Chapter 5

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5
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Physical Characteristics of Water
An odorless, colorless,
and tasteless liquid at
room temperature
Density = _____________
Expands upon freezing
Poor electrical conductor
Physical
Characteristics
Poor thermal conductor
Boiling point = ___________
Freezing point = _________
Raise the boiling point of

water
Effects of
impurities on
water
Lower the freezing point of

water
Raise the density of water
Exercise 5.1
1. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up to study the effect of impurities in

distilled water. A spatula of fine table salt is added into apparatus B.
Diagram 1
(a) From Diagram 1, determine the temperature recorded by
(i) Thermometer A when the distilled water is boiling.
________________________________________________________
(ii) Thermometer B when the mixture of distilled water and fine table salt is
boiling.
________________________________________________________
(b) If two spatulas of fine table salt are added to apparatus B, predict the
boiling point recorded by thermometer B by ticking ( ) in one of the
boxes provided below.
100C
102C
105C
(c) From the experimental result, define distilled water operationally.

___________________________________________________________
(d) Why is distilled water called pure water?

___________________________________________________________
(e) If a spatula of fine table salt is added into distilled water, predict the
freezing point recorded by thermometer B by ticking ( ) in one of boxes
provided below.
-2C
0C
2C
2. Figure 2 shows an experiment to determine the freezing point of water.
(a) Define the freezing point of water.

___________________________________________________________
(b) Plot a graph of temperature (C) against time (minutes).
(c) If you add some salt into the distilled water at the beginning of experiment,
what will happen to the freezing point of distilled water?
___________________________________________________________
3. The changes in the state of water is shown in the diagram.
(a) Name the processes labeled as L, M and N in the above diagram.

L
M
N
: ____________________________________________________
: ____________________________________________________
: ____________________________________________________
(b) What happens to the process L if mineral salts are dissolved in the water?
___________________________________________________________
(c) What happens to the process N if mineral salts are dissolved in the water?
___________________________________________________________
(d) The figure shows the same chemical substance undergoing the following
process.
Solid
Gas
Name the process Z.

___________________________________________________________
Composition of Water
WATER
is a COMPOUND
H2O
2 hydrogen atoms
1 oxygen atom
1 water molecule
Water can be broken down to its elements through electrolysis.

ELECTROLYSIS - A method to break down a compound by passing an electric current through
its liquid or solution
Electrolysis of water
(a) Water is added with a little dilute sulphuric acid to make it conduct electricity
better.
(b) Test the gas that is collected by the
Cathode ( hydrogen) : Lighted splinter
pop sound is produced.
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(ii) Anode (oxygen) : Glowing wooden splinter - the splinter ignited.
(c) The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water compound is 2 :1
Exercise 5.2
1. Diagram 1 shows the electrolysis of water.
(a) Water was electrolysed to determine its composition. The apparatus

above was set-up. A chemical was added to a beaker of water and two
types of gases were collected at the end of experiment. Fill in the spaces
above to complete the electrolysis diagram.
2. Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to study the

electrolysis of water.
Diagram 2
(a) Based on Diagram 2, state the ratio of the gases released.

___________________________________________________________
(b) Identify gas X and gas Y.
(i) Gas X
(ii) Gas Y
: _______________________________________________
: _______________________________________________
(c) Diagram 3 shows the readings of gas X and Y in the measuring cylinders.
Diagram 3
Based on Diagram 3, record the readings in Table 1.
Time taken ( minutes)
Volume of gas X (cm3)
Volume of gas Y (cm3)
10
15
(d) State the variables involved in this experiment.

(i) Manipulated variable
: ____________________________________
(ii) Responding variable : ____________________________________
(iii) Fixed variable
: ____________________________________
3. Diagram 4 shows the apparatus set-up used to study electrolysis.
Diagram 4
The switched is turned on and the electric current is allowed to flow for 20
minutes.
(a) On Diagram 4, mark X for the positive electrode.
(b) What are the gases collected at the positive and negative electrodes?
(i) Positive electrode
(ii) Negative electrode
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
(c) State the ratio of the volume of gas collected at the positive electrode to
the volume of gas at the negative electrode.
___________________________________________________________
4. Diagram 5 shows an experiment related to water.
Diagram 5
(a) What gas will be collected in

(i) Cylinder A
(ii) Cylinder B
: __________________________________________
: __________________________________________
(b) What will happen if a lighted splinter is inserted into

(i) Cylinder A
(ii) Cylinder B
: __________________________________________
: __________________________________________
(c) If the volume of gas in cylinder A is 20 cm3, what will be the volume of gas
in cylinder B?
___________________________________________________________
(d) What is the conclusion that you could make about this experiment?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(e) Briefly define the following terms.

