Monitoring Power Quality Beyond en 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

IEEE Transmission & Distribution Conference Monitoring Electric Power Quality Chicago, IL
Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30
Scott Schindlbeck Elspec North America 23 April 2008 Room s401d 1:00pm
www.elspecna.com
Originally presented at EPRI PQA/ADA Conference 2007 Long Beach, CA

Objectives for Power Quality Monitoring Power Quality Statistics Power Quality Contracts Power Quality Troubleshooting Resolving Disputes Verifying Compliance With Standards
Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Can Power Quality Really Be Measured? Power quality has many meanings depending on what the power is used for Measuring PQ is all about deviations from normal state USERS are interested in any deviation that is large enough to cause a problem SUPPLIERS are interested in ensuring that deviations are maintained below a level that might cause problems

Quality Measurement Considerations PQ events are multi dimensional dips,voltage,current,time,harmonics,flicker,frequency PQ effects have thresholds ( they become problematic above a certain level)

Power Quality Parameters Supply voltage unbalance Voltage and current harmonics Interharmonics Rapid voltage changes Power frequency Magnitude of supply voltage Flicker Supply voltage dips and swells Voltage interruptions Transient voltages

Existing Standards IEC 61000-4-30 Measurement methods Measurement formulas Accuracy levels Aggregation period definition EN 50160 levels for power quality parameters time-based percentage (e.g., limiting voltage flicker to 95% of the time per week)

Supply Standard EN 50160 Governs supply voltage parameters 95% Excludes fault conditions, adverse weather Important standard but not a guarantee Written from suppliers point of view

Measurement Standard IEC 61000-4-30 Defines the method of measurement and interpretation of results for power quality parameters in single and three phase 50/60 Hz power systems
Any instrument conforming to the IEC61000-4-30 Class A standard regardless of manufacturer will read the same when subjected to the same inputs( V,I) Creates a level playing field With today's technology we can measure beyond this standard providing power quality professionals the information they need to solve real issues
10

Current Trends in Power Quality Standards Several countries are modifying Standards to improve network power quality. Examples: Norway (Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate):
Reduce averaging periods from 10 minutes to 1 minute Force maximum 100% levels of compliance, (compared to 95% in EN 50160).
Hungarian Regulatory Agency:

Force averaging period every 3 seconds
11

The impact of existing standards on Power Quality Analysis and Solutions Time aggregation hides power quality issues Parameter values are limited and time-restricted Power quality variables are bound to only 3 voltages Source identification and propagation analysis becomes extremely difficult (or near impossible) due to limited information available from power anomalies
12

Requirements for Optimizing Power Quality Analysis Data compression technology Continuous measurement of available information all the time in 1024 sample/cycle 2 parallel computation engines: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A and cycle-by-cycle, up to the 511th harmony Full scale readings 6000V / 75A at high accuracy Real time flickering 2, 10 and 60 second periods Periodic storage of 4 quadrant energy (active and reactive) for total 16 parameters Detailed Inter- and Sub-harmonics
13

EN 50160 Compliance Main service of an industrial customer Unexplained production interruptions and equipment failures According to EN50160 everything is OK although the site is experiencing significant damage
Electrical Utility
22kV
Compliance with EN 50160 at Industrial Customer's Main Service

14
industrial Consumer

Not Recording All Parameters: Hidden Line-to-Ground Event

L-L Voltages [kV] 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 20 15 10 5 0
3 Cycles / Div, Total 60 Cycles 15
EN50160 limits measurements on Delta connections to Line-to-Line voltages The following event causes accumulative damage to MV Delta connected Source: Short circuit between the blue phase and the ground Result: No Record of a potentially damaging Line-to-Ground event
L-N Voltages [kV]

