The 4th WGIA: 14-15 Feb.

, 2007

Recent development on Japans inventories with regard to solid waste disposal Masato Yamada
National Institute for Environmental Studies, JAPAN

Total GHG Emission from Japan

1600 1400 1200 1000 M-ton as CO2 800 600 400 200 0 -200 1990 FY 2004 Waste Land-Use Change/Forestry Agriculture Solvent and Other Product use Industrial Processes Energy 37.2 1197.5 1260.3 47.9

Emission from Waste Sector is 3~4 % of Total.

GHG Emission from Waste Sector

60000 50000 47863.01 Other (N2O) Other (CO2) Waste Incinertation (N2O) Waste Incineration (CH4) Waste Incineration (CO2) Waste Water Handling (N2O) Waste Water Handling (CH4) Solid Waste Disposal Sites (CH4)

40000 Gg CO2 eq.

37182.33

30000

20000

10000 9081.13 0 1990 FY 2004 5973.93

Emission from SWDS is 12~24 % of Waste Sector.

Brief History of Waste Management in Japan

Urbanization & Edo Concentration Period of Population Drinking Water Pollution caused by Waste Out Break of Cholera Out Break of Dysentery Environmental Pollution caused by Incineration and Land Disposal Rise of Resource Price Issues on Dioxins Restriction of Landfill Capacity Improvement of Resource Recovery Assignment of Disposal Site Assignment of Waste Handler Improvement of Collection & Beginning of Incineration Development of Water Supply Collection & Treatment of Night Soil Development of Sewage System Current Law Separation at Source Exhaust Gas Treatment Semi-Aerobic Landfill Distinction of MSW and ISW Assignment of Hazardous Waste Resource Recovery by Local Government
Rise of Cost for Recycling and Destruction of Market

Before War After War

Beginning of International Trade Fall of Organic Manure Demand Economic Growth & Pollution

Oil Shock ? MassConsumption Issues on Global Environment

Advanced Incineration Technology Sound Material Cycle Society (Application of Recycling Technology)

GHG emission from landfill sites has been drastically reduced by Separation at Source , Intermediate Treatment (Incineration) and Semi-Aerobic Landfill, which were originally introduced for improvement of public health and environment.

Waste in Japan
Waste are classified into municipal waste and industrial waste, in keeping with Japanese regulations. Industrial waste contains 20 types of waste from business activities, provided for exclusively under the Waste Management Law. Household E-waste and end-of-life vehicles are separately treated and recycled by producers. Municipal waste is other waste to be treated by municipalities and is classified into municipal solid waste, such as garbage from households, and human excrement (and sludge from johkasou). Wastewater and solid waste are treated separately.
Source of Waste Household Commercial Office Waterworks, Sewage Construction Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries Mining Manufacturing industry Energy industry Hospital Waste classification Municipal solid waste Industrial solid waste Domestic wastewater Industrial wastewater Hazardous waste Household E-waste End-of-life vehicles
combustion residues, organic sludge, inorganic sludge, waste oil, waste acid, waste alkali, waste plastics, waste paper, waste wood, waste textile, animal and plant residues, waste rubber, waste metal, glass and ceramics, mining waste, demolition debris, soot and dust, livestock waste, animal carcass refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner, television

MSW Stream at a Glance

Separation at Source [ca. 50 million tonnes]

Generation
Metals, Paper & Glass

Organics & Plastic

[ca. 8 million tonnes]

ca. 80%

Combustibles

Incineration

Ash

Landfill
Residue

Incombustibles Recycables Incombustibles (Ceramics,

Plastic & Glass)

Recycling

[ca. 6.5 million tonnes]

(Packaging) Plastic

Pyrolysis (Oil or Gas) Blast Furnace Coking

MSW Stream (FY2004)

unit: ton-wet
Dirct Land Disposal Land Disposal

1,774,004
Direct Incineration Collected and Direct Carry-in Waste Mixed Combustible Incombustible Recycable Other Bulky Direct Carry-in Self Disposal Community Collection Incineration Plant

