Satuan Satuan

Appendix
Greek Alphabet*

a Alpha
b Beta
g Gamma
d Delta
e Epsilon

z Zeta
Eta
th Theta
I Iota
k Kappa

l Lambda
m Mu
n Nu
x Xi
o Omicron

p Pi
r Rho
s Sigma
t Tau
u Upsilon

ph Phi
ch Chi
ps Psi
Omega
* The lowercase letter following each set of uppercase and lowercase Greek letters indicates the English equivalent.
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Scientific and Technical Acronyms, Symbols, and Abbrevations
Copyright 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Roman Numerals
I = 1
X = 10
C = 100
M = 1000
II = 2
XX = 20
CC = 200
MM = 2000
III = 3
XXX = 30
CCC = 300
IV = 4
XL = 40
CD = 400
V = 5
L = 50
D = 500
VI = 6
LX = 60
DC = 600
VII = 7
LXX = 70
DCC = 700
VIII = 8
LXXX = 80
DCCC = 800
IX = 9
XC = 90
CM = 900
Examples: 99 = XCIX 990 = CMXC 999 = CMXCIX 1003 = MIII 2001 = MMI
Prefixes for the SI System
Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor
Exponential
Expression Meaning
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto*
deka*
Base Unit
deci*
centi*
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
1 000 000 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 0001
0.000 000 000 0001
0.000 000 000 000 0001
0.000 000 000 000 000 001
10
18
10
15
10
12
10
9
10
6
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
6
10
9
10
12
10
15
10
18
one quintillion
one quadrillion
one trillion
one billion
one million
one thousand
one hundred
ten
one
one-tenth
one-hundredth
one-thousandth
one-millionth
one-billionth
one-trillionth
one quadrillionth
one quintillionth
Examples:
teraohm: 1 T = 10
12
kilogram: 1 kg = 10
3
g milliliter: 1 mL = 10
3
L
gigajoule: 1 GJ = 10
9
J kilometer: 1 km = 10
3
m microhm: 1 m = 10
6
gigawatt: 1 GW = 10
9
W hectoliter: 1 hL = 10
2
L nanosecond: 1 ns = 10
9
s
megahertz: 1 MHz = 10
6
Hz decigram: 1 dg = 0.1 g picowatt: 1 pW = 10
12
W
meganewton: 1MN = 10
6
N centimeter: 1 cm = 10
2
m femtovolt: 1 fV = 10
-15
V
* Nonpreferred
Base Quantities and Units of the SI System
Physical Quantity
Quantity
Symbol Unit Name
Unit
Symbol Definition
BASE UNITS
Length l meter m 1,650 763.73 times the wavelength of the
orange-red spectral line (in a vacuum) of the
krypton-86 (
86
Kr) isotope.
Mass m kilogram kg The standard mass of a cylinder made of
platinum-iridium alloy and kept by the Bureau
International des Poids et Msures (BIPM) in
Svres, France.
Time t second s The duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation resulting from the cesium-133 (
133
Cs)
isotope shifting between two hyperfine
ground-state energy levels.
Electric current I ampere A The amount of constant current required to
produce 2 10
7
newtons of force per meter of
length (N/m) in two infinitely long parallel
conductors of negligible cross section in a vacuum
separated from each other by one meter.
Temperature
(thermodynamic)
T kelvin K The fraction 1/273.16 of the absolute temperature
of the triple point of water.
Luminous intensity I candela cd The luminous intensity, in perpendicular
direction, of a surface of 1/600,000 square meter
(m) of a black body radiator at the temperature
of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101,325
newtons per square meter (N/m).
Amount of substance n mole mol The amount of pure substance of a system
containing the same number of elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of
the nuclide carbon-12 (
12
C).
SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
Plane angle radian rad The measure of the central angle of a circle
determined by two radii and an adjoining arc, all
one meter in length.
Solid angle steradian sr The solid angle subtended at the center of a
sphere by a portion of the surface of the sphere
whose area is equal to the square of the radius.
Derived SI Units with Special Names and Symbols
Physical Quantity
Quantity
Symbol Unit Name
Unit
Symbol Relationship
COHERENT UNITS
Absorbed dose (radiation) D gray Gy 1 Gy = 1 m/s
Acceleration a meter per second squared m/s 1 m/s = 1 m/s/s
Acceleration of free fall g meter per second squared m/s 1 m/s = 1 m/s/s
Activity (of radionuclides) A becquerel Bq 1 Bq = 1/s
Angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s 1 rad/s/s
Angular momentum L Joule-second Js 1 Js = 1 Nm 1 s
Angular velocity radian per second rad/s 1 rad/s = 180/B/s
Area A square meter m 1 m = 10
4
cm = 10
6
mm
Celsius temperature t, degree celsius C 0C = 273 K (kelvin)
Capacity V liter L, l, 1 L = 1 dm = 10
3
m
Capacity rate watt per kelvin W/K 1 W/K = 1 J/(sK)
Concentration (of amount
of substance)
C mole per cubic meter mol/m 1 mol/m = 10
3
mol/dm =
10
3
mol/L
Current density J ampere per square meter A/m 1 A/m = 10
6
A/mm
Density; mass density , d kilogram per cubic meter kg/m 1 kg/m = 10
3
g/cm
Diffusion coefficient D square meter per second m/s 1 m/s = 10
4
cm/s
Dose equivalent sievert Sv 1 Sv = 1 m/s
Dynamic viscosity pascal-second Pas 1 Pas = 1 Ns/m
Electric capacitance C farad F 1 F = 1 As /V = 1 C/V
Electric charge; quantity of
electricity
Q coulomb C 1 C = 1 As
1 Ah = 3,600 As
Electric charge density D coulomb per cubic meter C/m 1 C/m = 10
6
C/cm
Electric conductance G siemens S 1 S = 1V/A = 1/
Electric conductivity ampere per volt-meter A/Vm
Electric field strength E volt per meter V/m 1 V/m = 1 W/(Am)
Electric flux density D coulomb per square meter C/m 1 C/m = 10
4
C/cm
Electric resistance R ohm 1 = 1 V/A
Electric resistivity ohm-meter m, m
Electromotive force; electric
potential; potential difference
E, E, V volt V 1 V = 1 W/A
Energy E joule J 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 Ws = 1 kgm/s
Energy density E joule per cubic meter J/m 1 J/m = 10
6
J/cm
Entropy S joule per kelvin J/K
Force F newton N 1 N = 1 kgm/s
Frequency , hertz Hz 1 Hz = 1/s
Heat flow (rate) Q watt W 1 W = 1 J/s
Heat flux (density) q watt per square meter W/m 1 W/m = 10
6
W/mm
Heat quantity Q joule J 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 Ws
Physical Quantity
Quantity
Symbol Unit Name
Unit
Symbol Relationship
Heat transfer coefficient watt per meter squared kelvin W/(mK)
Inductance L henry H 1 H = 1 Vs/A
Illumination I lux lx 1 lx = 1 lm/m = 1 cd sr/m
Irradiance E watt per square meter W/m 1 W/m = 10
6
W/mm
Kinematic viscosity square meter per second m/s 1 m/s = 10
6
mm/s
Luminance L candela per square meter cd/m
Luminous flux F lumen lm 1 lm = cd sr
Magnetic field strength;
magnetizing force
H ampere per meter A/m
Magnetic flux weber Wb 1 Wb = 1 Vs
Magnetic flux density; mag-
netic induction
B tesla T 1 T = 1 Wb/m
Magnetic permeability henry per meter H/m 1 H/m = 1 Vs /(Am)
Magnetomotive force F ampere A
Modulus of elasticity;
Youngs modulus
E pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m
Molar heat capacity C
m
joule per mole kelvin J/(molK)
Moment (of force) M newton-meter Nm, Nm 1 Nm = 1 J = 1 Ws
Moment of inertia (of mass) J kilogram-meter squared kg m,
kgm
Momentum p newton-second Ns 1 Ns = 1 kgm/s

