R.S.E.B.

GSS 220KV

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

UNDERTAKEN AT

G.S.S.-220KV RRVPNL

Session 2011-12

(SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BACHELOR OF TECHNICAL DEGREE

OF RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA)

SUBMITTED TO:H.O.D (E&C)

SUBMITTED BY
hitesh 4th Year in E & C Branch

MS.PRIYANKA AGRAWAL A.I.E.T Mr.VIKASH MAHATO (In charge For Training Report) A.I.E.T.

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PREFACE

Now a day the world becomes complex and going towards direction of computerization. So, the RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY has included Seminar Project Study as a part of B.TECH. Course. Today s competitive market works on current market technologies. Therefore, it is necessary that the seminar developed by you should be based on that technology. Now a day, new features are used in all most all fields. We hardly find any field that does not make use of that features. This itself says that the working method of people has changed a lot from ancient times to today s fast and efficient widely used technology. So, to establish yourself in this market you need to design the system in such a way that they don t find any difficulty to extent possible. This is probably one of the most difficult tasks for the developers. Also the seminar must adapt to new skills that are invented continuously. This seminar has been visualized as far as user friendliness and practical usefulness is taken into account. This report that we are submitting highlights the versatility that we are capable of pressure of professional life and try to do best whenever work is given to us. We strongly believe that this report will be helpful in guiding the user about our system. After all, the users are who are guiding to use the system.

hitesh

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude, my seminar coordinator Mr. Vikash Mahato for his valuable guidance. I am grateful to him for his constant motivation, support & ideas that he gave throughout the year of my thesis. This work would not have been possible without his guidance. I would also like to thanks H.O.D. of ECE department Ms. Priyanka Agarwal for sponsoring this seminar. I would also like to thanks my college APEX INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY that we had during my thesis work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION OF R.S.E.B.
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Type of Sub Station

2. INTRODUCTION TO 220-KV G.S.S., R.R.V.P.N.L,JHUNJHUNU

2.1 Introduction 2.3 Constructional Feature of 132-KV G.S.S. Jhunjhunu: 2.4 Bus Bar Arrangement in Switchyards: 2.5 One and A Half Breaker Scheme:

3. VARIOUS EQUIPMENT
3.1 Different Equipment of Switchyard Used In G.S.S.: 3.2 Lightning Arrester
3.2.1 Introduction: 3.2.2 Lightning Arrester: 3.2.3 Valve Type Lighting Arrestor: 3.2.4 Protection Against Lightning: 3.2.4 Protection of Transmission Line From Direct Strokes: 3.2.5 Lightning Arrestor Meter: 3.2.6 Location of Arrestors: 3.2.7 Caution: 3.2.8 Arresters Voltage:

3.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (C.V.T.): 3.4 Isolator and Earthing Switching:
3.4.1 Working of Isolator: 3.4.2 Rating of Air Breaker Isolator: 3.4.3 Earthing Switch:

3.5 Circuit Breaker

3.5.1 Basic Concept of Using Circuit Breaker: 3.5.2 Different Arc Quenching Media: 3.5.3 SF6 Circuit Breaker: 3.5.3.1 Oil Vs SF6 Gas: 3.5.3.2 SF6 Vs Air/Gases: 3.5.3.3 Complete Working of SF6 Circuit Breaker: 3.5.4 Air Blast Circuit Breaker: 3.5.5 Oil Circuit Breaker:

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3.6 Rating of Circuit Breaker:

3.6.1 Rated Power Frequency: 3.6.2 Rated Pressure of SF6 Gas:

3.7 Transformer
3.7.1 Tertiary Winding: 3.7.2 Auto Transformer: 3.7.3 Tap Changing Transformer: 3.7.4 Transformer Accessories:

3.8 Current Transformer

3.8.1 Rating of Current Transformer

4. PROTECTION AND CONTROL

4.1 Protection and Control: 4.2 The Various Type of Relay Installed at 400 KV G.S.S. are: 4.3 Power Line Carrier Communication

5.OTHER PLANTS
5.1.1 Control Room 5.1.2 Power Line Carrier Communication 5.1.3 Fire Fighting System : 5.1.4 Oil Testing Lab 5.1.5 D.C. Supply System 5.1.6 Air Conditioning Plant

5.2 Annunciator

6.CONCLUSION

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1. INTRODUCTION OF R.S.E.B.
1.1 Introduction
The economical generation of electrical energy and huge demands for power requires creation of bigger and bigger powerhouses, may these be hydro electrical, steam or atomic. The powerhouse may be far away from the load centers as in the case of hydropower houses or they may be midst. Populated areas as in case to transformation and switching stations house to be created. These are generally known as substation.

1.2 Type of Sub Station

Depending on the purpose of substation may be classified as 1. Step up sub station 2. Primary grid sub station 3. Secondary sub station 4. Distribution sub station 5. Bulk supply sub station The step of substation is associated with the generation station. The generation voltage is limiting to a low value and needs to step up to the primary transmission voltage so that huge blocks of power can be carried over long distance to the centers economically. The primary grid sub stations are created at suitable load centers along that primary transmission voltage is stepped down to a number of suitable secondary voltage. From here secondary transmission lines are carried over to the load points. Along this secondary transmission lines secondary substation are created to actual load points where the voltage is further stepped down sub transmission and primary distribution voltage. The distribution substation are created where the sub transmission voltage/primary is step down to supply voltage, these substation feed the extra consumer through a network to distribution of and service lines. The bulk supply and industrial sub stations are generally distributed substation with the difference that the substation is created separately for a consumer and subsequent distribution of the electric power or left to the particular consumer of large or medium supply group. As may be designed by the standard laid down by the electrical supply by undertaking.

A substation is immediate link between the generating stations. The generation of electricity at low voltage link 6.6-KV or 11-KV is done although high voltage up to 33 KV is also possible but it is not

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expected due to economical condition. For economical transmission of electric power, we transmit power at a very high voltage. As we know voltage drop along the length of transmission line. We have to maintain the voltage at such a high level that it may not be lost during transmission. Thus for the sake of efficient transmission and considering the economical aspect all electrical authorities operating high voltage at transmission level. While at distribution level electrical service provides require a voltage level that suits consumer electrical electrical equipment for this purpose we have to provide smoke kind of stations for following reasons. 1. To maintain the voltage in original high transmission voltage. 2. To step down the voltage up to distribution load. 3. To cut the supply of desired related area, in case of any kind of damage. All GSS are linked to each other to form network as power grid. In India, we have two power grids; they are northern and southern power grid. Generally we operate ring scheme of power grid.