Not Recording All Parameters: Event Analysis
Conclusion from 16 cycles: Line-to-Line Voltage Sag Insufficient information to identify the source(s)
Volts, L-L [kV]
21 18 15 12 9
Elspec PQSCADA Investigator
Volts, L-N [kV] Volts, L-N [kV] Volts, L-N [kV]
24 12 0 -12 -24
24 12 0 -12 -24
24 12 0 -12 -24
29-04-2007 07:33:49.974
29-04-2007 07:33:50.278
16

Not Recording All Parameters: Sequence of Events (Zoom-Out) 1 second of information reveals two sequential events
Volts, L-L [kV] Volts, L-N [kV] Volts, L-N [kV] Volts, L-N [kV]
21 18 15 12 9 24 12 0 -12 -24
24 12 0 -12 -24
24 12 0 -12 -24
29-04-2007 07:33:49.777
29-04-2007 07:33:50.771
17

Not Recording All Parameters: Sequence of Events (L-N Added) Adding Line-to-Neutral voltages reveals the cause
Elspec PQSCADA Investigator 22 20
Volts, L-L [kV] Volts, L-N [kV]
18 16 14 12 10
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
29-04-2007 07:33:49.777
29-04-2007 07:33:50.771
18

Not Recording All Parameters: Sequence of Events (Aftershock) Aftershock event caused by simultaneous re-connection of many loads after the event
Elspec PQSCADA Investigator 22
Volts, L-L [kV] Volts, L-N [kV]
20 18 16 14 12 10 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 28
Volts, L-N [A] Current [kV]
24 20 16 12 8 4
Monitoring the Current adds information

29-04-2007 07:33:49.777 29-04-2007 07:33:50.771
19

High Sampling Rate
100% Voltage
Event at 64 samples per cycle a Voltage Sag?
-100%
100% Voltage
Same event at 1,024 samples per cycle
-100%
Transients!
20

Averaging vs. Rapid Parameter Monitoring Standards recommend averaging periods for parameters What averaging achieves: Fewer resources required, such as less storage space and bandwidth More stable readings Similar information on every analyzer
What averaging causes: A large amount of vital power quality information remains hidden No ability to understand the network and the propagation of events
21

Averaging vs. Rapid Parameter Monitoring Source: SINTEF Energy Research, Norway
Different Results: 10 minute averaging = Voltage is below 207V 3.5% of the time (nominal 230V minus 10%)
1 minute averaging = Voltage is below 207V 28% of the time.
Cycle-by-cycle RMS Voltage Monitoring is essential in order to understand the cause and provide a solution
22

Continuous Logging - 16 Cycles
Voltage drop at a large industrial area. Rule of thumb: Voltage drop plus current rise => downstream event
Volts, L-L [kV] Currents [A] Volts, L-N [kV] Currents [A] Freq. [Hz]
22 20 18 16 14 14 12 10 8 26 13 0 -13 -26 20 10 0 -10 -20 52 51 50 49 48
16 waveforms sampling
23

Continuous Logging - ~300 Continuous Cycles (Zoom-Out) The change in frequency points to an external source
Volts, L-L [kV] Currents [A] Volts, L-N [kV] Currents [A] Freq. [Hz]
22 20 18 16 14 14 12 10 8 26 13 0 -13 -26 20 10 0 -10 -20 52 51 50 49 48
03-01-2007 17:36:17.750
7 Seconds
03-01-2007 17:36:23.893
24

Continuous Logging 45,000 Continuous Cycles (2nd Zoom-Out)
The current changes before the event again points to a downstream problem
Elspec PQSCADA Investigator 22 20 18 16 14 21
Currents [A] Freq. [Hz]
Volts, L-L [kV]
18 15 12 9
50.28 50.22 50.16 50.1 50.04 49.98
31:43.505
15 minutes
45:08.867
25

Continuous Logging 250,000 Continuous Cycles (3rd Zoom-Out) Now we see that the current rises are typical to this site
Elspec PQSCADA Investigator 22 20 18 16 14 21
Volts, L-L [kV]
18 15 12 9
50.3 50.2 50.1 50 49.9
16:58:33.273
More then 1 hour
18:16:22.235
26