Permittivity , farad per meter F/m 1 F/m = 1 As/Vm
Plane angle radian rad 1 rad = 1 m/m = 180/
Power P watt W 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 Nm/s = 1 VA
Pressure p pascal,
newton per meter squared
Pa
N/m
1 Pa = 1 N/m
Radiance L watt per square meter steradian W/m sr
Radiant flux ,
e
watt W 1 W = 1 J/s
Radiant intensity I, I
e
watt per steradian W/sr
Modulus of rigidity; shear
modulus
G pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1N/m
Solid angle steradian sr 1 sr = 1 m/m
Specific energy u joule per kilogram J/kg
Specific entropy s joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kgK)
Specific heat capacity c joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kgK)
Specific volume v, cubic meter per kilogram m/kg m/kg = 10
6
mm/g
Speed of rotation; number
of revolutions
n one per second 1/s 1/s = 60/min
Stress , pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m
Surface tension newton per meter,
joule per square meter
N/m
J/m
1 N/m = 1 kg/s
1 J/m = 1 kg/s
Thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(mK) 1 W/(mK) = 1 kgm/(sK)
Derived SI Units with Special Names and Symbols (continued)
Physical Quantity
Quantity
Symbol Unit Name
Unit
Symbol Relationship
Thermal diffusivity a square meter per second m/s
Torque T newton-meter Nm, Nm 1 Nm = 1 J = 1 Ws
Velocity v, meter per second m/s 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h
Volume V cubic meter m 1 m = 1000 dm = 1000 L
Volumetric flow rate q
v
cubic meter per second m/s 1 m/s = 1000 L/s
Volumetric heat release rate watt per cubic meter W/m 1 W/m = 1 J/(sm)
Wavenumber v one per meter 1/m
Work W joule J 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 Ws = 1 kgm/s
NONCOHERENT UNITS
Time; time interval t year y 1 y . 365.25 d . 8,766 h
Time; time interval t day d 1 d = 24 h = 1,440 min
Time; time interval t hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3,600 s
Time; time interval t minute min 1 min = 60 s
Plane angle degree 1 = (/180)rad = 60
Plane angle minute 1 = 1/60 = 60
Plane angle second 1 = 1/60 = 1/3,600
Derived SI Units with Special Names and Symbols (continued)
Selected Quantities and Units of the English System
Physical Quantity Unit Name
Unit
Abbreviation
or Symbol*
Equivalent in
Metric Units
Acceleration; linear velocity foot per second squared
inch per second squared
mile (US statute) per hour
foot per hour
foot per minute
foot per second
inch per minute
inch per second
ft/s
in/s
mph
ft/h
ft/min
ft/s
in/min
in/s
3.0480 10
1
m/s
2.5400 10
2
m/s
1.609344 km/h
0.3048 10
3
m/h
0.3048 10
3
m/min
0.3048 10
3
m/s
2.54 cm/min
2.54 cm/s
Angular velocity revolution per minute
revolution per second
rpm, rev/min
rps, rev/s
1.0472 10
1
rad/s
6.2832 rad/s
Area acre
square mile
square yard
square foot
square inch
circular mil
square mil
mi
yd
ft
in
cmil
sq mil
4.0469 10
3
m
2.5900 km
8.3613 10
1
m
9.2903 10
2
m
6.4516 10
4
m
5.0671 10
10
m
6.4516 10
10
m
Bending moment; torque pound-foot
pound-inch
ounce-inch
lbf-ft
lbf-in
ozf-in
1.3558 Nm
1.1298 10
1
Nm
7.0616 10
3
Nm
Current density ampere per square inch
ampere per square foot
A/in
A/ft
1.5500 10
1
A/cm
10.7640 A/m
Electric field strength volt per mil V/mil 39.3701 kV/m
Electrical resistivity ohm-circular mil per foot -cmil/ft 1.6624 10
3
m
Energy, work British thermal unit
British thermal unit (IT)
British thermal unit (mean)
foot-pound force
foot-poundal
Btu
Btu
IT
Btu
mean
ft-lbf
ft-pdl
1.0545 10
3
J
1.0551 10
3
J
1.0558 10
3
J
1.355818 J
4.2140 10
2
J
Flow rate gallon (UK liquid) per hour
gallon (US liquid) per hour
gallon (UK liquid) per minute
gallon (US liquid) per minute
cubic foot per hour
cubic foot per minute
UK gal/h
US gal/h
UK gal/min
US gal/min
ft/h
ft/min
7.5768 10
2
L/min
6.3090 10
2
L/min
4.5461 L/min
3.7854 L/min
4.7195 10
1
L/min
28.31 L/min
Unit
Abbreviation
or Symbol*
Equivalent in
Metric Units
Force and force/length ton-force
pound-force
ounce-force
kip (1000 lbf)
poundal
pound-force per foot
pound-force per inch
kip per inch
tonf
lbf
ozf
pdl
lbf/ft
lbf/in
kip/in
8.8964 kN
4.4482 N
2.7801 10
1
N
4.4482 10
3
N
1.3826 10
1
N
14.5939 N/m
1.7513 N/m
1.7513 10
5
N/m
Fracture toughness kilopound square root of inch ksi in 1.0988 MPa m
Heat content British thermal unit per cubic foot
British thermal unit per pound
Btu/ft
Btu/lb
37.2589 kJ/m
2.3260 kJ/kg
Heat flow intensity; heat
input
British thermal unit per square foot hour
joule per inch
Btu/ft h
J/in
3.1546 W/m
39.3701 J/m
Impact strength foot-pound force per foot
foot-pound force per inch
foot-pound force per square foot
foot-pound force per square inch
ft-lbf/ft
ft-lbf/in
ft-lbf/ft
ft-lbf/in
4.4482 J/m
53.3787 J/m
14.5900 J/m
2.1020 10
3
J/m
Length mile (US statute)
rod
yard
fathom (ocean depth)
foot
inch
microinch
mil
mi
yd
ft,
in,
in
1.6093 km
5.0292 m
9.144 10
1
m
1.8288 m
3.0480 10
1
m
2.540 10
2
m = 2.540 cm
2.5400 10
2
m
25.400 m
Mass; density hundredweight (long)
hundredweight (short)
ton (long 2240 pounds)
ton (short 2000 pounds)
pound
ounce (avoirdupois)
ounce (troy)
slug
grain
cwt
cwt
lb
oz, oz av
oz t
gr
50.8024 kg
45.3592 kg
1.0160 10
3
kg
9.0718 10
2
kg
4.5359 10
1
kg
2.8350 10
2
kg
3.1103 10
2
kg
14.5939 kg
6.4799 10
5
kg
Selected Quantities and Units of the English System (continued)
Unit
Abbreviation
or Symbol*
Equivalent in
Metric Units
Mass per unit length
Mass per unit area
Mass per unit volume
Mass per unit time
pound per foot
pound per inch
pound per square foot
ounce per square yard
ounce per square foot
ounce per square inch
pound per gallon (UK liquid)
pound per gallon (US liquid)
pound per cubic foot
pound per cubic inch
ounce per cubic inch
pound per hour
pound per minute
pound per second
lb/ft
lb/in
lb/ft
oz/yd
oz/ft
oz/in
lb/UK gal
lb/US gal
lb/ft
lb/in
oz/in
lb/h
lb/min
lb/s
1.4882 kg/m
17.8580 kg/m
4.8824 kg/m
3.3906 10
2
kg/m
3.0515 10
2
kg/m
43.9500 kg/m
99.7763 kg/m
119.8264 kg/m
16.01846 kg/m
2.7690 10
4
kg/m
1.7300 10
3
kg/m
1.2600 10
4
kg/s
7.5599 10
3
kg/s
4.5359 10
1
kg/s
Moment of inertia pound-square foot
pound-square inch
lb-ft
lb-in
4.2140 10
2
kg m
2.9264 10
4
kg m
Momentum pound-foot per second
pound-inch per second
lb-ft/s
lb-in/s
1.3826 10
1
kg-m/s
1.1521 10
2
kg-m/s
Power horsepower (550-ft-lbf/s)
horsepower (electric)
horsepower (UK)
British thermal unit per hour
British thermal unit per minute
British thermal unit per second
foot-pound force per hour
foot-pound force per minute
foot-pound force per second
hp
hp
hp
Btu/h
Btu/min
Btu/s
ft-lbf/h
ft-lbf/min
ft-lbf/s
7.4570 10
2
W
7.4600 10
2
W
7.4570 10
2
W
2.9307 10
1
W
17.585 W
1.0551 10
3
W
3.7662 10
4
W
2.2597 10
2
W
1.3558 W
Power density watt per square inch W/in 1.5500 10
3
W/m
Pressure gallon (US liquid) of water (60F)
pound of water (60F)
inch of mercury (32F)
inch of mercury (60F)
pound per square foot
pound per square inch
pound per square inch absolute
pound per square inch differential
pound per square inch gage
US gal H
2
O
lb H
2
O
in Hg
in Hg
psf
psi
psia
psid
psig
3.782 kg H
2
O
4.54 10
4
m
3.3864 10
3
Pa
3.3771 10
3
4.8824 kg/m
6.8948 10
3
Pa
Section modulus foot-cubed