(i) Electrolysis of water
:
___________________________________________________________
(ii) Anode
: _______________________________________________
(f) Draw a molecule of water by labeling its atoms.
5. Diagram 6 shows the set-up of an experiment to determine the composition of

water.
Diagram 6
(a) No bubbles of gases were seen in test tubes P and Q when the electric
current is switched on. Explain why.
___________________________________________________________
(b) What should be added to the water to help overcome to the problem
described in (a)
___________________________________________________________
(c) Name the gas collected at test tubes P and Q.
(i) P : ____________________________________________________
(ii) Q : ____________________________________________________
(d) How can the gas released in the test tubes P and Q be identified?
(i) P : ____________________________________________________
(ii) Q : ____________________________________________________
(e) What is the ratio of the gas collected?
Ratio of gas collected P : Q = __________________
(f) Name the process used in the diagram.
___________________________________________________________
6. Diagram 7 shows the apparatus set-up used to study electrolysis.
Diagram 7
(a) What is the name of the process shown above?
___________________________________________________________
(b) When the switch is turned on, there is no current flow.
(i) Why? ((give a reason)
________________________________________________________
(ii) State how this problem could be solved.
________________________________________________________
(c) ( After 20 minutes )

(i) What is collected in test tube A?
________________________________________________________
(ii) Name the product collected in test tube B and explain a test to
determine this gas.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
(d) what is the ratio of the volume of gas collected in test tube A to the volume
of gas collected in test tube B?
___________________________________________________________
7. Diagram 8 shows the electrolysis of water.
Diagram 8
(a) Why is pure water added with a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid?
___________________________________________________________
(b) The gas collected in test tube K relighted a glowing splinter whereas the
gas collected in test tube L explodes with a pop sound when tested with a
lighted splinter.
(i) Test tube K
(ii) Test tube L
: __________________________________________
: __________________________________________
(c) Complete Table 1

Time (min)
Volume of gas in test tube K (cm3)
Volume of gas in test tube L (cm3)
(d) Based on Table 1, what can be said about the composition of water?
___________________________________________________________
8.
Diagram 9
(a) The above experiment is carried out to study the electrolysis of water.
Complete the observations in the following table.
Procedure
Observation
(i) Switch on the circuit

(ii) Test gas X with a burning wooden
splinter
(iii) Test gas Y with a glowing wooden
splinter
(b) Identify ;
(i) Gas X
(ii) Gas Y
: _______________________________________________
: _______________________________________________
(c) From the above experiment, it is concluded that one molecule of water is
made up of __________________ and __________________.
Evaporation of Water
Definition
The process by which a liquid changes into its

vapour.
4 Factors affecting the rate of evaporation
Surface
Area
Movement
of Air
Temperature
Humidity
Similarities and differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation
Both involve the change of state from liquid to gas.
Both processes absorb heat
Boiling
Occurs at the liquids surface
Occurs throughout the liquid
Occurs at all temperatures below the

liquids boiling point
A slow process
Occurs at the liquids boiling point
A fast process
Exercise 5.3
1. The experiment below is carried out to study the relationship between the
surface area and the rate of evaporation.
(a) State the variable that

(i) is fixed
(ii) is manipulated
(iii) responds
: __________________________________________
: __________________________________________
: __________________________________________
(b) What is your observation?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(c) What is the inference of the experiment?

___________________________________________________________
(d) State your conclusion.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Diagram 1 shows three identical handkerchiefs. All the handkerchiefs are put
under the Sun for five hours.
Diagram 1
(a) Arrange the handkerchiefs in the sequence from the one that will dry
fastest to the one that will dry slowest.
___________________________________________________________
(b) State three factors that influence tha rate of evaporation other than
surface area.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. Diagram 2 shows two containers, J and K, both containing 300ml of water.

The water in both containers is allowed to evaporate.
Diagram 2
(a) The water in which container will evaporate faster than the other?
___________________________________________________________
(b) Explain your answer in (a)

___________________________________________________________
(c) Suggest two ways to increase the rate of evaporation of water in both
containers.
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
4. Diagram 3 shows an experimental set-up to study how the surface area of

water affects the rate of evaporation.
Diagram 3
(a) State the observation for this experiment.
___________________________________________________________
(b) What inference can be made based on Diagram 3?
___________________________________________________________
(c) State your hypothesis based on your answer in (a).
___________________________________________________________
(d) The experiment was observed for nine days. Table 1 shows the data
obtained.
Container
Beaker
Petri dish
Day 1
150
150
Volume of water left (cm3)

Day 3
Day 6
147
130
140
100
Day 9
122
83
(e) State the variables involved in this experiment.