2. INTRODUCTION TO 220-KV G.S.S., R.R.V.P.N.L,JHUNJHUNU

2.1 Introduction

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R.R.V.P.N.L.. was constituted by government of Rajasthan power development department with the general duty of promoting & coordinating development of generation, supply & distribution of electricity within the state in the most efficient & economic manner. To make power system more reliable & efficient inter-state Grid system was regional electricity Board to promote integrated operations of the constituent power system. Regional load dispatch centers have been established to co-ordinate the activities of state load dispatch centers so as to ensure optimum utilization of generation & transmission facilities in the regions. . 2.3 Constructional Feature of 132-KV G.S.S. Jhunjhunu:

In this G.S.S. breaker and half scheme is adopted between buses main-1 and main- 2. There are total 9 feeders in which 2 are incoming feeders from Sanganer & Chambal which are incoming from and 7 outgoing feeders to two transformers in which one are of 50 MVA capacity & other is of 25 MVA capacity. Hence total capacity of 132-kV G.S.S. is 25 + 50 = 75 MVA These transformers are step down transformer 132-kV to 33-kV and fed three busbar arrangements.

This bus bar arrangement provides option of utilization ant of two buses at a time and leaving third one out of for maintenance or repair.

2.4 Bus Bar Arrangement in Switchyards: There are several ways in which the switching equipments can be connected in the electrical layout of generating station, receiving station or a switchyard in a distribution system.

Following aspect in general affect the station of the scheme.

1.Degree of flexibility of operation desired. 2. Importance of load conditions freedom from total shut down and its period desired. 3. Economic consideration, availability and cost. 4. Technical consideration. 5. Maintenance, safety of personal. 6. Simplicity 7. Provision of extension. 8. Protective zones.

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With these basic requirements there are several bus bar arrangement are as follows:-

1. Single bus bar arrangement. 2. Duplicate bus bar arrangement 3. Sectionalization of bus bar. 4. Ring bus. 5. One and a half breaker arrangement. 6. Mesh arrangement. In 132-kV G.S.S. one and a half breaker arrangement scheme is adopted between main-1 and main-2 busses.

2.5 One and A Half Breaker Scheme:

Breaker and a half scheme or one and a half breaker scheme is sometimes called the three-switch scheme, as there are three breakers in series between the main buses. As two circuits are connected between three breakers, hence the term breaker and the half breaker are used for each circuit. Under normal operating conditions all breaker are closed and both buses are energized. Opening the associated two circuit breakers trips the circuit. This is scheme-having flexibility to attend any element in this switchyard without losing the circuit. It occupies single bay space for two feeders oriented in diagonally opposite directions. All the incoming feeders from generating units are in one direction while out going feeders are oriented in opposite direction. The breaker and half arrangement are more expensive than other scheme, however breaker and a half scheme are superior in flexibility reliability and safety

3. VARIOUS EQUIPMENT
3.1 Different Equipment of Switchyard Used In G.S.S.:
Some equipment are used in the G.S.S. for successful operation of breaker and a

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Half scheme between two buses, they are 1. Lightning arrester 2. Capacitor voltage transformer 3. Wave trap 4. Isolator 5. Circuit breaker 6. Current transformer

3.2 Lightning Arrester

3.2.1 Introduction:

Every instrument must be protected from the damage of lightning strokes. The three protections in sub stations are essential: 1. Protection for transmission line from direct strokes. 2. Protection of power station or substation from direct strokes. 3. Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves. Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent lightning from striking the electrical conductor together with adequate drainage facilities over insulated structure.
3.2.2 Lightning Arrester:

Lightning Arrestor is a device, which protects the overhead lines & other electrical apparatus viz., transformer from over head voltages & lighting. When the positively charge cloud produce negative charge on the overhead line by electrostatic induction than the negative charge is however presented just under the cloud & portion of the line away from the cloud becomes positively charged. This charge on the line does not flow. Figure 3.1 (below) shows the lightning arrester. The positive charge on the far end flows to the earth through insulators, thus leaving the negative charge on the line directly under the cloud. Now assume due to the direct discharge occurring between this cloud & passing by negative charge on the line is no more bound charge & is free to travel on the both direction in the form of waves. These traveling waves will be of light magnitude & have steep wave front, which can damage the unprotected equipment connected to the line. These waves are passed to the earth through the lighting arrestors. In this G.S.S., the lighting arrestors used are THYRITE ALUGARD STATION class lighting arrestors, Lighting Arrestors are provided with proper Earthing. Lighting Arrestors are installed on a concrete

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block which project above ground by 305 mm. Lighting Arrestors are always with a mounting name Discharge Counter. It consist of a isolator in series & connected in such a way that long isolator is in upward & short isolator is in downward so that initially large potential up to the earth is decreased to zero.
3.2.3 Valve Type Lighting Arrestor:

Basic Lighting Arrestor has spark gap & resistance with non-linear characteristics. The spark gap consists of series of electrodes whose spark gap is broken. In Heerapura G.S.S. the units consist of number of main gap, a non-linear resistor, in parallel with non- linear resistors. A lighting surge of short duration mainly passes through parallel resistors while a switching surge & power frequency current passes through magnetic coils.
3.2.4 Protection Against Lightning:

All electrical equipments are protected from the severe damage of the lightning strokes which is studied from the view of following protection: 1. Power station & sub stations from direct strokes. 2. Overhead transmission line from direct strokes. 3. Electrical apparatus from traveling waves.
3.2.4 Protection of Transmission Line From Direct Strokes:

Effective protection requires a shield to prevent lighting from striking to electrical conductor together with adequate drainage facility over instruction so that discharge can drain to ground. Although ground wire runs over lines protects against lighting & reduces induced Voltage but inadequate to protect ant traveling waves which reaches the terminal of electrical this causes following damage: 1. High Voltage causes flash over in internal winding. 2. High Voltage causes internal flash over between the terminals of electrical equipment. 3. Step wave front of the surge may cause internal flashover between the turns of transformer.
3.2.5 Lightning Arrestor Meter:

This meter indicates the sum of surface leakage & internal grading current of the arrestor. It has three different indicators to indicate different conditions:
1. Green- Arrestor is healthy. 2. Red- Defective, Remove from service.

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3. Counter- Maintains counts of operation undergone by the arrestor.

3.2.6 Location of Arrestors:

It is common practice to install the lightning arrestor straight on the terminals of transformer. The lighting arrestor may be installed at a distance less than maximum permissible from the transformer. So as to include the other substation equipment within the protective zone in case the lighting arrestor is installed towards line side of circuit breaker then it needs to be ensured that the lighting arrestor has adequate thermal capacity to discharge the switching surges particularly on extra high voltage lines when circuit breaker are not restrict free.
3.2.7 Caution:

Test on high voltage by common meggar do not provide correct assessment of its health. Never leave the earth terminal if the arrestor underground by pass the monitor with an earth shunt engaged in any work on its terminal.
3.2.8 Arresters Voltage:

The thyrite station class arrester is designed to limit the surge voltages to safe value of discharging a surge current to ground, and to interrupt the maximum power frequency follow current before the first current. It is important, therefore to assure that the system power frequency voltage from line to ground under any condition of switching fault over voltage never exceeds the arresters rating.

3.3 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (C.V.T.):

Capacitor voltage transformer (C.V.T.) can be effectively employed as potential sources of measuring, metering, protection, carrier communication and other vital function of an available for system voltages of 33-kV to 132-kV. The performance of C.V.T. is inferior to that of electromagnetic voltage transformer. Its performance is affected by the supply frequency switching transient bus bar etc. the C.V.T. is more economical then an electromagnetic voltage transformer when the nominal system voltage increases above 66-kV. The carrier equipments can be connected via the capacitor of the C.V.T. Thereby, there is no need separate coupling capacitor.