inch-cubed
ft
in
2.8317 10
2
m
1.6387 10
5
m
Specific heat British thermal unit per pound degree fahrenheit Btu/lbF 4.1868 10
3
J/kgK
Stress ton-force per square in
kilopound per square inch
pound per square inch
tsi
ksi
psi
13.7895 MPa
6.8948 MPa
6.8948 10
3
MPa
Unit
Abbreviation
or Symbol*
Equivalent in
Metric Units
Temperature Fahrenheit
Rankine
F
R
5/9 (F 32) C
9/5 (C + 273.15)
Thermal conductivity British thermal unit per foot hour degree
fahrenheit
British thermal unit inch per hour
square foot degree fahrenheit
British thermal unit inch per second square foot
degree fahrenheit
Btu/fthF
Btuin/hftF
Btuin/sftF
1.7307 W/mK
1.4423 10
1
WmK
5.1922 10
2
WmK
Viscosity centipoise
centistoke
poise
stoke
square foot per hour
square foot per second
cP
cSt
P
St
ft/h
ft/s
0.001 Pas
10
6
m/s
0.1 Pa s
0.0001 m/s
9.2903 10
2
m/h
9.2903 10
2
m/s
Volume; capacity gallon (UK liquid)
gallon (US liquid)
cubic yard
cubic foot
cubic inch
quart (UK liquid)
quart (US liquid)
pint (UK liquid)
pint (US liquid)
fluid ounce (UK liquid)
fluid ounce (US liquid)
barrel (US liquid)
barrel (oil)
UK gal
US gal
yd
ft
in
qrt
qrt
pt
pt
fl oz
fl oz
bbl
bbl
4.5461 10
3
m
3.7854 10
3
m
7.6455 10
1
m
2.8317 10
2
m
1.6387 10
5
m
1.1365 10
3
m
9.4635 10
4
m
5.6826 10
4
m
4.7318 10
3
m
2.8413 10
5
m
2.9574 10
5
m
119 L = 0.119 m
158 L = 0.158 m
Volume per unit time cubic foot per minute
cubic foot per second
cubic inch perminute
ft/min
ft/s
in/min
4.7195 10
4
m/s
2.8317 10
2
m/s
2.7312 10
2
m/s
* For some of the English units there are several possible abbreviations or symbols, these can be found throughout the main section of this
publication.
Mathematical Symbols and Signs
Symbol Explanation Symbol Explanation Symbol Explanation
/
,
/
/
:
:/
/
-
-/
,
=
>
<
Baseline ellipses (e.g., a)

Axis ellipses (e.g., ab)
Equal to (e.g., a = b)
Equivalent to (e.g., a b)
Not equal to (e.g., a b)
Not equivalent to (e.g., a / b)
Proportional to, or vary as
(e.g., a b or a ~ b)
Similar to (e.g., ABC ~ DEF)
Asymptotically equal to (e.g.,
(x) ~ g(x))
Not similar to (e.g., ABC/
DEF)
Not asymptotically equal to
(e.g., (x) / g(x))
Asymptotically equivalent to
Not asymptotically equivalent
Approximately equal to (e.g.,
a b)
Not approximately equal to
(e.g., a / b)
Similar or equal to (e.g.,
ABC - DEF)
Not similar or equal to (e.g.,
ABC -/ DEF)
Congruent to (e.g., ABC
DEF)
Asymptotically identical to
(e.g., g(x))
Not congruent to (e.g., ABC
DEF
Asymptotically identical to
(e.g., g(x))
Defined as (e.g., a , b)
Corresponds to (e.g., $30 = 15
kg)
Greater than (e.g., a > b
Less than (e.g., a < b)
Greater than or equal to (e.g.,
a b)
Less than or equal to (e.g.,
a b)
Much greater than (e.g.,a b)
Much less than (e.g., a b)
Much much greater than (e.g.,
a b)
Much much less than (e.g.,
a b)
Not greater than (e.g., a b)
_
, =
+
, ,
, /, , :
/
,
_
: :
%
( )
[ ]
{ }

