EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-1
Applications of the Laplace Transform

Application in Circuit Analysis

1. Review of Resistive Network

1) Elements

2) Superposition




1
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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-2
3) KVL and KCL Select a node for ground. Watch out for signs!



4) Equivalent Circuits


Open Circuit Voltage
s OC
V V = =
R
s
= Equivalent Resistance
Short Circuit Current
s SC
I I = =

Thevenin
Equivalent
Circuit
Norton
Equivalent
Circuit
R
s
= Same as before
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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-3
5) Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis


Mesh analysis (use KVL)

+ + =
+ + =
2 2 4 1 1 1
2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1
) ( ) (
S S
S
V I R I R V
I I R I I R I R V

Solve for I
1
and I
2
.


2. Characteristics of Dynamic Networks

1) Inductor



2) Capacitor

=
=
t
C C
C C
d i
C
t v
t v
dt
d
C t i
) (
1
) ( or
) ( ) (

=
=
t
L L
L L
d v
L
t i
t i
dt
d
L t v
) (
1
) ( or
) ( ) (

(Use KCL)
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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-4
3) Operation Amplifier

A general op-amp model is described above.

In practice, the input resistance, R
in
, is very large (> 10
12
) and the gain, A, is
very large (>10
5
). Thus, we will use the ideal model in the analysis:
1. Input current I
i
(t) = 0 (due to the large input impedence)
2. Input voltage difference v
i
(t) = 0 and output voltage v
o
(t) is dictated by
external circuit (due to the large gain)

Based on the ideal op-amp model,
v
2
(t) = v
1
(t) (1)

Also, as the op-amp does not have any input current, applying KCL at the inverting
port, we have
v
2
(t)/R
a
= (v
o
(t)-v
2
(t))/R
b

v
o
(t)/v
2
(t) = 1+R
b
/R
a
Plug in (1), we have v
o
(t)/v
1
(t) = 1+R
b
/R
a

This circuit is called Non-Inverting Amplifier.




-
+

+
-
+
-
v
o
(t)
v
i
(t)
+
-
v
i
(t)
-
+
-
Av
i
(t)
R
in
I
i
(t)
Inverting input
Non-Inverting input
-
+
+
-
v
1
(t)
R
a

R
b

v
o
(t)
i
o
(t)
v
2
(t)
+
-
+
-
v
o
(t)
Example:
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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-5
4) Mutual Inductor used in transformer.

Two separate circuits with coupling currents.





To link the two circuits together, introduce a combined current term (i
1
+i
2
):
dt
di
M L i i
dt
d
M
dt
di
M
dt
di
L
dt
di
M
dt
di
M t v
i i
dt
d
M
dt
di
M L
dt
di
M
dt
di
M
dt
di
M
dt
di
L t v
2
2 2 1
2 2
2
2 1
2
2 1
1
1
2 1 1 1
1 1
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =


Equivalent circuit:












Make sure both i
1
and i
2
point either away or toward the polarity marks to
make the mutual inductance M positive.

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-6
Example : Apply mesh analysis to the following circuit



Using Laplace Transform

) ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
) (
) 0 ( ) ( 1
)) 0 ( ) ( (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
s RI s I
Cs
s I Ls
s RI
s
v
s
s I
C
i s sI L
s V s V s V s V
C
R C L
+ + =
+
(

+ + =
+ + =

Define Generalized Resistors (Impedances)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( s Z s I s V Ls s Z
L L L
= =

) ( ) ( ) (
1
) ( s Z s I s V
Cs
s Z
C C C
= =

Both capacitor and inductor behave exactly like a resistor!


R s Z s Z
s V
s I
s RI s I s Z s I s Z s V
C L
s
C L s
+ +
=
+ + =
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (


Everything we know about resistive network can be applied to dynamic network in
Laplace domain:

analysis mesh and analysis Nodal

circuit Equivalent
KCL and KVL
ion superposit
Law Ohms d Generalize

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-7
3. Laplace transform models of circuit elements.

What if the initial conditions are not zero?


1) Capacitor


Alternatively, you can also represent it as an impedance and a parallel current
source (Norton equivalent circuit)

BE VERY CAREFUL ABOUT THE POLARITY OF VOLTAGE SOURCE AND
THE DIRECTION OF CURRENT SOURCE!!






Z
C
Cv(0
-
)
I(s)
+ -
V(s)
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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-8
2) Inductor



Alternatively, you can also represent it as an impedance and a parallel current
source (Norton equivalent circuit)


3) Resistor V(s) = RI(s)


4) Voltage and Current Sources (Dont forget to apply Laplace Transform on
them)




5) Op-Amp : same ideal model assumption



Z
L
i(0
-
)/s
I(s)
+ -
V(s)
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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-9
6) Mutual Inductance (Transformers)









Laplace transform model: Obtain it by using inductance model





















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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-10
Example: Find Complex Norton Equivalent circuit given 0 ) 0 ( =

c
v




Solution
1) Compute the Short-Circuit Current
sc s
I s I = ) (

Straightforward to see: ) ( 2 ) ( s I s I
S
=

To compute I(s), apply mesh analysis on the left loop:

3
2
) ( 2 ) (
3
1
) (
) (
3
) ( )
3
1 (
1
) ( 3 1 ) (
1
+
= =
+
=
+
= + = + =
s
s I s I
s
s I
s I
s
s
s I
s s
s I s I
s
s


No need to do inverse Laplace transform as the equivalent circuit is in the s-
domain.


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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-11
2) Find the equivalent impedance
s
Z

Normally, we can just kill all the independent sources and combine the
impedances (using resistive combination rules). However, as there is a
dependent source, we need to drive it with a test voltage:



) ( 2
) (
) (
) (
s I
s V
s I
s V
Z
test
test
test
s
= =

Mesh analysis on the left loop:
0 ) (
) (
3
) ( ) 1 (
0
) ( 3
1 ) (
=
|

\
|
=
= +
s I
s I
s
s I
s
s I
s I


So we got an interesting result:
CIRCUIT OPEN
0
) (
= =
s V
Z
test
s















Vtest(s)
a

Z
L
V
test
(s)
+
-
I
test
(s)
Z
s
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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-12
Example: Find the transfer function H(s) = V
o
(s)/V
i
(s) of the following circuit.
Assume all initial conditions are zero.

This is called the Sallen-Key circuit, which we will see again in filter design.


Rewrite everything in Laplace domain, we have


We recognize the op-amp configuration as a non-inverting amplifier, so we have

a
b
R
R
K + =1


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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Cheung

Page 6-13
To find V
o
, we need V
b
which depends on V
a
.

All other nodal voltages are known. Thus, we need two nodal equations:

Applying KCL at node a, we have:
0
1
1
2 1
=

s C
KV V
R
V V
R
V V
b a b a i a

1
1
1
2
1
2 1
1 1 1 1
V
R
V s KC
R
V s C
R R
b a
=
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+ + (1)


Applying KCL at node b, we have:
0
2
2
= +

b
a b
sV C
R
V V

0
1 1
1
2 2
=
|
|

\
|
+ +
b a
V s KC
R
V
R
(2)

Combining equations (1) and (2) by eliminating V
a
, we get:
[ ] 1 ) 1 (
1
1 1 2 1 2 2
2
2 1 2 1
+ + + +
=
s K C R C R C R s C C R R V
V
i
b


Since
b o
KV V = , we have
[ ] 1 ) 1 (
1 1 2 1 2 2
2
2 1 2 1
+ + + +
=
s K C R C R C R s C C R R
K
V
V
i
o

where
a
b
R
R
K + =1












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