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Capacitor type V.T. is used for voltage 66-kV and above. At such voltage cost of electromagnetic type V.T. is tensed to be too high. The capacitor connected in series acts like potential dividers provided the current taken by the burden or load is negligible compared with the current passing through the series connected capacitors. However, the burden current becomes relative larger and ratio- error and phase error is introduced. Tuning carriers compensation. The factor connected in series with the burden is adjusted to such a value that it supply frequency it resonate with the sum of two capacitor. This eliminates the error. The construction of capacitor type V.T. depends on the form of capacitor voltage divider. Generally HV capacitors are enclosed in porcelain housing. A large metal sheet box at the base encloses the tuning coil intermediate transformer

Figure 3.2:Capacitor Voltage Transformer

In P.T. we use the coupling capacitor but C.V.T. it is eliminated and if we use the PT in yard. It is very expensive due to the fact that the transformation ratio is high and the size of the PT is high than a C.V.T. of same capacity. So that C.V.T. are used in G.S.S. as shown below in figure- 3.2

3.4 Isolator and Earthing Switching:

When to carry out inspection or repair in the substation installation a disconnecting switch is used called isolator. Its work is to disconnect the unit or section from all other line parts on installation in order to insure the complete safety of the staff working. There are isolators

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1. Bus isolator. 2. Line Isolator cum earthing switch. 3. Transformer isolating switches. Isolator (disconnecting switch) operators under no load condition it does not have any specified current breaking capacity of current making capacity. Isolator is not even used for breaking load current. Circuit breakers can make and break electric circuit breaker, under normal current or short circuit condition. Isolators are used in addition to circuit breakers and are provided on each side of every circuit breaker to provide isolation and unable maintenance. While opening a circuit, the breaker is open first then isolator while closing a circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breaker. The isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit breakers in order to ensure isolation (disconnection) of the circuit

Isolator
Automatic switching of isolators is preferred. Not open it in live current flowing because high are damage its connect.
3.4.1 Working of Isolator:

Isolator for a 3-phase system is provided in such a manner that of each phase we provided one frame of isolator. These three isolators must be operated all together. In each frame, line connected to terminal stud. Terminal stud is connected or coupled with contact arm. An isolator is shown below in figure- 3.3 One contact arm has a male contract while other has female contact. Insulation supports contact arms. Contacts are made or broken by motor operated mechanism. When contact is to be opened then both arms are rotated in opposite direction so that contact is broken. Same time Earthing pole moves upwards to make

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contact with the female contact situated adjoin to the terminal stud. Hence the terminal gets earthed. On this criterion isolators can be distinguished as single earth or double earth. Through all the operation can be carried out manually but for quick operation motor is used.
3.4.2 Rating of Air Breaker Isolator:

1. Make S&S power switchgear ltd. 2. Motor operated mechanism. 3. Rated impulse voltage 4. Rated Amperes 5. Rated mechanical term load 6. Auxiliary voltage 7.Company :1425kV :2000 Amps :160 kg :220V :ELC

Earthing switch is connected between the line conductor and earth. Normally it is open. When the line is disconnected, the earth switch is close so as to discharge the voltage trap on the line. Though the line is disconnected, there is some voltage on the line to which the capacitance between line and earth is charged. This voltage is significant in high voltage system. Before starting the maintenance work these voltages are discharged to earth by closing the Earthing switch.

3.5 Circuit Breaker

As in 132-kV G.S.S. a very high amount of current flows in circuits and whenever it is necessary to open a circuit due to any reason like to work a transformer, breaker, isolator or line circuit breaker is used.
3.5.1 Basic Concept of Using Circuit Breaker:

In any circuit carrying a large amount of current, if a contact is open then normally a spark is produce to fact that current transverses its path through the air gap. Arcing is harmful as it can damage precious equipments as well as it can harm any personal nearby. So as to prevent that arcing circuit breaker are used in which different arc quenching media are provided between contacts.
3.5.2 Different Arc Quenching Media:

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1. SF6 circuit breaker 2. Oil circuit breaker 3. Air blast circuit breaker 4. Vacuum circuit breaker In 132-kV G.S.S. only SF6 gas circuit breaker are used as for generally in G.S.S. SF6 type breakers are very efficient.

3.5.3 SF6 Circuit Breaker:

The outstanding physical and chemical property of SF6 gas makes it an ideal dielectric media for use in power switchgear. These properties are included: -

1. High dielectric strength 2. Unique arc quenching ability 3. Excellent thermal stability 4. Good thermal conductivity In addition, at normal temperature SF6 is chemically inflammable, no corrosive and non condensable at low temperature.
3.5.3.1 Oil Vs SF6 Gas:

SF6 is not flammable and toxic like oil. It is easier to handle, maintain and repair equipment fill with SF6. In case of breakdown of oil strong surges of pressure may occur due to sudden development of gaseous products. In case of breakdown of SF6 gas, the only pressure rise will result from the thermal expansion of gas.
3.5.3.2 SF6 Vs Air/Gases:

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SF6 has about three times, the dielectric strength of N2 in addition SF6 has the property that disassociated molecules recombine rapidly after the sources of arcing is removed when superior arching occurs. Excellent performance in operation confirms the high level of reliability and safety irrespective of environmental condition.
3.5.3.3 Complete Working of SF6 Circuit Breaker:

Interrupter unit has two fixed contacts that are connected through a moving contact. Fixed contacts are of rod shape. These contacts are known as male contacts. Rated power closed position. Fixed contacts are joined by a moving contact is known as female contact. This female contact is of hollow cylindrical shape. Main parts of female contacts are blast cylinder. Contact tube and guide tube. In closed position, female contact overlaps male contacts. Contacts tube shorts two male contacts are current completes its path from one male contact to another through contact tube. When it is required to open the contact then piston is forced to move vertically downward by hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. This piston pulls operating rod downward. Operating rod pulls blast cylinder using bell and crank mechanism. Contact tube moves away from contact counteracting piston moves towards contact compressing the SF6 present in blast cylinder. When contact between male and female contacts is just going to break, then counteracting piston reaches its extreme position performing. Maximum compression of SF6 gas when the arc is produced SF6 at very high-pressure quenches the arc. In open position, blast cylinder reaches the extremes position again. Contact tube lies entirely on mole contact.
3.5.4 Air Blast Circuit Breaker:

In this type of circuit breaker compressed air is used as an arc extinguishes medium. In these circuit breakers arc is subjected to air blast axially or the arc. The air blast cools the arc and sweeps away the arcing products to the atmosphere. This rapidly increases the dielectric strength of the medium between the contacts and prevents the re- establishing the arc. Consequently, the arc is extinguished and flow of current is interrupted.