8,093,104 4,868,193 Resouce Recovery 616,651

Land Disposal Incineration Bulky Waste Treatment Plant Incineration

39,141,691

40,986,041

5,327,569 31,333,767 2,760,750 4,684,114 206,467 801,799 5,342,548 129,789 2,919,248

Other RDF Production Plant Treatment High-Rate Composting Plant Resouce Recovery Plant

1,844,350

Land Disposal of Residues

1,450,907 2,765,233 1,410,181 Land Disposal 607,912 Resouce Recovery 677,842 331,760 721,654 Resouce Recovery 2,429,240
Incineration Land Disposal Incineration Land Disposal Resouce Recovery Incineration Land Disposal Resouce Recovery Incineration

3,573,433

7,270,090

65,912

2,228 1,828 38,471 42,593 12,619 391,307 57,588 106,894

Resouce Recovery by Treatment Plants

691,992

173,520
Planned Population (Collection) Population (Self Disposal) Total Population

Land Disposal

4,153,511

127,526,297 79,674 127,605,971

Direct Resource Recovery Resouce Recovery

2,327,149

6,480,660

Composition of MSW (for combustible waste)

wet basis in around 1999 26.6 46.3 38.1 31.3 36.2 40.6

52.5 37.3 25.8 39.6 33.3 36.9

no

yes

no

no

yes

yes

Are plastics included in combustible waste?

MSW Statistics
Data is obtained by measurement of every load. Municipalities, who are responsible to disposal, measure waste, recovered materials and its treated residues at the gate of plants and disposal sites. This statistical survey is yearly. The national government request for this data to prefectures. Waste composition data is not demanded for national statistics. However, municipalities occasionally estimate this for operation of plants and planning of waste management.

Industrial Waste Stream (FY2004)

Direct Disposal 15

4%
Generation 412 Treatment 308

Disposal 15 Residue 128 Material Recovery 113

Total Disposal 30

7%

75%
Direct Material Recovery 88

Reduction 170 Total Recovery 201

Metal Wood Slag Ash Waste Acid Other

21%
D&C Waste Animal Manure Sludge 47.1 46.3

21.6 18.5

14.8 14.4

6.2

Plastic Glass&Ceramic

25

50 %

75

100

Industrial Waste Statistics

Data is obtained by the sample method. Prefectures send questionnaires to generators who are responsible to disposal. This statistical survey is usually quinquennial. Timings of survey are different for prefectures. The national government request for summery of this data to prefectures. Betweenness is interpolated using generation units of 66 industrial sectors, which denominators are economic drivers, such as shipment value, number of employees, headage, etc. More detail mass flow of industrial waste streams is complemented by additional inquiry surveys and statistics from industries.

Sub Categories for SWDS

Category Mode CH4 Anaerobic O Food (Garbage) Semiaerobic O Anaerobic O Paper Semiaerobic O Anaerobic O Wood Semiaerobic O Textile Anaerobic O Semiaerobic O (made by Natural Fiber) Nignt Soil Treatment Anaerobic O Sludge Semiaerobic O and Jokasou Food O Paper O Wood O Textile (made by Natural O Anaerobic Swage Treatment O Water Supply O Sludge Manifacture O Cattle Manure O Illegal Dumping Anaerobic O Composting Composting O Item O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O CO2 N2O

Municipal Solid Waste

Industrial Solid Waste

Other

Method for Estimation

First Order Decay (FOD) Model with Domestic Parameters (Tier. 3)

E = {( EFi , j Ai , j ) R} (1 OX )
E: CH4 Emission from managed disposal sites (kg-CH4) EFi,j: Emission factor of degradable waste, i disposed to site with structure, j without incineration (kg-CH4/t) Ai,j: Degraded waste of degradable waste, i degradable waste disposed to site with structure, j without incineration in a inventory year (t-dry) R: CH4 recovery (t) OX: Fraction of CH4 oxidation in cover soil (-)