(ii) Responding variable
(iii) Fixed variable
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
(f) Suggest a relationship between the volume of water left with the surface
area of the containers.
___________________________________________________________
5. Diagram 4 shows the set-up of an experiment to study the effect of humidity

on the rate of evaporation.
Diagram 4
(a) Name the following variables in the experiment.
(iii) Constant variable
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
(b) What is the purpose of placing fused calcium chloride in bell jar Q?
___________________________________________________________
(c) In which bell jar does the filter paper dry faster? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(d) What inference can be made based on your answer in (c)?
___________________________________________________________
(e) What conclusion can you make from this experiment?
___________________________________________________________
(f) What are the other factors that also affect the rate of evaporation?
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
(iii) ________________________________________________________
(g) Suggest two applications of evaporation in our daily life.
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
6. Diagram 5 is related to the evaporation of water.
Diagram 5
(a) Name the following variables in the experiment.
(iii) Constant variable
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
: ____________________________________
(b) State the observation for this experiment.

___________________________________________________________
(c) State your hypothesis based on your answer in (a).
___________________________________________________________
(d) What conclusion can you make from this experiment?
___________________________________________________________
(e) Define evaporation
___________________________________________________________
(f) What are the other factors that also affect the rate of evaporation?
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
(iii) ________________________________________________________
Solution and Science

Solubility
Module Form 2- Chapter 5
A solute is the substance that

dissolves.
A solution is
produced when
a substance
dissolved in
another
substance.
A solvent
is the
substance
that the
solute
dissolves in.
Solution
All these solutions have a clear appearance
Dilute solution
Concentrated solution
Saturated solution
Contains a little
dissolved solute
Contains a lot of
dissolved solute
Contains the
maximum amount of
dissolved solute
Can dissolve a lot

more solute
Can dissolve a little bit

more solute
Cannot dissolve any

more solute
The solubility of a solute is

the maximum amount of solute
in grams that will dissolve in
100 g of solvent at a given
temperature.
Factors affecting solubility

a. The nature of the solvent
b. The nature of the solute
c. The temperature of the solvent
Rate of
Factors affecting the rate of
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Temperature
Exercise 5.4
Acids and Alkali
Properties of Acids
A chemical compound that contains

hydrogen.
Tastes sour
Corrosive
pH value is less than 7
Change blue litmus paper to red
Examples organic acids:
- tartaric acid
- acetic acid
- citric acid
Examples inorganic acids:
- hydrochloric acid
- sulphuric acid
- nitric acid
gives out carbon dioxide when it reacts
with carbonates
Properties of Alkali
An oxide or hydroxide that is soluble in

water.
Tastes bitter
Corrosive
pH value is more than 7
Change red litmus paper to blue
Common laboratory alkalis:
- Sodium hydroxide
- Potassium hydroxide
Examples inorganic acids:
- hydrochloric acid
- sulphuric acid
- nitric acid

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Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

Physical Characteristics of Water

Expands upon freezing

Poor electrical conductor

Poor thermal conductor

Boiling point = ___________

Freezing point = _________

Raise the boiling point of

Lower the freezing point of

Raise the density of water

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

1. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up to study the effect of impurities in

(c) From the experimental result, define distilled water operationally.

(d) Why is distilled water called pure water?

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

2. Figure 2 shows an experiment to determine the freezing point of water.

(a) Define the freezing point of water.

(b) Plot a graph of temperature (C) against time (minutes).

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

3. The changes in the state of water is shown in the diagram.

(a) Name the processes labeled as L, M and N in the above diagram.

Name the process Z.

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

Water can be broken down to its elements through electrolysis.

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

1. Diagram 1 shows the electrolysis of water.

(a) Water was electrolysed to determine its composition. The apparatus

2. Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to study the

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

(a) Based on Diagram 2, state the ratio of the gases released.

(d) State the variables involved in this experiment.

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

3. Diagram 4 shows the apparatus set-up used to study electrolysis.

4. Diagram 5 shows an experiment related to water.

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

(a) What gas will be collected in

(b) What will happen if a lighted splinter is inserted into

(e) Briefly define the following terms.

(f) Draw a molecule of water by labeling its atoms.

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

5. Diagram 6 shows the set-up of an experiment to determine the composition of

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

6. Diagram 7 shows the apparatus set-up used to study electrolysis.

(c) ( After 20 minutes )

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

7. Diagram 8 shows the electrolysis of water.

(c) Complete Table 1

Volume of gas in test tube K (cm3)

Volume of gas in test tube L (cm3)

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

(i) Switch on the circuit

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

The process by which a liquid changes into its

4 Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

Similarities and differences between evaporation and boiling

Occurs at the liquids surface

Occurs throughout the liquid

Occurs at all temperatures below the

Occurs at the liquids boiling point

Science Module Form 2- Chapter 5

(a) State the variable that

(b) What is your observation?