3.5.5 Oil Circuit Breaker:

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In bulk oil circuit breaker transformer oil is used which serves 2 purposes:

1. Media for extinguish arc as well as for 2. Provide insulation between current carrying parts and metallic tank.

3.6 Rating of Circuit Breaker:

Specification Make Type Rated Voltage : SF6 gas : BHEL, Hyderabad : 3AT3 : 420 kV

Rated Impulse with stand voltage Lightening/switching = 1425/1050 kV

3.6.1 Rated Power Frequency:

Voltage Rated Frequency Rated Normal current Rated short time current Rated Short Time Duration First Pole to clear Section Asymmetrical Rated making Current Rated Operation Duty Rated pressure of Hydraulic
3.6.2 Rated Pressure of SF6 Gas:

: 520 kV peak : 50Hz : 200 Amp : 40 K Amp : 1 Sec : 1.3 : 49 K Amps : 100 K Amp : 0.3 sec to 3 min : Operating Mechanism (Gauge) 250-350 bar

20 dg. C (gauge) Weight of complete breaker Weight of SF6 gas Rated trip coil voltage Rated closed coil voltage

: 7.5 bar : 11700 kg : 76.5 kg : 220 V dc : 220 V dc

3.7 Transformer

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1. Transformer is an A.C. machine that 2. Transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another 3. Does isolator without a change of frequency 4. Does isolator by the principle of electromagnetic induction and 5. Has an electric circuit that is linked by a common magnetic circuit When the transformer raises the voltage i.e. when the output voltage of a transformer is higher than its input voltage, it is called the step-up transformer and when it lowers the voltage it is called the step down transformer. In our G.S.S. four step down transformers are used. There are changes the voltage from 132-kV to 33-kV (r.m.s.) and all have the power of 25 MVA. One transformer is of 50 MVA and it also step down the voltage from 132-kV to 33-kV (r.m.s.). The voltage transformation in a 3-phase network can be had by means of either a band of three single- phase transformers or a single 3-phase transformer. A single unit 3-phase transformer consists essentially of 3-phase transformer with them three cores united into a single core assembly like single-phase transformer. The unique arrangement of the windings and the core in a 3-phase transformer makes it possible to save a great deal of iron by inter locking the magnetic circuits isolator that the same iron is used by the three phase simultaneously. Since the entire three phase assembly is reduced in size and is placed in a single tank, additional saving results because less transformer oil is used, fewer transformer bushings are required (All polyphone connections are made inside the tank) and the complete transformer occupation the less floor space than a bank of three single phase transformer. A 3-phase transformer is cheaper (about 15%) than a bank of three single-phase transformers. It is due to saving in cost of the iron core, of the tank and oil of the bushing and of the aux, apparatus. A 3-phase transformer is slightly more efficient than a bank of 3 single-phase transformers. This is due to the fact that it has shorter magnetic path and consequently the core volume and hence the core loss is smaller.

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Figure-3.7 three phase transformer

3.7.1 Tertiary Winding:

Transformer may be built with a third winding called the tertiary, in addition to the normal primary and secondary and such transformer are called the triple wound (3 way transformer) transformer. The tertiary winding may serve any of the following properties or purposes. 1. To supply the sustain auxiliaries of a voltage different from that of the primary of secondary winding. 2. To supply phase compensating device, such as condensers operated at a voltage, which is different from both primary and secondary voltages. 3. To interconnect three supply systems operating different voltages. 4. To load large split winding generators. 5. To measure voltage of an H.V. testing transformers. 6. In star/delta-connected transformers, to allow sufficient earth fault current to flow for operation of protective equipment, to suppress harmonic voltages, and to limit voltage,unbalance. When the main load is unsymmetrical. The tertiary winding is called the auxiliary winding when it is employed. For supplying on additional small load at a different voltage On the other hand, it is called the establishing winding when it is employed to limit the short circuit current. Tertiary winding are normally delta-connected isolator that when faults and short circuits occur on secondary side the considerable unbalance produced in phase voltage may be compensated by the circulating currents flowing in a closed delta. Reactance of the winding should be large enough to limit produced in phase voltage may be compensated by the circulating currents flowing in a closed delta. Reactance of the winding should be large enough to limit the circulating currents in order that there is no overheating of the windings.

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3.7.2 Auto Transformer:

In auto-transformer the primary and secondary winding are completely insulated from each other but are magnetically linked by a common core. In the auto-transformer, the two windings, primary and secondary are connected electrically as well as magnetically; in fact, a part of the single continuous winding in common to primary and secondary section of this one winding are not the same magnetic circuit. Due 1. Only one to winding use is to used for auto-transformer both winding some isolator the advantage spacing is is less present. required.

2. Required of copper is less isolator the ohmic lass is reduced.

3.7.3 Tap Changing Transformer:

The voltage variation in power system is a normal phenomenon owing to the rapid growth in induction and distribution network. Therefore it is very important to keep the consumers terminal voltage within the limit. The transformer output voltage and isolator the consumers terminal voltage may be controlled by providing tapping on the transformer winding (either on the primary or secondary side) the principle of regulating the secondary voltage is based on changing the number of turns on the primary or secondary i.e. on changing the ratio of transformation. Decreases in primary turn cause inverses in e.m.f. per turn, and in secondary output voltage secondary output voltage can also be increased by increasing secondary turns and keeping primary turn fixed. There is always a tapping on the H.V. side which when connected to the rated voltage gives rated voltage on the l.v. side.

3.7.4 Transformer Accessories: 1) Bushing: Bushing are held on the top of the part of transformer and through it he

conductor goes of outside for connection from the transformer inner part and vice-versa. In step down transformer the conductors goes in on H.V. side through bushing and take out the conductor on I.V. side.

Capacitor type bushing is used in the G.S.S. outer part of bushing is making of porcelain. In inner part as side of bushing a number of layers of the paper core built up around a center pipe with aluminum foils at external dielectric strength. The active part is built under heat and pressure on microprocessor controlled broad-band winding machine.

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2) Buchloz Relay: Gas operated relay, commonly known as Buchloz relay is used for

protection of oil immersed transformers, reactors etc. All type of faults occurring with oil filled transformer is accompanied by more or less violent generation of gases, which the heat liberate, from the oil. This phenomenon has been fully utilized to provide complete internal protection of transformation. The falling oil level, which may eventually lead to a dangerous situation, is also detected by this relay in time.

Construction:
This is a hydraulic device, arranged in the pipe line between the mash transformer tank and the conservator tank, it comprises, a cast iron having housing which contains essentially two floats upper and lower. Each float carriers a switch, the leads from which are taken to a terminal box. The necessary pet-cucks for gas release site testing, and a drain plug on the body of the housing are provided. Inspection windows are filled on both side of the relay housing to see the oil level and to ascertain the volume of gas collected on a calibrated scale ion cubic cm.

Principle of Operation:
When the transformer is healthy, the entire relay housing remains filled with oil and the buoyancies of the respective floats flits the mercury which to the open position. When a slight or incipient fault occurs in the transformer, decomposition of gas occurs & small bubbles of gas will be generated and these, attempting to pass from the tank to the oil conservation, will be trapped in the upper portion of the relay housing. As the gas accumulates, the oil level in the relay depresses, causing the upper float of built thereby closing the mercury switch. The alarm circuit, which is usually connected to this switch, gets emerged to ring an alarm bell, with a server internal fault; the gas generation is rapid, causing the displaced oil to surge through the relay. This oil flow impinges on the lower float. The lower float is thus deflected closing its mercury switch and completing the trip circuit of the circuit breaker. If the transformer suffers a loss of oil, causing the oil level to drop below the level of relay, the buoyancy of both the floats will vanish on offer another, felting the respective floats. First the alarm and then the surge elements will operate of close their respective circuits.