Large Scale Event These sites are located 106km (66miles) from each other and 62km/54km from the original one Voltage & Frequency look exactly the same Current drops during the event
106km (66miles) 2
24.2 23.1
Volts, L-L [kV]
20.9 19.8 18.7 17.6 16.5 160
Volts, L-L [kV]
Volts, L-L [kV]
3
22 150
2
176 172 168 164 160 156 152 148 144 140 136 40 39
22 20 18 16 14
21
Currents [A]
Currents [A]
140 130 120 110 100 50.3 50.2 50.1 50 49.9
38 37 36 35 34 33 50.3 50.25 50.2 50.15 50.1 50.05 50 49.95 49.9 49.85
18 15 12 9
50.3 50.2 50.1 50 49.9
Freq. [Hz]
03-01-2007 17:08:42
03-01-2007 18:24:21
Freq. [Hz]
03-01-2007 17:08:42
03-01-2007 18:24:21
16:58:33.273
18:16:22.235
27

Rapid Parameter Monitoring RMS in a Welding factory (Germany) IEC 61000-4-30 instructs: 10/12 Cycle averaging
Current [A] 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Voltage [V] 400 390 380 370 360 350 340 330 320 310
IEC 61000-4-30 one voltage drop Sliding Window Average one voltage drop
Cycle-by Cycle 5 different voltage drops
0 300 Cycle 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 Fixed Aver Fixed Aver 28 Sliding Window Average Sliding Window Average Cycle Current Cycle Voltage

Multipoint Analysis Multiple Sources
Two different events sources may be wrongly identified as same type Solving at one transformer will not prevent the event(s) from reoccurring and is likely the wrong analysis
Voltage
100%
90%
Second Event
First Event
80%
First Event
Second Event
29

Multipoint Analysis - Time Delay and propagation Analysis Time synchronization allows time delay analysis
Voltage
100%
90%
80%
30
First Event
0.1 Sec/Div

Knowledge Availability
Certainty
100%
Controllers Power meters Educated guess Source of Information 0% When

Today at 09:0 0
Educated guess Why

Motor Startu p
What
20% Sa g
Where From
From Custo mer X
What to do
Synch . Startu ps
Knowledge
31

Ideal Knowledge Availability
Certainty
100%
Source of Information:
Controllers
Continuous measurement information all the time in 1024 sample/cycle Educated guess using data compression technology of available Power meters
Educated guess Why
Motor Startu p
Source of Information 0% When

Today at 09:0 0
What
20% Sa g
Where From
From Custo mer X
What to do
Synch . Startu ps
Knowledge
32

www.elspec.com
Thank You
www.elspecna.com
33

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond en 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30 - April 2008

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IEEE Transmission & Distribution Conference Monitoring Electric Power Quality Chicago, IL

Originally presented at EPRI PQA/ADA Conference 2007 Long Beach, CA

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Hungarian Regulatory Agency:

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Compliance with EN 50160 at Industrial Customer's Main Service

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

L-N Voltages [kV]

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Elspec PQSCADA Investigator

Volts, L-N [kV] Volts, L-N [kV] Volts, L-N [kV]

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Volts, L-L [kV] Volts, L-N [kV]

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Volts, L-L [kV] Volts, L-N [kV]

Volts, L-N [A] Current [kV]

Monitoring the Current adds information

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Event at 64 samples per cycle a Voltage Sag?

Same event at 1,024 samples per cycle

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

1 minute averaging = Voltage is below 207V 28% of the time.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

22 20 18 16 14 14 12 10 8 26 13 0 -13 -26 20 10 0 -10 -20 52 51 50 49 48

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

22 20 18 16 14 14 12 10 8 26 13 0 -13 -26 20 10 0 -10 -20 52 51 50 49 48

Copyright 2007 ELSPEC Engineering, Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Power Quality Beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30

Elspec PQSCADA Investigator 22 20 18 16 14 21

Currents [A] Freq. [Hz]

Volts, L-L [kV]