QURANIC PERSPECTIVE OF MANAGEMENT

Chapter # 1 INTRODUCTION
Management is one of the broadest fields of study around the globe. The applicability of management is widespread in all areas of life & study regardless of discipline. It is practiced from self management skills to the management of multinational organizations. The success & failure of everything depends upon the fact that how efficiently its managed, weather these are operations, processes, resources or civilizations & systems. The success stories around us prove this; the world leading businesses manages their resources in the best way. Thats the reason they are on the top position. Management is the phenomena that everybody is associated with weather anyone belongs to marketing, management, history, psychology, architecture, and engineering or even with medicine we are in the process of managing ourselves & our lives from birth till death. Such a immense & diverse field of life is defined by many well known authors of management as Getting Things Done Through Others. It is the set of activities directed at organizational resources with the aim of achieving organizational goal in an effective & efficient manner.1 (Grifin, 2006,) Islam is the monotheist religion of the world articulated by the holy book QURAN. Islam is basically based on the teachings from QURAN & practices of Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H. the adherent of Islam is called Muslim, to the general definition it is called as Code of Conduct. Islam was properly revealed 1400 years back, although it is as old as man. It started its teaching from the birth of the human when ADAM & HAWA was created. It shows us the direction of leading our lives & gain most of it. It demonstrate us the art of leading successful & satisfied life. Both the fields of the study have extensive application area & both inculcate in themselves everything that is present in universe. Islam offers the best approach in eradicating the ills of society, this is the time to merge two big ideologies together that are Islamic concepts with western management practices,

which will give birth to the Islamic framework of management called as management by Islam. This will surely increase the efficiency in organizations & management processes. 2 (Ansari.A, 2008) This research study in general will find out the similarities between management & Islam & specifically relate Quranic lessons & teachings with Management philosophies & principles.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY:
Islam is an Arabic word that means total submission to divine & supreme, another meaning of the word is peace which means that peace can only be achieved through total submission to ALLAH. Islam created unique management paradigm that created graciousness, prosperity, diversity & happiness 1000s years back 3(Abbasi.A, Rehman, Amna, 2010). It is the oldest religion of the world. It is traced back from the birth of a life. its initial teachings was in the shape of Torat, Zaboor, Injeel.but many of its lessons were changed & despoiled now, than ALLAH send the teachings of Islam in the shape of QURAN. Which is un changed & will be remaining un changed according to the promise of Allah. Islam was revealed to humanity by 124000 prophets & this process finally ends on the Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H. human mind always question the existence of one supreme power who is behind every action taken in this world, Some queries that always mystified humans are laws of nature, existence of universe, phenomena of life4(Ahmaad.Rafi, 2007) sometimes we name is as luck, destiny, fate, or the presence of one who is actually behind everything happening in the universe, movement of sun, moon, stars, planets, our galaxy, birth & death of living beings, growth of trees, phase of making child, either we think of a function of single cell of human body or the movement of earth along its orbit. It gives the evidence of one supreme power. The inventions that are revealed to us now by the advancement of science & technology was already been discussed thousands of years back by Islam. Weather its medical, engineering, architecture or management. Even laws related to humanity, inheritance, environment & conduct. Islam has already discussed everything thousands of years back. We only have to explore the things. As QURAN says In the Alteration of Day & Night There Are Signs for Those Who Possess Wisdom. 2

Theories are perspective with which people make sense of their world. It is a systematic grouping of independent concepts & principles that tie together significant area of knowledge. The development of management theories entail concepts, principles & techniques 5(Olum.y,) The variety of approaches to understand the nature of management is been developed through times & combinable presented in the name as the management theory jungle.6(Koontz,1961) Modern Management thinking was began to evolve in early nineteens & continued during twenties, a great revolution came during twentieth century ranging from classical theories to modern Japanese management approach management early theories were first developed by pre classicist Robert Owen & Charles Bobbage .than in 20th century classical school of thought was developed to improve management effectiveness& efficiency in the organization & within classical school bureaucratic administrative & scientific theories emerged. But scientific theories gain much acceptance & fame, Fedrick Taylor, Gilberth,Frank & Lilian were strong advocates of scientific management. After this Henry Fayol gives his well-known 14 principles of management than various behavioral & contemporary theories were also evolved later by Elton mayo, Douglas McGroger & other recent theorists..7(Hartman.W.S) The operational approach describes collectively the knowledge of management & the functions of manager. It laid together for the field of management the concept, principles, theory & techniques that strengthen the actual practices of management. One of the approaches in management thought is contingency or situational approach which merely means that managers depend on situations for their actions.8( Koontz.H, 2001) Management is the process of designing & maintaining an environment for the purpose of efficiently accomplishing selected aims.9(Olum.y,) Today the big scholars of management Henri Fayol, Horald Koontz, Henry Mintzberg, & others give us the idea of basic principles of management. According to them management is Getting Things done through others & the same thing QURAN narrates as We Raise Some of Them above Others in Rank, So That Some May Command Work from Others. (43:32). Islam presented holistic approach which is interconnected with participatory approach, (consulted in affairs) system approach (consider organization as whole), gradualist approach, (stepping a head slowly & gradually) contingency approach, (plan for alternative events to overcome uncertainties) & consistency approach (work effectively

as a team in consistent manner)10(Abbasi.A,Rehman,Amna,2010) Quran encompasses the entire philosophy & wisdom of modern management. . Islamic perspective on management is an important area of research for modern management scholars.
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(Abbasi.A, Rehman, Amna, 2010)