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3) Silica Gel Breather:

During the load cycle of a transformer the oil in which it is immersed expands and contracts as its temperature rises and falls. This decreases and increases the air space above the oil in the transformer and causes the transformer to breathe. During the cooling position of the cycle air from the atmosphere is drawn into the transformer. The air may be moist and, as the presence of moisture in transformer oil reduces the dielectric strength of the oil and adversely affects the insulation of the transformer immersed in it, some means of drying the incoming air is desirable. In the dehydrating breather the air is desired by passing it through a tube containing crystals of silica gel a substance with a great affinity for water. The crystals are tirted blue when dry but saturated with moisture, and no longer effective then turn pink. The gel, however, is unchanged chemically and the crystals can be restored to their original dryness and blue color by heating in a shallow pan at a temperature of between 150o C to 200o C for two to three hours.

Figure-3.9 Silica Gel Breather

The breather is piped to the air space above the oil in either the transformer tank or the conservation and forms the only entry and exit for the air this space. The crystals are contained in a metal cartridge with a window to give a clear view of the color of the gel the metal cartridge can be withdrawn by unscrewing the using nuts/hex nuts and then removing the lower portion of breather. At bottom of the breather, cup containing transformer oil is covered. This oil acts as a seal, preventing the crystals from absorbing moisture except when breathing is taking place. Oil level is marked on the maintained up to the level indicated before commissioning the transformer. If the color of the gel is pink, it is to be reactivated by heating. A silica gel breather is shown above in figure3.11

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4) Conservator: Oil is collected in the conservation. It is situated at the top of the transformer. In this tank air is

prohibited between the upper oil layer and the top inside of conservation.
5) Pressure Relief Valve: Pressure relief valve is designed to be used on power transform. When pressure in the

tank rises above predetermined safe limit this valve apparatus and performs following function. Allow the pressure to drop by instantaneously opening a part of about 150 mm diameter. Give valve operation by raising a flag. Operates a micro switch. This switch has four terminals hence switch can be effectively used in conform circuit.
Construction and Working:

The Pressure relief valve has an integral flange with six holes for mounting. The valve can be mounted vertically or horizontally on the tank. The Pressure relief valve has got a part of about 150 mm diameter. A stain seals this part less steel. The diaphragm rests on and O ring and is kept pressed by two heavy-duty springs, thereby keeping the port closed. The other side of diaphragm is exposed to tank. Pressure rises due to any reason, the same pressures acts on diaphragm from inside. When pressure rises above predetermined safe limit the diaphragm gets lifted from it seat. This lifting is instantaneous and allows vapors, gases or liquid to come out of the tank depending upon the position of valve on tank. The diaphragm restores its position as soon as pressure in the tank below set limit. The lit of the diaphragm is utilized to operate flag and micro switch with the help of red. The flag and switch remain operated until they are reset manually.
6) Oil Level Indicator:

It is manufactures considering transformer application. It can also be used as content gauge on other tanks where level of liquid inside the tank is required to be indicated continuously on a dial.

Construction Working:
A float is used as sensor of liquid level inside the conservator. Swing of hinged float due to the change in liquid level is utilized to indicate level on a calibrated dial and to operated at which for external alarm unit.

User of magnetic coupling in the indicator achieves completes sealing of liquid inside the conservation from surrounding atmosphere.

The result in avoiding any leakage of costly oil and avoiding contamination of insulating oil due to leakage of surrounding air in the conservator.

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The glass mercury switch is nylon encapsulated to avoid breakage and spilling of mercury. Switch is accessible for servicing while indicator is mounted on the conservator without any necessity of draining the oil. One mercury switch is provided for low oil level alarm. The normally open switch close when oil drops to 10 mm above empty levels i.e. 75 mm room bottom of conservator heads from mercury switch are brought into a terminal box positioned at the bottom of indicator.

7) Winding temperature indicator:

As the thermometer pocket houses the temperature-sending device of the winding temperature indicator. The WTI records the winding hot spot temperature. The working and construction of the thermometer are described in the attached leaflet. Three sets of adjustable mercury contacts are provided, one to actuate the fans when the load exceeds the ON rating of the transformer, and the other two contacts for actuating the alarm and trip contacts on the main control panel. The instrument is housed in the box.

8) Marshalling Box:
The marshalling box is of sheet steel weather proof construction mounted on the side of the transformer. It is provided with hinged door and pad lock, and houses the following instruments and terminal blocks. 1. Winding Temperature indicator 2. Oil temperature indicator 3. Terminal block for alarm and tripping contacts of Buchloz Relay 4. Terminal blocks for oil level alarm contacts of magnetic oil level gauge. 5. Cooler supply switch 6. Heater supply switch 7. Fuses links and terminal block etc. A heater in the marshalling box to avoid condensation of moisture inside the box.

9) Cooling equipment
Transformer having mixed cooling ONAF and ANOF is provided with through values.

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3.8 Current Transformer

Instruction transformers used in conjunction with ammeter, overcorrect relays, etc. current ratio is transformer step-down current from high value to a low value. Their current ratio is substantially constant of given range of primary current tend phase angle error is within specified limits. The VA rating of current transformer is small as compare with that of a power transformer. A current transformer is provided for the winding temperature indicating equipment. The current transformer has a rectangular core, and the primary is formed by phase V of the transformer LV located inside the tank. The secondary of the C.T. is connected to heater element located in the thermometer itself. A pocket on the tank cover houses the temperature sensing device of the temperature recorded two terminals and brought out from the current transformer secondary circuit to the tank cover. An instruction plate giving the diameter of connection for testing the C.T. and for connection to the heater oil has been provide inside the terminal box.
3.8.1 Rating of Current Transformer

Make Rated Frequency Hide Side Volt Weight of Oil BIL Current Ratio Turn Ratio Core No. Output (VA)

: W.S. insulation of India Limited : 50 Hz : 420 kV : 750 kg : 630/1425 kV : 2000-1000/12000-1000-500 : 2000-1000/2000-1000-500 : 1 and 2, 3, 4 and 5 : 40 Accuracy Class P.S.O.

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4. PROTECTION AND CONTROL

4.1 Protection and Control:
Protective will are used for protection. Protective relay are connected in the secondary circuit of current transformer or potential transformer. The relay senses the abnormal condition & closed the trip circuit of associated circuit breaker. The circuit breaker open its contents one are between the contacts. As they separate the arc is extinguished by suitable medium technique. The relay distinguish between normal & abnormal condition whenever an abnormal condition develops, the relay closed its contacts there by the trip circuit breakers & circuit breakers opens & faulty point is disconnected flow the supply, various types of relays used for power system.