[ ]
||
Neither greater than, nor equal

to ( e.g., a _ b)
Not less than (e.g., a b)
Neither less than, nor equal to
(e.g., a _ b)
Infinity (e.g., x )
Approaches or tends to (e.g.,
x a)
Plus (e.g., a + b)
Minus (e.g., a b)
Plus or minus (e.g., a)
Minus or plus (e.g., b)
Multiplied by (e.g., a b, or a b)
Divided by (e.g., a/b, a b, etc.)
Per, or Divided by (e.g., 10
meters per second is: 10 m/s)
North(ern direction)
East(ern direction)
South(ern direction)
West(ern direction)
Northeast(ern direction)
Southwest(ern direction)
Northwest(ern direction)
Southeast(ern direction)
Because
Therefore
Identical (or equals)
Percent (e.g., 5% = 5/100)
Per thousand (e.g., 8 =
8/1000)
Parentheses (e.g., (a + b))
Brackets (e.g., A = [x(a + b)
+ c])
Braces (e.g., {[(3ab + b)
4ab] +b})
Angle brackets (e.g., ab)
Double brackets
Parallel to (e.g., b h)
Not parallel to (e.g., b h)
Parallel and equidirectional to
(e.g., a |b)
Parallel, but not equidirectional
to (e.g., ab)
Perpendicular to (e.g., x y)
Triangle (e.g, ,ABC)
Square (e.g., ABCD)
Angle (e.g., ABC)
,
grad
a, a,
div a
a,
rot a
, ,
div grad
a b,
a b
a b
r
r
a b
A, a,
r
r
A a ,
AB. ab
A
x
, A
y
,
A
z
AB
AB
sgn (x)
|x|
x|y
arg z
n!
Right angle (i.e., 90 angle)
Measured angle
Spherical angle
Degrees (e.g., = 45)
Minutes (e.g., = 4532)
Seconds (e.g., = 453217)
Nabla (or del operator) (i.e.,
vector differential operator
whose components in x, y, and
z are: directions are:
x
=/x;
y
= /y, and
z
= /z)
Gradient of (e.g., gradient of
(scalar function) (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) is
a vector whose components are:
()
xi
= /x
i
, i = 1, 2, 3)
Divergence of a (e.g., the
divergence of vector function
a(x,y,z) [vector field] is: a
= a
x
/x + a
y
/y + a
z
/z)
Curl (or rotation) of a (e.g., curl
a curl (or rotation) of vector
function a(x,y,z) is the cross
product of the del operator and
the vector: ( a)
ik
=
i
a
k
k
a
i
)
Laplacian (operator) (i.e., =
= = /x + /y
+ /z)
Cross product (or vector product,
or outer product) of a and b
(e.g., (a b)
ik
= a
i
b
k
b
i
a
k
)
Dot product (or scalar product,
or inner product) of a and b
(e.g., a b = a
x
b
x
+ a
y
b
y
=
a
z
b
z
)
Vector A
Vector from A to B
Coordinates of vector A in x, y
and z direction
Length of Line from A to B
Arc from A to B
Signum x (e.g., sgn (x) = 1 if
x > 0; sgn (x) 0 if x = 0;
sgn (x) = 1, if x < 0)
Absolute Value of x (e.g.,
|6| = 6, |7| = 7)
Divide Symbol (i.e., x divides y)
Argument of z (e.g., in z = |z|
e
j,
angle is the argument of
complex number z)
n factorial (e.g., 3! = 1 2
3 = 6)
n
k
n
C
k
,
n
C
k
n
p
C
[x]
x
x
n
a, a,
a
a
1
, a
2
,
a.b
a,b
a
x
e
exp x
log
a
log
e
, ln
i, j
z*
Re,
Im,
(a
ik
)
|a
ik
|
2a
ik
2
det (a
ik
)
(a,b)
[a,b),
[a,b[
[a,b],
a,b
Binomial coefficient (i.e.,
n!/k!(n k)!)
Binomial coefficient
Legendre symbol
Summation (e.g., x
i
i
n
=
1
)
Product (e.g., x
i
i
n
=
1
)
Coproduct
Integral part of x
Square root of x (e.g., x =x
1/2
)
nth root of x (e.g., x
n
= x
1/n
)
a prime, a double prime,
a triple prime
a sub(script) one; a sub(script)
two, etc.
a point b (e.g., 3.1)
a comma b (e.g., 6,3)
xth Power of a (e.g., a, a, etc.)
Naperian log base
(e =2.718281828459045235)
Exponential Function of x (i.e.,
exp x = e
x
; e = 2.718)
Logarithm to the base a (i.e.,
log
a
x is the reciprocal of a
x
Napierian (or natural)
logarithm (i.e., to the Base e;
e = 2.718)
Pi ( = 3.141592653589)
Imaginary part of complex
number (e.g., j = 1)
Complex conjugate
Real part (of complex number)
Imaginary part (of complex
number)
Matrix a ik
Determinant of the matrix a ik
Open interval (i.e., (a,b) means:
a < x < b)
Half-open interval (i.e. open at
the right)
Closed interval (i.e., [a,b] or
a,b mean: a x b)
[a,),
[a,[
(x),
F(x)
g
lim
x, y
(x),
(x),...,
(n)
(x)
&
x
&&
x
d(x)
d(x,y)
dx, dy
dy/dx
dy/dx
d
n
y/dx
n
u
u/x
u/x
b
a
mod
Interval infinite to the right,
closed at the left (i.e., open at
the right)
Function of x
Composite function (e.g.,
(g )(x) = g((x)))
Limit (e.g., lim
xa
(x) = b, i.e.,
b is the limit of (x) as x
approaches a)
Delta (or finite difference)
Increment of x, increment of y
Delta (i.e., difference between
two functions, e.g., (x) =
(x
1
) (x
2
))
First, second, ..., nth derivative
of function (x)
First derivative of x with
respect to time
Second derivative of x with
respect to time
Differential of function (x)
(e.g., d(x) = (x) dx)
Total differential of function
(x,y) (i.e., d(x,y) = (/)
dx + (y) dy)
Differential of x, differential of
y, etc.
First derivative of y with
respect to x
Second derivative of y with
respect to x
nthderivative of y with respect
to x
Partial derivative of u
(First) partial derivative of u
with respect to x
Second partial derivative of u
with respect to x
Integral of (e.g., (x) dx =
F(x) + C)
(Definite) Integral of... between
limits a and b (e.g., f x dx
b
a
( )
Double integral
Triple integral
Contour integral (or line
integral)
Modulo (e.g., x / y mod p
means: x congruent to y
modulo p)
sin
csc
cos
sec
tan
cot
ctn
arcsin
arccsc
arccos
arcsec
arctan
arccot
arcctn
sinh
csch
cosh
sech
tanh
coth
Sine (function) (e.g., sin =
y/r)
Cosecant (function) (i.e., the
reciprocal of the sine function),
(e.g., csc = 1/sin = r/y)
Cosine (function) (e.g.,
cos = x/r)
Secant (function) (i.e., the
reciprocal of the cosine
(function), e.g., sec = 1/cos
= r/x)
Tangent (function) (e.g.,
tan = y/x)
Cotangent (function) (i.e., the
reciprocal of the tangent
(function), e.g., cot = x/y)
Cotangent (function) (i.e., the
reciprocal of the tangent
(function), e.g., cot = x/y)
Arc sine (function) (i.e., arc-sin
x is the inverse sine of x) [also
sin
1
]
Arc cosecant (function) (i.e.,
arccsc x is the inverse cosecant
of x) [also csc
1
]
Arc cosine (function) (e.g.,
arccos x is the inverse cosine of
x) [also cos
1
]
Arc secant (function) (e.g.,
arcsec x is the inverse secant of
x ) [also sec
1
]
Arc tangent (function) (e.g.,
arctan x is the inverse tangent
of x) [also tan
1
]
Arc cotangent (function) (e.g.,
arccot x is the reverse
cotangent of x) [also cot
1
]
Arc cotangent (function) (e.g.,
arcctn x is the inverse
cotangent of x) [also ctn
1
]
Hyperbolic sine (i.e.,
sinh x = (e
x
e
x
))
Hyperbolic cosecant (function)
(i.e., csch x = 1/sinh x)
Hyperbolic cosine (func tion)
(i.e., cosh x = (e
x
+ e
x
))
Hyperbolic secant (function)
(i.e., sech x = 1/cosh x)
Hyperbolic tangent (func-tion)
(i.e., sinh x/cosh x)
Hyperbolic cotangent (function)
(i.e., coth x = cosh x/ sinh x)
Mathematical Symbols and Signs (continued)
sinh
1
cosh
1
tanh
1
coth
1
sn x,
cn x,
dn x
(x)
(x)
J
(x)
(x)
L, L
L()
L()
L()
L
1
(F)
F, F
X, Y
x, y
{x|P(x)},
{x:P(x)}
\,
Inverse hyperbolic sine (i.e.,

