n] for a-g fault current signal

1I

0.01

0.02

0.03

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Coeff value
1;O

Data Sampling

Calculation of wavelet coeffs

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0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04 0.05 Time(s)

Fault classification Figure 9 Flow-chart for wavelet algorithm EHV transmission line. After detailed analysis of the properties of different mother wavelets, in particular their computation speed and symmetry, mother wavelet Sym2 tumed out to be the best candidate for the given application. The details and approximations up to three levels obtained from the wavelet decomposition of the current signals are used to detect and classify the faults. Numerical studies clearly show promising prospects for the application of wavelet analysis in power system protection. Work is on-going for fkrther developing the approach into protection algorithms.

Figure 8 Approximation3 ( C, [n] for a-g fault current ) From figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 it can be seen that the fault generates big spikes in the coefficient values (Coeff value), which can be used to detect and classify the faults. The coefficient values before the fault occurs are near zero but after the fault occurs the coefficient values jump to a value. The actual value is dependent on the fault condition. The coefficient values represent the spectral energy of the signal. Abur A and Magnago (6) states that the energy of switching transients is negligible compared to the energy of the signals produced by a fault. From the extensive analysis of many different signals, it was found that the coefficient values for the fault signals were much higher for the fault signals than the other transient signals without fault. Also the coefficient values for the faulty phase is much higher than the other phases without fault. From these results a threshold can be set to detect the faults and the details and approximations can be compared to identify the ground faults. The proposed algorithm for detecting and classifying the ground fault is shown in Figure 9. The fault signal from current transformers are sampled ,first, then three level discrete wavelet is carried out, which generates details and approximation of the signal at three different levels. Then Coefficient values are compared with threshold values. If they exceed the threshold, the trip signal is sent. The fault classification can be carried out by comparing the details and approximation coefficients of signals of all three phases.

Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Alstom Protection and Control & EPSRC (UK) for financial support.
References:

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Conclusions
6. A wavelet based approach is presented in this paper, which can be used for detecting and classifying faults on

F Jiang, Bo Z Q, Weller G, Redfem M A and Chen Z, 2000, Application of Wavelet in transient protection - review UPEC 2000 CD-ROM Goswami J C., and Chan A K., 1999, Fundamentals of wavelets, John Wiley & Sons Inc. Misti M, Misti Y, Oppenheim G and Poggi J M 1996 Wavelet toolbox user guide, The Mathworks Inc. Strang G and Nguyen T., 1997 Wavelets and Filter Banks, Wellesly-Cambridge Press. Daubechies I, 1992 Ten Lectures on Wavelets, Siam, Philadelphia PA Abur A and Magnago F H., 2000, Use of time delays between modal components in wavelet based fault locationElectrica1 Power & Energy Systems, 397403

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