4.2 The Various Type of Relay Installed at 400 KV G.S.S. are:

1. Buchloz Relay 2. Over Current Relay 3. Earth Fault Relay 4. Over Voltage Relay 5. Differential Relay 6. Bus Bar Relay 1)Buchloz Relay: Gas operated relay, commonly known as Buchloz relay is used for protection of oil immersed transformers, reactors etc. It is as shown below in figure-4.1.

Figure-4.1 Buchloz Relay

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All type of faults occurring with oil filled transformer are accompanied by more or less violent generation of gases, which the heat liberate, from the oil. This phenomenon has been fully utilized to provide complete internal protection of transformation. The falling oil level, which may eventually lead to a dangerous situation, is also detected by this relay in time.

Construction:

This is a hydraulic device, arranged in the pipe line between the mash transformer tank and the conservator tank, it comprises, a cast iron having housing which contains essentially two floats upper and lower. Each float carriers a switch, the leads from which are taken to a terminal box. The necessary pet-cucks for gas release site testing, and a drain plug on the body of the housing are provided. Inspection windows are filled on both side of the relay housing to see the oil level and to ascertain the volume of gas collected on a calibrated scale ion cubic cm.

Principle of Operation:
When the transformer is healthy, the entire relay housing remains filled with oil and the buoyancies of the respective floats flits the mercury which to the open position. When a slight or incipient fault occurs in the transformer, decomposition of gas occurs & small bubbles of gas will be generated and these, attempting to pass from the tank to the oil conservation, will be trapped in the upper portion of the relay housing. As the gas accumulates, the oil level in the relay depresses, causing the upper float of built thereby closing the mercury switch. The alarm circuit, which is usually connected to this switch, gets emerged to ring an alarm bell, with a server internal fault; the gas generation is rapid, causing the displaced oil to surge through the relay. This oil flow impinges on the lower float. The lower float is thus deflected closing its mercury switch and completing the trip circuit of the circuit breaker. If the transformer suffers a loss of oil, causing the oil level to drop below the level of relay, the buoyancy of both the floats will vanish on offer another, felting the respective floats. First the alarm and then the surge elements will operate of close their respective circuits.
2) Over Current Relay:

Over current protections in which the relay picks up when the magnitude of current exceeds the set pick up level. Over current protection is the protection from overload. Overloading of a machine or

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equipment/feeders means the machine/feeders are taking more current than its rated current, with overloading there is an associated temperature rise. Several protection devices are used for over current protection, which ultimately isolate the circuit. These include (1) Fuses (2) circuit breaker fitted with overload coils (3) series connected trip coils (4) over current relays in conjunction with current transformer.
3) Earth Fault Projection:

When the fault current flows through earth return path the fault is called Earth faults, which dont involve earth, are called phase fault. Since earth faults are relatively frequency, therefore relays are necessary in protective systems. It is noted that phase relays also sense the earth fault current. Following are the method of earth fault protection.
Residually Connected Earth Fault Relay:

In absence of earth fault Irresidual = Ias + Ibs +Ics = 0 when earth fault occur and if residual current is above the pickup value of earth fault relay then earth fault relay will be operated.
Combined Earth Fault & Phase Fault Protection:

The increase in current of phase cause corresponding increase in respective secondary currents. The secondary flows through respective relay unit. Very often only- phase relays are provided instead of three because in case of phase fault currents in any two phases must increase. Hence two relays are enough. The earth fault relay is residually connected.
For various fault the relay will also operated as follows:

1. Between R & Y phases R phases o/c relay will operate. 2. Between Y & B phases B phases o/c relay will operate. 3. Between R & B phases R & B phase o/c relay will operate. 4. Between R phase & earth o/c R & e/f relay will operate. 5. Between B phase & Earth o/c B & e/f will operate.

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6. Between Y phase & Earth e/f relay will operate.

4) Over Voltage Protection:

There are many reasons for the Voltage in the power system mainly classified as external & internal source. The most once are: 1. Lightning 2. Neutral displacement during line to ground fault. 3. Operating of switching and over current protective equipment. 4. Resource effects associated with inductance and capacitance in series The system can be protected against external over voltage by using a shielding method which does not allow an arc path to form between the line conductor and ground, there by inherent protection in the line designs. For protection against internal voltage normally non-shielding methods are used which allow an arc path between the ground structure and the line conductor but means are provided to quench the arc. The use of ground wire is a shielding method where the use of spark gap and lighting arrestors are non-shielding methods.
5) Differential Protection:

In this protection a different relay operates when the vector difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. Most of the different relays are current differential relays are current differential relay in which vector difference between current entering the protected element and current leaving the protected element is used for relay operation. For this purpose two current transformers have the same ratio of transformation & their secondary are interconnected. Differential protection is unit type protection.

6) Bus Bar Protection:

To protect bus bar of important G.S.S. and to clear Bus faults, bus bar protection is used. This is based on the differential basis. All the secondary of current transformer on the same bus are connected in such a manner that during normal condition the sum of CTs secondary current is zero. During the fault condition the current reaching to the bus is more than the leaving the bus as some current is fed to this fault and the excess current is fed to a relay which operates and tripping signal is given to all the breakers connected to the bus thus isolated the faulty bus.
Synchronizing

Before coupling any incoming feeder to bus base it must be synchronized with bus

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bar voltage. The voltage can be checked by voltmeters. The function of synchornoscope is to indicate the difference in phase and frequency and voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder. Energy meters are fitted on different panels to record import and export of power. Frequency meters are fitted on different or each feeder of measure frequency. There are analog of digital. Voltmeter, ammeter and MUAR meter are provided on each panel for the indication of voltage, line current and reactive power being supplied. Power factor meters indication of p.f. of power max. demand indicator record the max., this records the average power of over successive predetermined period.

4.3 Power Line Carrier Communication

This type of protection for transmission lines carrier current of frequency range 30-200 KHz in USA and 80-500 KHz in determined and transmitted and received through the transmission lines provided with identical equipment consisting of transistor, receiver, line tuning unit, master oscillator power amplifier etc.
Coupling Capacitor:

The carrier equipment is connected to the transmission lines through the coupling capacitor, which is such value that it offers a low reactance to the carrier frequency but high reactance to the power frequency. For example 2000 p.f. capacitor offers 1.5 Mega ohms to 50 Hz and 150 ohm to 500 KHz. Thus coupling capacitor allows equipment but doesnt allow 50 Hz power frequency currents to enter the equipments. To reduce the impedance further a low inductance is connected in series with the coupling capacitor to form a resonance at carrier frequency. Power factor meters indication of p.f. of power max. demand indicator record the max., this records the average power of over successive predetermined period.

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5.OTHER PLANTS
In 132-kV G.S.S. there is number of department. We will discuss them one by one. The departments are: 1. Control Room 2. Power Line Carrier Communication Room 3. Fire Fighting Plant 4. Oil Testing Lab 5. Battery Room 6. Air Conditioning Plant
5.1.1 Control Room

The remote control of power switchgear requires the provision of suitable control panels located at a suitable point remote from the immediate vicinity of CBS and other equipment. On each panel a control switch is provided for remote control operation of CBS control switch for each isolator is provided. Indicator lamps are also provided to show whether the isolator or CB is open or closed. The color or signal lamps are as
Red: circuit breaker of isolator is closed position. Green: Circuit breaker or isolator is open position.