sinh
1
x =1/sinh x) [also arsinh]
Inverse hyperbolic cosine (i.e.,
cosh
1
x = 1/cosh x) [also
arcosh]
Inverse hyperbolic tangent
(i.e., tanh
1
x = 1/tanh x) [also
artanh]
Inverse hyperbolic cotangent
(i.e., coth
1
x = 1/cot x) [also
arcoth]
Jacobian elliptic functions
Dirac delta function
Gamma function
Bessel function
Weierstrass elliptic function
Laplace transform (i.e., L() =
L =
0
eG
st
(t) dt)
Laplace transform of function
(t)
Laplace transform of the first
derivative of function
Laplace transform of the
second derivative of function
Inverse Laplace transform of
function (t)
Fourier transform (i.e.,
F x f t dt ( ) ( ) =
1 2
SET THEORY; RELATIONS
Set X, Set Y
Member (or element) x,
member (or element) y
Set of all elements x having
property P
Member (or element) of (e.g.,
x X, y Y)
Not a member (or element) of
(e.g., x Y, y X)
Difference of (or set minus)
(e.g., x (A\B) means: x A
and x B)
Proper subset of (or contained
in) (e.g., A X)
Not subset of (or not contained
in) (e.g., A Y)
_
_
_
_
J
u
, , 0,
{ }
(x,y,z),
x,y,z
{x,y,z}
{x
i
}
iI
X Y
card X,
|X|
N
N
0
"
"G
Reflex subset of (or contained
in or equals) (e.g., A X)
Not reflex subset of (or not
contained in or equals) (e.g.,
A _ Y)
Subset of but does not equal
Double subset of
Proper superset of (or contains)
(e.g., B A)
Not superset of (or does not
contain) (e.g., A / B)
Reflex superset of (or contains
or equals) (e.g., B A)
Not reflex superset of (or does
not contain or equal)
Superset of ... but does not
equal
Double Superset of
Contains as a member (or
element) (e.g., P Q)
Intersection of (e.g., X Y)
Double intersection of
Union of (e.g., X Y)
Double union of
Multiset Union of (or U plus)
Empty set (or null set)
Operator or operation (e.g.,
a b = b a)
Ordered set of members (or
elements) x, y, and z (e.g.,
(x,y,z) (x,z,y))
Unordered set of members (or
elements) x, y and z
Set whose members (or
elements) are x
i
, where i I)
Cartesian product (i.e., the set
of all (x,y) such that x X and
y Y)
Cardinal of set X
Natural number system (i.e.,
1,2,3,)
Positive integer number system
(i.e., 0,1,2,3, )
Integer (number) system
(i.e.,,2,1,0,1,2, )
Negative integer (number)
system (i.e., 1,2,3, )
C
1
R{x,y},
xRy
c
, , /
,
,
, ,
=
|
;
,
Complex number system (i.e., z

= a + bj; z is the complex
number, a and b are the
respective real and imaginary
parts of z; a and b are real
numbers, j is an imaginary
unit)
Real number system (i.e.,
integer, rational and irrational
numbers)
Relation (between mem-bers
(or elements) x and y)
Order type of the set of positive
integers
power of continuum
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
Negation (e.g., p or p mean:
not p)
Conjunction (e.g., p q means:
p and q)
Disjunction (e.g., p q means:
p or q)
Exclusive or (e.g., p q
means: p exlusive or q)
Implication (e.g., p q or
p q mean: p implies q or
if p then q)
Implication (e.g., p q or
p q mean: p implied by q
or if q then p)
Equivalence (e.g., p q,
p q or p q mean: p is
equivalent to q or p if and only
if q)
Identity (e.g., p = q means:
p is identical to q)
Assertion (e.g., | p means: p is
a tautology from; p | q means:
q follows from p)
Mirrored assertion (e.g., p
means: p is a mirrored
tautology from; p q means: p
follows from q)
Succession (e.g., p ; q
means: p follows (or succedes
or equals q)
Does not succeed (or follow)
Precedence (e.g., p q means:
p precedes q)
_
_
_
_
,
,
0, 1
X, Y
E(X),
E(X)
E(X\Y)
P(X),
Pr(X),
P(X)
P(X\Y),
Pr(X\Y),
P(X\Y)
e
[]
X
2
, Var,
var
Does nor precede
Neither succeeds (or follows)
nor equals
Succession or Identity (e.g.,
p _ q means: p follows (or
succeeds) q)
Precedence or Identity (e.g.,
p _ q means: p precedes or
equals q)
Neither precedes nor equals
Existential quantifier (i.e.,
there exists a , or there is
a )
Universal quantifier (i.e., for
all , or for every )
Such that
Truth, falsity values
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Random variables X and Y
Expectation of X (e.g.,
E(X) = = x
i
p
i
)
Conditional expectation (or
expectation of X, if Y is ; e.g.,
E(X\Y 7) means: expectation
of X if Y 7)
Probability of X (e.g., P(X 5)
means: probability that X 5)
Conditional probability (e.g., P
of X, if Y is ; P\X < 5\Y > 2.5)
means: probability of X < 5, if
Y > 2.5)
(Random) Error
Error sum
Arithmetic average (i.e., measure
of central tendency) (Sample)
mean (e.g., = 1/n x
i
)
Standard deviation (i.e.,
positive square root of variance
)
Variance (e.g., = 1/(n1)
(x
i
))
R
E
n
T
2
H
S
n
d(p,q)
FrX, frX
dim X
int X
1
(X)
n
(X),
H*(X)
H
n
(X),
H
(X)
H
n
(X),
H*(X)
cl X, X, X
[X,Y]
[P:p]
Ax, xA
ij
A*,

