EQUIVALENCE

1. Meaning y A process of expressing the content of a proposition into another way without changing its original meaning. 2. Kinds A. Conversion y A process wherein we translate a given proposition into another expression by interchanging the subject and the predicate o Without changing the quality and overextending the quantity of the given proposition y 2 kinds: partial and complete  Rules of conversion: 1. Interchange the subject and the predicate in the converse (the new proposition). 2. Retain the quality of the convertend (the original or given proposition) in the converse. 1. Partial Conversion y Applied to A proposition as the given proposition o Cannot be fully converted by maintaining its quantity as a universal proposition without committing an overextension of term in the converse  Invalid because the quantity of the predicate term as particular by changing it with the subject becomes universal  In other words, a particular term in the proposition becomes a universal term Examples: Convertend : Invalid Converse : Convertend : Invalid Converse : A All teachers are professionals. A All professionals are teachers. A All mayas are birds. A All birds are mayas.

y The only possible way is to partially convert it from A to I proposition Examples:

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Convertend Converse Convertend Converse

: : : :

A All teachers are professional. I Some professionals are teachers. A All mayas are birds. I Some birds are mayas.

y A full conversion to A (singular term) proposition is only accidental in equivalence. Examples: Convertend Converse Convertend Converse : : : : A Berlin is the capital of Germany. A The capital of Germany is Berlin. A A square is a shape that has four equal sides. A A shape that has four equal sides is a square.

2. Simple Conversion y Applied to E and I propositions o They are the only propositions that can be converted by maintaining the quantity of the given proposition in the converse. o Have terms that have the same quantity in the subject and in the predicate Examples: Convertend Converse Convertend Converse : : : : E No dog is a cat. E No cat is a dog. E No smoke belcher is a lover of nature. E No lover of nature is a smoke belcher.

Convertend Converse Convertend Converse

: : : :

I Some Bedan students are music enthusiasts. I Some music enthusiasts are Bedans. I Some professors are lawyers. I Some lawyers are professors.

o An O proposition cannot be converted since it can result to an invalid inference.

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Examples: Convertend Converse Convertend Converse : : : : O Some animals are not mammals. O Some mammals are not animals. O Some humans are not teachers. O Some teachers are not humans

Summary Formula: Convertend A All S is P. E No S is P. I Some S is P. O Some S is not P. . B. Obversion y A process in equivalence where the given proposition (obvertend) is expressed in another way (obverse). o Changing the quality o Position of the subject and predicate is retained without changing its quantity  Rules of obversion: 1. Retain the position of the subject. 2. Change the quality of the proposition. It the obvertend (give) is negative, make it affirmative in the obverse (new) and vice versa. 3. Contradict the predicate. Converse I Some P is S. E No P is S. I Some P is S. Invalid

Examples: Obvertend Obverse Obvertend Obverse : : : : A All Ilocanos are Filipinos. E No Ilocanos are non-Filipinos. E No Bedans are Thomasians. A All Bedans are non-Thomasians.
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Obvertend Obverse Obvertend Obverse

: : : :

I Some schools in the Philippines are public. O Some schools in the Philippines are not non-public. O Some students at San Beda are not talkative. I Some students at San Beda are non-talkative.

Summary Formula: Obvertend A All S is P. E No S is P. I Some S is P. O Some S are not P. . C. Contraposition y A combination of the two processes in equivalence: conversion and obversion y 2 kinds: partial and complete  Rules of partial contraposition: 1. Obvert the given proposition (contraponend). 2. Convert the obverse. Obverse E No S is non-P. A All is non-P. O Some S is not non-P. I Some S are non-P.

Examples: Contraponend Obverse Converse Contraponend Obverse Converse Contraponend Obverse Converse : : : : : : : : : A All Aetas are indigenous people. E No Aetas are non-indigenous people. E No non-indigenous people are Aetas. E No Ilocanos are Cebuanos A All Ilocanos are non-Cebuanos. I Some non-Cebuanos are Ilocanos. O Some government documents are not confidential papers. I Some government documents are non-confidential papers. I Some non-confidential papers are government documents.
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o In the case of I proposition, we cannot have a contraposit of it since in the obverse as an O proposition, we will be changing its meaning if convert it to another O proposition.

Summary Formula: Contraponend A All S is P. E No S is P. I Some S is P. O Some S is not P. Obverse Converse (Partial Contraposit) E No non-P is S. I Some non-P is S. Invalid

E No S is non-P. A All S is non-P. O- Some S is not non-P. I Some S is non-P. I Some non-P is S.

 Rules of complete contraposition: 1. Obvert the given proposition (contraponend). 2. Convert the obverse. 3. Obvert the converse. Examples: Contraponend Obverse Converse Obverse Contraponend Obverse Converse Obverse Contraponend Obverse Converse Obverse : : : : : : : : : : : : A All Aetas are indigenous people. E No Aetas are non-indigenous people. E No non-indigenous people are Aetas. A All non-indigenous people are non-Aetas. E No Ilocanos are Cebuanos A All Ilocanos are non-Cebuanos. I Some non-Cebuanos are Ilocanos. O Some non-Cebuanos are not non-Ilocanos. O Some government documents are not confidential papers. I Some government documents are non-confidential papers. I Some non-confidential papers are government documents. O- Some non-confidential papers are not non government documents.
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Summary Formula: Contraponend A All S is P. E No S is P. I Some S is P. O Some S is not P. Obverse E No S is non-P. A All S is non-P. O- Some S is not non-P. I Some S is non-P. Converse E No non-P is S. I Some non-P is S. Invalid I Some non-P is S. Contraposit (Complete) A All non-P is non-S. O Some non-P is not non-S Invalid O Some non-P is not non-S.

D. Inversion y A process in equivalence where we retain the subject and the predicate to their original position o Changing the quantity of the given proposition o Only A and E propositions can undergo inversion y 2 kinds: partial and complete  Rules of partial inversion: 1. Change the A proposition to O proposition. In the case of E proposition, change it to I proposition. 2. Contradict the subject. 3. Retain the predicate. Examples: Invertend Partial Inverse Invertend Partial Inverse : : : : A All grapes are fruits. O Some non-grapes are not fruits. E No liberals are conservative. I Some non-liberals are conservative.

Summary Formula: Invertend A All S is P. E No S is P. Partial Inverse O Some non-S is not P. I Some non-S is P.
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 Rules of complete inversion: 1. Change the A proposition to I proposition. In the case of E proposition, change it to O proposition. 2. Contradict both the subject and the predicate. Examples: Invertend : Complete Inverse : Invertend : Complete Inverse : A All grapes are fruits. I Some non-grapes are non-fruits. E No liberals are conservative. O Some non-liberals are not non-conservative.

Summary Formula: Invertend A All S is P. E No S is P. Complete Inverse I Some non-S is non-P. O Some non-S is not non-P.