In addition to visual indication an alarm is also providing for indication abnormal conditions. When any tripping relay operates, its contents emerges an auxiliary alarm relay, which on operation completes the alarm bell circuit.

Figure-5.1 Control Room

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Synchronizing:

Before coupling any incoming feeder to bus base it must be synchronized with bus bar voltage The voltage can be checked by voltmeters. The function of synchornoscope is to indicate the difference in phase and frequency and voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder. Energy meters are fitted on different panels to record import and export of power. Frequency meter are fitted on different or each feeder of measure frequency. There are analog of digital. Voltmeter, ammeter and MUAR meter are provided on each panel for the indication of voltage, line current and reactive power being supplied. Power factor meters indication of p.f. of power max. demand indicator record the max., this records the average power of over successive predetermined period. A control room is shown above in figure-5.1.
5.1.2 Power Line Carrier Communication

This type of protection for transmission lines carrier current of frequency range 30- 200 KHz in USA and 80-500 KHz is determined and transmitted and received through the transmission lines provided with identical equipment consisting of transistor, receiver, line tuning unit, master oscillator power amplifier etc.
1. Coupling Capacitor:

The carrier equipment is connected to the transmission lines through the coupling capacitor, which is such value that it offers a low reactance to the carrier frequency but high reactance to the power frequency. For example 2000 p.f. capacitor offers 1.5 Mega ohms to 50 Hz and 150 ohm to 500 KHz. Thus coupling capacitor allows equipment but doesnt allow 50 Hz power frequency currents to enter the equipments. To reduce the impedance further a low inductance is connected in series with the coupling capacitor to form a resonance at carrier frequency.
2. Line Trap Unit:

The line trap unit is inserted between bus bars and connection of coupling capacitor of the line. It is parallel tuned circuit comprising L & C. it has a low impedance approximately 1 ohm to 50 Hz and high impedance to the frequency signals from entering the neighboring line and the carrier currents flows only in the protected lines.

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3. Protection and Earthing:

Once lightening and switching equipment and line cause voltages on power lines trap unit. Non-linear resistor in series with a protective gap is connected across the line trap unit and inductor of coupling unit. The gap is adjusted to the spark at a set value of over voltages. Base of coupling unit is earthen by earth rod in the vicinity to obtain a low earth resistance. Carrier panel is usually installed in the relay room and connected to the station Earthing.
4. Electronic Equipment:

There are generally identical unit at each end consisting of: 1. Transmitting unit 2. Receiver unit 3. Relay unit
4. Drain Point:

It is a pure inductance of 100 mH, which direct the high frequency lighting stroke to pass through the spark gap and not to reach at the generator.
5. Matching Circuit or Connecting Filter:

It consists of an inductance and a capacitance, which matches the impedance of the transmission line to the carrier equipments.
7. Transmitters:

The high frequency signals arriving from the remote end are received by the receiver and are then fed to receive unit which comprises of an attenuator, filter and matching element which matches the impedances of the line & receiving unit. We have got storage batteries being floated to the system so that in case of failure of rectifier the communication is not interrupted.

Application of Carrier Current Relay:

Pilot channels such as carrier current or the power line provided simultaneous tripping of circuit breakers at both the ends of the line one of the three cycles. Thus high-speed fault clearing is obtained which improves the system stability. Besides there are several other merit of carrier current relay:

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These are

1. Fast, simultaneous operating of CBs at both the ends. 2. Auto reclosing, simultaneous reclosing signal is sent. Thereby simultaneous reclosing of CBs is obtained. 3. Fast clearance prevents shocks to the system. 4. Tripping due to synchronizing power surges does not occur yet during internal fault clearing is obtained. 5. For simultaneous faults, carrier current protection provides easy description

Other Uses:

1.

Station

to are

station

communication: These carried of are out power

In

power

line to of

stations, the carrier carrier

substation current current by

and

receiving, &

telephones conversation 2.

provided. be control

connected by means stations

equipment

can

communications. carrier signals.

Remote

equipment

3. Telemetering.
5.1.3 Fire Fighting System :

For only transformer: In G.S.S. costlier and heavier equipment is the transformer. So first need is the fire fighting system for protection in transformer. For transformer mulsifire system is used. Basic principle of this system is that its blocks the incoming oxygen by cover or enclosed the entire transformer by the use of water with pressure. Red pips are covered the concerns of the transformer as a cube. And yellow pipes are also in the form of cube. In water lines the nozzles are kept one entire pipe around the pipe transformer. On the air pipe line quarter values are present. In these values has a glass tube, which is broken, when the temperature of surrounding are increased beyond the predetermined limit. Dilues Value is present on water pipelines. It is controlled by pneumatic values. When the fire s present at transformer due to increase in temperature the glass tube of quarter values is broken so the pressure is reduced due to decrease of pressure the dilutes value also opened and water came out from pipe through the fountain and make a water net around the transformer. Thus the fire is quenched.

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If the pressure is decreased from a certain level of pressure due to a failure of electrical supply it is stated automatically.
For the Yard: Hydrant System: It gives only the availability of water at entire yard. Some points are

available in yard so that when fire is present manually those points are opened and water throws through cloth pipes. For this system 75 HP motors are available. A DG set is also available for option of the failure of electricity supply.
Halon System:

In this system the building is chosen as Halon zone such as control room. Load dispatch. In the halogen zone region nozzle are provided so that the Halon are came ou from nozzles and quenched the arc for this purpose it is kept in an automatic system. For this automatic system some detectors are present in the Halon Zones. Detectors are based on the principle of smoke, photo electronics. 1. Detectors are connected to solenoid. 2. But the government bans Halon. So that this system is not working at this time.
Fire Alarm System:

The areas, which are not the Halon area the different type of detector, are used. By which the indication and alarm of fire is present the control area. The panel shows the fix area. By detecting the area fire fighting is done. Fire is quenched by different medium such as: 1. Foam cylinder 2. CO2 3. Co + Power
5.1.4 Oil Testing Lab:

In 132-kV G.S.S. the different types of test are done. Oil works as a coolant and dielectric medium.
Appearance:

At first the insulating oil is seeing by the engineers. Some judgment is taken, such as which test is done at first etc. by appearance far good condition of insulating oil the color may be lemon yellow type.