Emission Factor
EF=[Carbon Content] x [Fraction of Gasification] x [Methane Correction Factor] x [CH4 Fraction in Landfill Gas]
Carbon Content Fraction of Gasification (DOCf): 50% MCF: anaerobic=1.0, semi-aerobic=0.5 CH4 Fraction: 50%
Item Food (Garbage) Paper Wood Textile Sawage Night Soil Treatment and Jokasou Sludge Water Supply Manifacture Cattle Manure %-dry 43.4 40.9 45.0 45.2 40.0 40.0 7.5 45.0 40.0

Carbon Content
Set by the 9 types of waste Kitchen garbage, Waste paper, Waste Woods Data sources: Result of analyses for MSW conducted by 5 cities in Japan Set by averaging all data between1990-2004 MSW data have been used for also ISW Waste natural fiber textile Data sources: Carbon content of each natural fiber products data and domestic demand of each fiber Set by averaging of carbon content in each year from 1990 to 2004 Sewage sludge Use the upper limit of default value presented in GPG2000 on ground of Japans domestic research results Human waste sludge, Livestock waste Use the sewage sludges value in consideration with properties of waste Waterworks sludge Intermediate results of measurements at several water purification plants in Japan has been used Organic sludge from manufacturing industries Use papermaking industrys value in view of data limitation Paper sludge is the main organic sludge under papermaking industry and the carbon content were calculated by the celluloses carbon content

Landfill Types in Japan

Emissions from SWDS have been calculated under two types of landfill; semi-aerobic landfill and anaerobic landfill. Semi-aerobic landfill Regarding as semi-aerobic those sites which have leachate treatment facilities and subsurface containment structures. Anaerobic landfill Disposal sites where landfilling started before the 1977 joint order, and all coastal and inland water landfills are treated as anaerobic disposal sites.

Landfill types in IPCC GL

The managed landfill in Guidelines is classified to the anaerobic landfill.
Permeable Top Cover (Methane Recovery?) Impermeable Top and Bottom Liner

High Water Table No or Incomplete Leachate Drain

Dry Tomb Minimize amount of Leachate

Traditional Sanitary Landfill

Western Landfill

Emission of polluted leachate will be extend over a long period of time.

Semi-Aerobic Landfill
(Allowing rainfall penetration)

Top Cover Soil

(Porous pipes connecting to leachate drain)

Gas Ventilation System

Exchange of Air and LFG Waste Layer

Go to Leachate Treatment Plant Leachate Drainage System Regulating Pondage Natural (passive) ventilation will be (Keep at low water level) occurred by temperature difference between waste layer and outside air. Aerobic decomposition of waste can improve quality of leachate and LFG emission.

Fraction of DOC that can decompose

Lignin: Undegradable under anaerobic condition

DOC

Flow out as leachate

Gasification
Generally the amounts of DOC lost with the leachate are low (less than 1%) and can be neglected in the calculations. (2006 IPCC Guideline)

Is this explanation realistic in Asian Countries?

Activity
Wi (T ) = Wi (T 1) e k + wi (T ) Ai (T ) = Wi (T 1) (1 e k ) k = ln(2) / H
Ai(T): Degraded waste, i in a inventory year, T Wi(T): Remained waste, i at disposal site in a inventory year, T wi(T): Disposed waste, i in a inventory year, T k: Degradation rate (1/yr) H: Half life of waste, i

wi=[Degradable waste disposed] x [Fraction of waste disposed to site with different structures] x [Fraction of dry matter in waste, i]

Activity
Degradable waste disposed
Accounting amount of disposal waste other than flowing stream with incineration
163 Land Application, etc. Treatment 1,519

1,000 tonnes
3,492 Food 3,154 163 2,991

Reduction of water content

Dehydration, etc.