A
Range value (i.e.,
R = X
max
X
min
)
(Linear) correlation coefficient
(i.e., 1 1)
TOPOLOGY
Euclidian n space
Hausdorff space
Hilbert space
n sphere
distance between points p and
q in metric space
Frontier (or boundary) of X
Dimension of X
Interior of X
Fundamental group of space X
Homotopy group
Homology group
Cohomotopy group
Closure of set X
OTHER ALGEBRAIC
SYMBOLS, NUMERICAL
FUNCTIONS, TENSORS AND
OPERATORS
Lie product (or Poisson
bracket)
Dimension of P over p
Kronecker product (or tensor
product)
Direct sum
Grassmann product (or exterior
product)
Image of x under
transformation A
Kronecker delta (i.e.,
ii
= 1,
while
ij
= 0, for i j)
Hermitian conjugate (or
adjoint) of A
X, X
t
,
t
X,
tX
Tr X, Sp X
E, e, P
G/H
GL(n,R)
O(n,R)
SO(n,R),
O
+
(n,R)
Hom(P,Q)
(C,),
(C,P)
C
k
, C
k
C
0
, C(X)
L
p
, L
p
Lip ,
Lip
e, e
a
1
, a*
_
, _
t
Transpose of matrix X
Trace (or spur) of matrix X
Idempotent
Factor group (or quotient
group) (i.e., group whose
members (or elements) are the
co-sets gH of normal subgroup
H of a group G)
(Full) linear group of degree n
over field R
(Full) orthogonal group of
degree n over field R
Special orthogonal group of
degree n over field R
Group of all homomor-phisms
of P and Q
Cesro summability
Class of functions with
continuous kth derivative
Space of continuous functions
Space of functions with
integrable absolute pth power
Lipschitz function
Neutral (or identity) element
(of an algebraic system) (e.g.,
for every element a of group G:
a e = e a = a)
Inverse element (of an
algebraic system) (e.g., for
every element a of group G:
a a
1
= a
1
a = e)
Addition (or plus) operator
(e.g., a c < b c)
Subtraction (or minus operator)
Multiplication operator (e.g., a
_ c < b _ c)
Division operator (e.g.,
a t c < b t c)
Symbols and Values for Selected Fundamental Constants*
Name Symbol
Numerical Value
SI Units CGS Units
Acceleration of gravity (or free fall)
Atomic mass unit (amu)
Avogadro constant
Boltzmann constant
Bohr magneton
Bohr radius
Electron charge; elementary charge
Electron rest mass
Electron volt
Faraday constant
Fine structure constant
Gas constant; molar gas constant
Gravitational constant
Magnetic flux quantum
Molar volume of ideal gas (at STP)
Neutron rest mass
Nuclear magneton
Permeability of vacuum
Permittivity of vacuum
Plancks constant
Plancks constant (h = h/2)
Proton rest mass
Rydberg constant
Specific electron charge
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Velocity (or speed) of light (in vacuum)
g
u
N
A
k
B
a
0
e
m
e
eV
F, F
R
G
0
V
m
m
n
0
,
0
h
h
m
p
R
e/m
e
c
9.806 m/s
1.6605 10
27
kg
6.0221 10
23
mol
1
1.3807 10
23
J/K
9.2740 10
24
J/T
5.2918 10
11
m
1.6028 10
19
C
9.1094 10
31
kg
1.6022 10
19
J
9.6485 10
4
C/mol
7.2974 10
3
8.3145 J/mK
6.6726 10
11
m/skg
2.0673 10
15
Wb
22.4141 10
3
m/mol
1.6749 10
27
kg
5.0508 10
27
J/T
1.2566 10
6
H/m
8.8542 10
12
F/m
6.6261 10
34
Js
1.0546 10
34
Js
1.6726 10
27
kg
1.0974 10
7
m
1
1.7588 10
11
C/kg
5.6705 10
8
W/mK
4
2.9979 10
8
m/s
9.806 10
2
cm/s
1.6605 10
24
g
6.0221 10
23
mol
1
1.3807 10
16
erg//K
9.2740 10
21
erg/G
5.2918 10
9
cm
1.6028 10
20
emu
9.1094 10
23
g
3.8293 10
20
cal
9.6485 10
3
emu/mol
7.2974 10
3
8.3145 10
7
erg/molK
6.6726 10
3
cm/sg
2.0673 10
7
Gcm
22.4141 10
3
cm/mol
1.6749 10
24
g
5.0508 10
24
erg/G
Unity (in cgs-emu system)
Unity
6.6261 10
37
ergs
1.0546 10
37
ergs
1.6726 10
24
g
1.0974 10
5
cm
1
1.7588 10
7
emu/g
5.6705 10
5
erg/scmK
4
2.9979 10
10
cm/s
*Symbols and values for other fundamental constants can be found throughout the main section of this book.
Symbols and Conversion Factors of Electric and Magnetic Units (SI and CGS-ESU System)
Quantity Symbol SI Unit and Symbol CGS-ESU Unit and Symbol Conversion
Electric capacitance
Charge; quantity of
electricity
Electric conductance
Electric current
Electromotive force;
potential difference
Inductance
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density;
magnetic induction
Resistance
C
Q
G
I
, V
L
B
R
farad (F)
coulomb (C)
siemens (S), mho ()
ampere (A)
volt (V)
henry (H)
weber (Wb)
tesla (T)
ohm ()
statfarad (statF)
statcoulomb (statC); Franklin (Fr)
statsiemens (statS), statmho (stat)
statampere (statA)
statvolt (statV)
stathenry (statH)
statweber (statWb)
stattesla (statT)
statohm (stat)
1 F 8.9876 10
11
statF
1 C 2.9979 10
9
statC
1 S 8.9876 10
11
statS
1 A 2.9979 10
9
statA
1 V 3.3356 10
3
statV
1 H 1.1126 10
12
statH
1 Wb 3.3356 10
3
statWb
1 T 3.3356 10
7
statT
1 1.1126 10
12
stat
Symbols and Conversion Factors of Magnetic Units (SI and CGS-EMU System)