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Break down voltage test:

Break down is the voltage at which the oil breaks down when subjected to an AC electric field with a continuously increasing voltage contained in a specified apparatus. The voltage is expressed in kV. It depends upon the degree of determine of liquid by solid, especially hydroscope particles such fiber water contents of oil. Pressure of oil, temperature of oil and dielectric strength are as followsSpecification Breakdown Voltage Water contents Oil 186-1883 30 kV (before titration) 25 ppm 50 kV (after titration) Oil 1883-1888 30 kV (before titration) 15 ppm 60 kV (after titration
Density:

For testing the density hydrometer is used. Standard value of density of good oil is 0.850 to 0.890 in g/cm3 at 27 degree C.
Tan delta test:

Oil immersed cylindrical capacitor. When the oil is at proper level. The graph between voltage and current is perfectly capacitive. But the testing oil due to the increasing the carbon in oil leakage current is present so that the graph between voltage and current is filled by some degree from previous graph. The tangent of the diverting angle is called tan (delta). It is also called loss angle. At 90O C, tan (delta) is less than 20%. Tan (delta) increases than resistivity decreases. At 90O C, resistivity is (0.1 X 1012) ohm-cm.
Specific Resistance Test:

In the apparatus the special jar is present in which the testing oil is filled. And put it in the apparatus. At room temperature at the time the apparatus should be discharge. When sample is put down

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charge it for one minute and take the reading. Now again discharge it and increase the temperature to 90O C to 87O C again it is charged for one minute.
Water content Test:

This test is done to check and removal of the moisture from oil. The device used for this purpose is called coulometer which is made by Meterohen Company. This equipment is based on Micro-processor. In this the anodic solution is Hydranal coulonat A % Cathodic solution is Hydranal coulonat C. the anode t=has 40 ml solution and cathodic has 5 ml solution. In this equipment there are two electrodes, first is Generating electrode in which silica gel is filled to absorb the moisture and second one is indicating electrode in which iodine is filled. For testing 1 mm oil is injected in the cathode. In the cathode solution a magnetic capsule of sterur is placed to uniform the density which is rotated by magnetic fan. 25 ppm moisture permissible for above 145 kV. 35 ppm moisture permissible for below 145 kV.
Gas contents test:

Gas chromoto graph is used for this test. At first take the 50 ml of testing oil. Now maintain the vacuums in special apparatus-inject the 50 ml testing oil and starting the starrier. In the gas chromate graph, after same time later automatic a graph is drawn which shows the quantity of different gas in sample .
Flash Point Test:

This is the minimum temperature of the oil at which vaporized oil ignites momentarily. Flash point of transformer oil should be around 125 a machine also performs 140O C. In this test oil is filled in a cooper container. Oil heated by a heating coil immersed in oil. A sensor is provided to detect the flash in oil. The temperature at which flash occurs is noted down. This process is entirely automatic.
Inter Facial tension:

It is tension between molecules of oil and water. We measure this in oil testing LAB. Its unit is dyne per cm.
5.1.5 D.C. Supply System

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The batteries used are lead acid type having solution of sulfuric and distilled. At very high voltages G.S.S. independent source of supply is necessary for signaling, remote position control alarm circuit etc. Thus D.C. supply is most suitable for this purpose. D.C. can be obtained from 400 V 3-phase A.C. supply via rectifier & in event of A.C. failure from the fixed batteries, which are kept charge in normal condition by rectifier supply. Lead acid is more commonly used at power station & substation because of commonly high cell voltage and lower cost.
Batteries System

Water electrolyte. In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at temperature of 30. In the battery room, batteries are mounted on wooden stand. The cells are installed from stand by porcelain. The conductor connecting the cells are greased and coated with electrolyte resisting varnish. The room is kept continuously maintainable so that room is not accumulated with acid vapors to avoid risk of explosion, smoking, winding etc. any arc is prohibited in this room.
Operation:

The station batteries are normally kept floating across the float rectifier which also supply the current and boost charge is off. The controller maintains the DC voltage, with allowable limit i.e. 2%. The batteries are kept in healthy state at 2.1 to 2.2 Volt/Cell. In case of emergency due to main failure station batteries supply the load when the supply is restarted the batteries held to be recharged to achieve this. Boost charger is switch On by closing switch open thereby demurring the coil of contractor and batteries are boost charge and the constant load is provided by connecting the load to coil for continuity of supply between battery and load.
Specification:

Ampere-hour capacity is that quantity of electricity at fully discharged battery- 1.1 at temperature 20. 1. Fixed charge current 24 A 2. First charge ampere-hour input 2300 A 3. Normal recharge current 45 A 4. Finishing charge current 2 A 5. Recommended heating voltage of batteries 2.16 to 2.18
Charging:

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The input of charging source should have a voltage equal to the number of cells in the batteries multiplied by 2.7 and should be capable of delivering continuously a current in amperes equal to the normal charging rate of the battery.
Specification:

1. No. of cells 110 2. Manufactures cell design 10 SRG 3. Capacity at 10-hour rate discharge 450 Amp/hour 4. Quantity of acid required per cell for the first cell filling 1.18 at temperature of 20 5. Recommended specific gravity of electrolyte in fully charged condition 1.210 +/- .005 at 25 temperatures. 6. Charging equipment is required for a) Initial charging b) For quick charging after batteries discharge
5.1.6 Air Conditioning Plant

This plant is held for air conditioning the control room, class rooms, etc. an ideal air conditioning system should maintain correct temperature, humidity, air party, air movement and noise level. In the 132-kV G.S.S. the load is about 40 tones. So that central station air condition system is used. The area where all times there are no requirements of the system FCU is used. When the switch is on the system is on for that place and vice-versa.

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5.2 Annunciator
In a control room, the Annunciator is must. It consists of a sounding alarm and an indicator, which indicates the nature of fault and the zone in which the fault occurs. The alarm keeps ringing until the Annunciator is not accepted. The Annunciator is of two sections. The first one is minor fault in which there is a buzzer sounding and indicates come on the panel for the nature of fault. Fault such as the batteries charger is out of order, low oil lines in transformer cooling system of transformer is out of order etc. are the minor faults & are just warned the Annunciator to the authority concerned.

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R.S.E.B. GSS 220KV

Conclusion

Companies used Power Line Communication to maintain power grid due to past low data rate communication needs. High data-rate communication over low-tension lines is one of the major applications in new technologies. Power Line Carrier Communication offers symmetric as well as two way communication along with a permanent connection. Load management and meter reading from a distance are the two Primary motivations for Power line communications in future. In Automatic Meter Reading electronic data that is the meter reading is transmitted over power lines from a distant place back to the substation where the reading has to be noted, then the reading is relayed to a central computer in the utility's main office. Hence this would be considered a type of fixed network system. In today world power-line-communication is being used for many applications to control various systems such as street lighting or energy management systems. In homes the so called "babyphones" are very popular in which power line communication is used in which low quality analogue voice signals is transmitted through a 230V mains wiring. In comparison to the old analogue systems used for communications, digital data which is transferred using the powerline as communication media is a very useful alternative for domestic applications, particularly for devices which are already connected to the mains (e.g. washing machines or refrigerators, linked together for energy management). Power line communication saves the biggest part of installation costs if it is used in buildings where electric wiring is already present hence no need for wiring separately for communication. Hence power line communication meets the customers needs for low cost. Indoor power line communication should not be mixed with outdoor power Line communications as both are different from one another regarding the availability. The indoor power line communication is capable to transmit information at a rate of 2400bps (bits per second) at a very low cost. For domestic applications this rate of data transmission is good enough as in most of the cases in domestic applications the devices have to transmit only control signals such as on/off, dimming values etc.

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