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Management is the subject of study with the widest area of application & Islam is the religion of all times there are numerous articles & books have been written on science & Islam, Technology & Islam & many more. Yet this study is the result of the gap found in the literature written on the combine issues of Management & Islam. This study will focus on the similarities between management & Islam.

RESEARCH PURPOSE
The purpose behind this study is to bring back to consciousness the relation between management & Islam. & enrich both the fields with such an important knowledge. Research objectives: 1) To know the similarities between management & Quran. 2) To know the relationship between management & Islam. 3) To know the basic issues in management. 4) To know the applications of Quran in modern management. 5) To know the practicality of Islam & Quran in real life. Research Questions: 1) What are the similarities between management & Islam? 2) What are the application areas of management? 3) What are application areas of Islam? 4) What are the principles of management? 5) What are the basic school of thoughts & theories of management? 6) What are the basic teachings & philosophies of Islam? 7) What are contemporary issues discussed in management & Islam?

8) How management & Islam are related to life & entire existence?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

1) This research study will enrich the major disciplines of knowledge. 2) This study will give information to the west about the modernism of Islam & its principles. 3) This study will suggest solutions for the prevailing problems in the field of management. 4) This study will prove the practicality & importance of Islam. 5) This study will be a step to prove Islam the eternal religion of the world. 6) This study will enhance the applicability of management & Islam. 7) This study will prove the authenticity of Quran according to the modern principles of knowledge.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

The basic limitation of this study is time allowed for this research. Both the fields are wide spread & are pool of philosophies .QURAN has 114 chapters dealing with every aspect of life & work. Similarly application of management includes strategic management, financial management, inventory management, marketing management, human resources management etc so it is difficult to collect data regarding each & every aspect of both the disciplines in this much available time.

DELIMITATION:
For covering the above limitation & to reduce its result as much as possible its been decided to focus on the theories of both the disciplines & their basic approach towards life. At this level this study will focus on the theories & philosophies of management & Islam & their basic school of thoughts, in addition to their teachings and application in combination. This study will be further categorized & followed later on to have better & deep understanding of management & Islam.

SCOPE OF STUDY:
This study will add knowledge to: 1) Management. 2) Islam & Quran. 3) Psychology. 4) Logic 5) Sociology 6) Behavior sciences 7) Leadership

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:

CONCLUSION:
Management is the process of achieving goals effectively & efficiently by best utilization of available resources. This study will relate the basic principles of management & school of thoughts with Quranic teachings & philosophies.

CHAPTER SUMMARY:
Initially the study opens the topic with brief introduction of both the disciplines, than background of Islam & management was discussed in brief, than problem statement was highlighted with reverence to the research purpose, objectives & questions. Than on the basis of this whole discussion operational definition was formulated, at last chapter was ended by giving significance, scope & limitation of the study in accordance with delimitation & conclusion.

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Grifin,2006,Management,Houghton Mifflin,Co,USA Pg 5. Abrar ansari,2008,organizational development through Islamic management frameworks,Abstract space Inc,URL www.managementbyislam.com 3 Abdus Star Abbsi, Kashif Ur Rehman, Amna Bibi,(2010),African journal of business management, vol 4(9),pp18731882,URL www.acadmicjournals.org/AJBM 4 Rafi Ahmad,2007,Is there a God, annual west coast convention. 5 Yasin Olum, Modern Management Theories & Practices, Kenya school of monetary studies. 6 Horald Koontz, 1961, the management theory jungle journal of academy of management December. 7 Dr Stephen.W.Hartman, Management theory, New York Institute of Technology. 8 Horald Koontz, the management theory jungle revisited, university of California Los Angeles,(2001)Academy of Management Review,1980,vol 5,no 2,175-187 9 Dr Yasin Olum, Modern Management Theories & Practices, Kenya school of monetary studies. 10 Abdus Star Abbsi, Kashif Ur Rehman, Amna Bibi,(2010),African journal of business management, vol 4(9),pp18731882,URL www.acadmicjournals.org/AJBM 11 Abdus Star Abbsi, Kashif Ur Rehman, Amna Bibi,(2010),African journal of business management, vol 4(9),pp18731882,URL www.acadmicjournals.org/AJBM