Quantity Symbol SI Unit and Symbol CGS-EMU Unit and Symbol Conversion
Field strength
Flux
Induction
Magnetization
Magnetomotive force
Permeability (vacuum)
Relative pemeability
Susceptibility
H
B
M *
I **
F
r
*
**
m
*
**
Ampere-turn per meter
(A/m, or A-t/m)
Weber (Wb)
Tesla (T)
Ampere-turn per meter
(A/m or A-t/m)
Ampere (A) or
Ampere-turn (A-t)
Henry per meter (H/m)
Unitless
Unitless
Oersted (Oe)
Maxwell (Mx); abweber (abWb)
Gauss (G); abtesla (abt)
Maxwell per square centimeter
(Mx/cm)
Gilbert (Gb)
Unitless **
Unitless
Unitless
1 A/m = 1.2566 10
2
Oe
1 Wb = 10
8
Mx
1 T = 1 Wb/m = 10
4
G
1 A/m = 10
3
Mx/cm
1 A = 1 A-t = 1.2566 Gb
4 10
7
H/m = 1 emu
r
=
m
= 4
*In SI System **In CGS-EMU System
Symbols and Conversion Factors of Electric Units (SI and CGS-EMU System)
Quantity Symbol SI Unit and Symbol CGS-EMU Unit and Symbol Conversion
Capacitance
Charge, quantity of
electricity
(Space) charge density
Conductance
Current
Current density
Dipole moment
Electromotive force;
potential difference
Field strength
Inductance
Power
Resistance
Resistivity
Polarization, charge
density (of surface)
C
Q
G
I
J
p
E, V
E
L
P
R
P
farad (F)
coulomb (C)
coulomb per cubic meter
(C/m)
siemens (S), mho ()
ampere (A)
ampere per square
meter (A/m)
coulomb-meter (Cm)
volt (V)
volt per meter (V/m)
henry (H)
watt (W)
ohm ()
ohm-meter (m)
coulomb per square
meter (C/m)
abfarad (aF)
abcoulomb (aC)
abcoulomb per cubic
centimeter (aC/cm)
absiemens (aS), abmho (a)
abampere (aA)
abampere per square centi-
meter (aA/cm)
abcoulomb centimeter (aCcm)
abvolt (aV)
abvolt per centimeter (aV/cm)
abhenry (aH)
abwatt (aW)
abohm (a)
abohm-centimeter (acm)
abcoulomb per square centi-
meter (aC/cm)
1 F = 10
9
aF
1 C = 0.1 aC
1 C/m = 10
7
aC/cm
1 S = 1 = 10
9
aS
1 A = 0.1 aA
1 A/m = 10
5
aA/cm
1 Cm = 10 aCcm
1 V = 10
8
aV
1 V/m = 10
6
aV/cm
1 H = 10
9
aH
1 W = 1 aW
1 = 10
9
a
1 m = 10
11
acm
1 C/m = 10
5
aC/cm
Symbols, Atomic Numbers and Atomic Weights for the Chemical Elements*
Element Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Weight Element Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Weight
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
(227)
26.98
(243)
121.75
39.95
74.92
(210)
137.33
(247)
9.012
208.98
10.81
79.90
112.41
40.08
(251)
12.01
140.12
132.91
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.55
(247)
162.50
(254)
167.26
151.96
(257)
19.00
(223)
157.25
69.72
72.59
196.97
178.49
4.003
164.93
1.008
114.82
126.90
192.22
55.85
83.80
138.91
(260)
207.21
6.941
174.97
24.31
54.94
(258)
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
200.59
95.94
144.24
20.18
237.05
58.71
92.91
14.01
(259)
190.2
16.00
106.42
30.97
195.09
(244)
(-210)
39.10
140.91
(145)
231.04
226.03
(222)
186.21
102.91
85.47
101.07
150.36
44.96
78.96
28.09
107.87
22.99
87.62
32.06
180.95
98.91
127.60
158.93
204.38
232.04
168.93
118.70
47.90
183.85
238.03
50.94
131.30
173.04
88.91
65.38
91.22
*Elements 104 through 110 have been discovered, but lack official names and symbols. The unofficial names and symbols are given below:
Element 104: Unnilquadium (Unq); Kurchatovium (Ku); Rutherfordium (Rf) Element 108: unniloctium (Uno)
Element 105: unnilpentium (Unp); Hahnium (Ha); Nielsbohrium Element 109: unnilennium (Une)
Element 106: unnilhexium (Unh) Element 110: ununnilium (Uun)
Element 107: unnilseptium (Uns)
Elementary Particles: Major Gauge Bosons and Quarks
Group Name Symbol Charge Mass (in MeV) Strangeness
Gauge bosons Photon 0 0 0
Gluon g 0 0
Weak Bosons: Charged
Neutral
W
Z
0
1
0
8 10
4
9 10
4
Quarks Up quark
Down quark
Charmed quark
Strange quark
Bottom quark (or b quark)
Truth quark (or top quark)
u
d
c
s
b
t
+
2
3
1
3
+
2
3
1
3
1
3
+
2
3
5
10
1.4 10
1.5 10
4.8 10
>1.8 10
4
0
0
0
1
Bosons are elementary particles with integral spin (e.g., photons, pions, etc.) that obey Bose-Einstein statistics. Fermions are elementary
particles with semi-integral spin (e.g., electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.) that obey Fermi statistics. Gauge bosons, as defined by gauge theory,
are elementary particles with a mass of 0 and a spin of 1.
Selected Biological and Botanical Symbols and Signs
Individual cell or organism, specifically a
female [General Biology]
|w Plant useful to wildlife [Botany]
Individual cell or organism, specifically a
male [General Biology]
%
Staminate flower or plant [Botany]
%
Male cell or organism [General Biology]
&
Pistillate flower or plant [Botany]
&
Female cell or organism [General Biology] Hybrid [Genetics]
| Neuter cell or organism [General Biology] + Wild type [Genetics]