Reduction of carbon content

92 10 (Ash) 175 SWDS

Incineration

Activity
Fraction of dry matter in waste
Item Food Paper Textile (Natural) Pre-Treated MSW ISW MSW ISW Swage Treatment Nignt Soil Direct Disposal 15 Treatment 30 and Jokasou Pre-Treated Water Supply original data is dry basis 16.9 Direct Disposal Cattle Manure Pre-Treated 30 77 Food Processing Manifacture Chemical 57 closed Pulp and Paper Dry matter content % 25 30 80 85 80 85 specific for each plant

Sludge

Activity
Fraction of waste disposed to site with different structures
Category MSW Structure anaerobic semi-aerobic anaerobic 1977 100 0 100 %-wet 1990 64.2 25.8 100 2004 45.3 54.6 100

Half Life Delay Time

6 month

ISW

Food: 3 years, Paper: 7 years, Textile (natural): 7 years, Wood: 36 years, Sludge: 3.6 years (default)

Activity
Activity for Emission from managed SWDS
Item Food Paper Textile (natural) Wood Swage Treatment Sludge Nignt Soil Treatment and Jokasou Water Supply Manifacure Animal Manure Total Degraded waste in a inventory year: 1,000 tonnes/year 1990 1995 2000 2004 517 511 444 335 1246 1175 995 840 73 65 56 47 344 377 373 359 297 277 223 158 51 192 363 251 3336 52 185 292 240 3175 52 157 182 200 2682 50 130 133 232 2285

Other
CH4 Recovery
For one site
LFG Usage CH4 Conc. CH4 Usage unit km3N % km3N GgCH4 1990 1985 53.3 1059 0.76 1995 2375 42.2 1003 0.72 2004 1561 40.0 624 0.45

Fraction of CH4 oxidation in cover soil

0

Structures of MSW Stream

Western Countries
resource Waste Collection
Metals Plastic

Prolonged emission Prolonged emission of CH4 of CH4 (Incineration) Landfill LFG recovery

Mechanical Separation +Aerobic Treatment

Separation after collection Separation after collection

MBT (Mechanical-Biological Treatment) Incomplete reduction of organics Incomplete reduction of organics

Paper, Metals, Glass, Plastic Combustibles

Mechanical Separation should be applicable to waste with low water content.

Japan
Waste

resource Source Separation

Substantial reduction of organics Substantial reduction of organics Landfill Few CH4 emission Few CH4 emission

Collection

Incineration
Uncombustibles

Separation before collection Separation before collection

Incineration has been selected due to sanitation of waste with high water content.

Asian Countries
resource Waste Collection

Organics is still Organics is still valuable resource valuable resource Landfill

Resource includes organic materials with high water contents for composting.

Issues on Estimation of MSW stream

Waste mass data on authorized management stream can be estimated from account (monetary) data.
Uncertainty will be depended on conversion from truck road to weight. Installation of treatment and resource recovery facilities before disposal will improve quality of SWDS and waste statistics.

3R activities including unauthorized resource recovery can significantly be change mass and composition of MSW.
How to estimate the unauthorized stream is important research issue. How to incorporate unauthorized activity to waste management is important political issue.

Better waste management will lead to better estimation and environment.

Co-benefit in Waste Stream Management Final Disposal

Future economic development will change the level of applicable technologies.

Technology

Stepwise Introducing of Scheme/Technology appropriate to Host Courtiers Resource Recovery Scheme

Real and substantial merit for developing countries are;

Generation
Unauthorized Collector

Mixed MSW

Landfill
Including Organics

Resource

Win-Win Situation

Load to water and air

Appropriate Treatment Technology

Base Line

Sustainability of System Investment / Cost

Disposal Hazardous Materials

Disposal Mass

GHGs Emission

Final Disposal Technology Source Separation Resource Recovery Plant

Time

Thank you for your attention

The 1st workshop on Improvement of solid waste management and reduction of GHG emissions in Asia (SWGA) on 18, January 2007 at Yokohama. The 2nd workshop will be held at Fukuoka in next year.