, ,
<
Annual plant [Botany] F Filial generation (i.e., offspring of parental
generation) [Genetics]
, , %
Biennial plant [Botany] F
1
, F
2
, F
3
, ..., F
n
First, second, third, ... n-th filial generation
(i.e., offspring of first, second, third, n-th
parental generation) [Genetics]
Evergreen plant [Botany] P Parental generation [Genetics]
Monocrapic plant [Biology]
Selected Chemical Symbols and Signs
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Direction of reaction (i.e., activity goes to
the right)
Gas (written after compound, e,g., H
2
)
Direction of reaction (i.e., activity goes to
the left)
Precipitate (written after compound, e.g.,
BaSO
4
)
, Reversible reaction Presence of heat
+ Addition (e.g., 2H + O
2
) =, Equivalence of amounts in quantitative
equations
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
, , , ... Position of substituting atoms or groups
in organic compounds
Single bond in structural formulas
, , , ... Attachment of side chain of ring
compounds
4 Double bond in structural formulas
+ Dextrorotation Triple bond in structural formulas
Levorotation R Alkyl radical
[ ] Radical containing another radical (e.g.,
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
)
Benzene ring
Ions
,. .. Single, double, triple negative charge

+1
,
+2
,
+3
, ... Single, double, triple positive charge
1
,
2
,
3
, ... Single, double, triple negative charge , , , ... Single, double, triplecharge, or valence
+
,
++
,
+++
, ... Single, double, triple positive charge
%
ASCII Character Codes and Symbols*
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
mal Code Description
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
000 00 Null (NUL) 128 80 Uppercase C cedilla
( 001 01 Start of heading (SOH) 129 81 Lowercase u umlaut or diaeresis
) 002 02 Start of text (STX) 130 82 Lowercase e acute accent
003 03 End of text (EXTX) 131 83 Lowercase a circumflex
004 04 End of transmission (EOT) 132 84 Lowercase a umlaut or diaeresis
005 05 Enquiry (ENQ) 133 85 Lowercase a grave accent
006 06 Acknowledge (ACK) 134 86 Lowercase a degree
! 007 07 Bell (BEL) 135 87 Lowercase c cedilla
3 008 08 Backspace (BS) 136 88 Lowercase e circumflex
009 09 Horizontal tabulation (HT) 137 89 Lowercase e umlaut or diaeresis
4 010 0A Line feed (LF) 138 8A Lowercase e grave accent
% 011 0B Vertical tabulation (VT) 139 8B Uppercase I umlaut or diaeresis
& 012 0C Form feed (FF) 140 8C Uppercase I circumflex
* 013 0D Carriage return (CR) 141 8D Uppercase I grave accent
+ 014 0E Shift out (SO) 142 8E Uppercase A umlaut or diaeresis
015 0F Shift in (SI) 143 8F Uppercase A degree
< 016 10 Data link escape (DLE) 144 90 Uppercase E acute accent
= 017 11 Device control 1 (DC 1; X-ON) 145 91 Lowercase ae ligature
; 018 12 Device control 2 (DC 2) 146 92 Uppercase AE ligature
. 019 13 Device control 3 (DC-3; X-OFF) 147 93 Lowercase o circumflex
020 14 Device control 4 (DC4) 148 94 Lowercase o umlaut or diaeresis
021 15 Negative acknowledge (NAK) 149 95 Lowercase o grave accent
, 022 16 Synchronous idle (SYN) 150 96 Lowercase u circumflex
0 023 17 End of transmission block (ETB) 151 97 Lowercase u grave accent
8 024 18 Cancel (CAN) 152 98 Lowercase y umlaut or diaeresis
9 025 19 End of medium (EM) 153 99 Uppercase O umlaut or diaeresis
6 026 1A Substitute (SUB) 154 9A Uppercase U umlaut or diaeresis
7 027 1B Escape (ESC) 155 9B US cent symbol
2 028 1C File separator (FS) 156 9C British pound symbol
: 029 1D Group separator (GS) 157 9D Japanese yen symbol
> 030 1E Record separator (ES) . 158 9E Pesetas symbol
? 031 1F Unit separator (US) 159 9F Dutch guilder symbol
032 20 Space 160 A0 Lowercase a grave accent
! 033 21 Exclamation point 161 A1 Lowercase i acute accent
" 034 22 Double quote 162 A2 Lowercase o acute accent
# 035 23 Number sign (pound sign) 163 A3 Lowercase u acute accent
$ 036 24 Dollar sign 164 A4 Lowercase n tilde
% 037 25 Percent sign 165 A5 Uppercase N tilde
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
& 038 26 Ampersand 166 A6 Feminine ordinal indicator
039 27 Apostrophe (closing single quote) 167 A7 Masculine ordinal indicator
( 040 28 Opening parenthesis 168 A8 Inverted question mark
) 041 29 Closing parenthesis 1 169 A9 Beginning of line
* 042 2A Asterisk 170 AA End of line
+ 043 2B Plus 171 AB One half
, 044 2C Comma 172 AC One forth (one quarter)
- 045 2D Hyphen (minus) 173 AD Inverted exclamation point
. 046 2E Period (point) 174 AE Opening double guillemet
/ 047 2F Slant (solidus); forward slash 175 AF Closing double guillemet
0 048 30 Zero ! 176 B0 Box [shade 1]
1 049 31 One " 177 B1 Box [shade 2]
2 050 32 Two # 178 B2 Box [shade 3]
3 051 33 Three * 179 B3 Box [top bottom]
4 052 34 Four 1 180 B4 Box [left top bottom]
5 053 35 Five I 181 B5 Box [left top bottom]
6 054 36 Six M 182 B6 Box [left top bottom]
7 055 37 Seven D 183 B7 Box [left bottom]
8 056 38 Eight @ 184 B8 Box [left bottom]
9 057 39 Nine < 185 B9 Box [left top bottom]
: 058 3A Colon 5 186 BA Box [top bottom]
; 059 3B Semicolon 7 187 BB Box [left bottom]
< 060 3C Less than sign 8 188 BC Box [left top]
= 061 3D Equal sign E 189 BD Box [left top]
> 062 3E Greater than sign A 190 BE Box [left top]
? 063 3F Question mark , 191 BF Box [left bottom]
@ 064 40 Commercial at . 192 C0 Box [top right]
A 065 41 Uppercase A 2 193 C1 Box [left top right]
B 066 42 Uppercase B 0 194 C2 Box [left right bottom]
C 067 43 Uppercase C / 195 C3 Box [top right bottom]
D 068 44 Uppercase D ) 196 C4 Box [left right]
E 069 45 Uppercase E 3 197 C5 Box [left top right bottom]
F 070 46 Uppercase F G 198 C6 Box [top right bottom]
G 071 47 Uppercase G K 199 C7 Box [top right bottom]
H 072 48 Uppercase H 9 200 C8 Box [top right]
I 073 49 Uppercase I 6 201 C9 Box [right bottom]
J 074 4A Uppercase J = 202 CA Box [left top right]
K 075 4B Uppercase K ; 203 CB Box [left right bottom]
L 076 4C Uppercase L : 204 CC Box [top right bottom]
ASCII Character Codes and Symbols* (continued)
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
M 077 4D Uppercase M 4 205 CD Box [left right]
N 078 4E Uppercase N > 206 CE Box [left top right bottom]
O 079 4F Uppercase O N 207 CF Box [left top right]
P 080 50 Uppercase P J 208 D0 Box [left top right]
Q 081 51 Uppercase Q L 209 D1 Box [left right bottom]
R 082 52 Uppercase R H 210 D2 Box [left right bottom]
S 083 53 Uppercase S F 211 D3 Box [top right]
T 084 54 Uppercase T B 212 D4 Box [top right]
U 085 55 Uppercase U ? 213 D5 Box [right bottom]
V 086 56 Uppercase V C 214 D6 Box [right bottom]
W 087 57 Uppercase W O 215 D7 Box [left top right bottom]
X 088 58 Uppercase X P 216 D8 Box [left top right bottom]
Y 089 59 Uppercase Y - 217 D9 Box [left top]
Z 090 5A Uppercase Z + 218 DA Box [right bottom]
[ 091 5B Opening square bracket $ 219 DB Box [shade 4]
\ 092 5C Reverse slant; backslash ( 220 DC Box [left shade]
] 093 5D Closing square bracket % 221 DD Box [top shade]
^ 094 5E Caret (circumflex) % 222 DE Box [right shade]
_ 095 5F Underscore (low line) & 223 DF Box [bottom shade]
` 096 60 Grave accent 224 E0 Lowercase Greek alpha
a 097 61 Lowercase a 225 E1 Lowercase Greek beta
b 098 62 Lowercase b 226 E2 Uppercase Greek gamma
c 099 63 Lowercase c 227 E3 Lowercase Greek pi
d 100 64 Lowercase d 228 E4 Uppercase Greek sigma
e 101 65 Lowercase e 229 E5 Lowercase Greek sigma
f 102 66 Lowercase f 230 E6 Lowercase Greek mu
g 103 67 Lowercase g 231 E7 Lowercase Greek tau
h 104 68 Lowercase h 232 E8 Uppercase Greek phi
i 105 69 Lowercase i 233 E9 Uppercase Greek theta
j 106 6A Lowercase j 234 EA Uppercase Greek Omega
k 107 6B Lowercase k 235 EB Lowercase Greek delta
l 108 6C Lowercase l 236 EC Infinity symbol
m 109 6D Lowercase m 237 ED Empty set (null set) symbol
n 110 6E Lowercase n 238 EE Member (element) symbol
o 111 6F Lowercase o 239 EF Intersection symbol
p 112 70 Lowercase p 240 F0 Equivalent sign
q 113 71 Lowercase q 241 F1 Plus or minus sign
r 114 72 Lowercase r 242 F2 Greater than or equal sign
s 115 73 Lowercase s 243 F3 Less than or equal sign
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
Char-
acter/
Symbol
Deci-
mal
Code
Hexadeci-
t 116 74 Lowercase t 244 F4 Integral (top)
u 117 75 Lowercase u 245 F5 Integral (bottom)
v 118 76 Lowercase v 246 F6 Divide
w 119 77 Lowercase w 247 F7 Approximately equal sign
x 120 78 Lowercase x 248 F8 Degree (ring)
y 121 79 Lowercase y 249 F9 Circle (solid)
z 122 7A Lowercase z 250 FA Small centre dot
{ 123 7B Opening brace 251 FB Root
| 124 7C Vertical bar
n
252 FC Power of n
} 125 7D Closing brace 253 FD Power of 2
~ 126 7E Tilde O 254 FE Square (solid)
127 7F Delete 255 FF Undefined
*ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a set of binary codes that represent the most commonly used letters, numbers, and symbols.
Selected Letter and Nonletter Symbols in Science Technology
Registered trademark s Line feed [Data Communication]
Copyright t New line [Data Communication]
Trademark u Vertical tab [Data Communication]
K Servicemark S
O
(Character) Shift out [Data Communication]
6 Centerline S
I
(Character) Shift in [Data Communication]
B
S
Backspace [Data Communication] 5 Open/Eject [Electronics]
S
P
Space [Data Communication] 4 Play [Electronics]
p Horizontal tab [Data Communication] 8 Fast Forward [Electronics]
q Form feed [Data Communication] Rewind [Electronics]
r Carriage return [Data Communication] < Stop [Electronics]
E
C
(Printer) Escape character [Data
Communication]
= Record [Electronics]

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Appendix

Momentum p newton-second Ns 1 Ns = 1 kgm/s

Section modulus foot-cubed

Baseline ellipses (e.g., a)

Neither greater than, nor equal

Inverse hyperbolic sine (i.e.,

Complex number system (i.e., z

| Neuter cell or organism [General Biology] + Wild type [Genetics]

,. .. Single, double, triple negative charge

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