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PHOTOGRAPH
AND
AMBROTYPE MANUAL:
A
PRACTICAL TREATISE
ON THE AKT OF TAKING
POSITIVE
branches;
CONTAINING ALL THli VARIOVS RECIPES PRACTISED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL OPERATORS IX THE UNITED STATES.
BY
N. G.
BURGESS,
F O U UT
II
EDITION.
TRUBNER
1858.
LONDON
& CO.
Entered according
to
Act of Confess,
G.
By
NATHAN
District of
BUKGESS,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern
New York.
R. C.
VALEXTIXE,
and 85 Centre-street,
New
York.
PREFACE.
The
publication of the
Ambrotype Manual, by
induced him
the author of this work, a short time since, and the great
demand
to enlarge that
tice of
Photography
It
may
since
present
first
to note its
its
tendencies and
features
its
to
trace
leading
and
results
up
to its present
;
high posi-
world
and, finally, to
mark
per-
out the
commanding
results
which
it
is
destined
to
yet to achieve in
fection.
its
onward progress
M'as
announced
his
PEEFACE.
savaiis,
French
that
It
and
it
from
day
has
made many
all
strides
towards perfection,
accomplishments.
it
with
its
From
exhibited by
photograph of the
of
life,
witli
all
light
And
mark the changes. Yet all will acknowledge, that the art is just now l^eginnin"* to attest its true worth, for we now l)eo-iu to receive the homage of all true lovers of art. The dawned in which the photographer can day has
that few, if any, could
command even
works.
her
and
it
con-ectness that
to
touch
it
It
PREFACE.
vies the creations of a
poi'traitnre,
Raphael or a Rubens
in
and
works of the
of such im-
pencil.
many
persons have
capital in the
manu-
The inducement
fact
lias
been
fullj^
warranted
in-
from the
rewarded.
who have
fully
In view of these
necessary to
facts, it is
embody
work
for
a set of
full
on
known
give
as
Amby
in
The aim
and
others,
will
be
to
only such
practice
known
receipts as
have been
in actual
the author
and
to explain
them
in the
explicit
manner
possible,
may
reap
6
the fact
it
til
PREFACE.
at
in
They
skill
imagined that
artist to ren-
But
this
has been
There are
many who
known as the Daguerreowho can produce specimens of that art which would do credit to the profession, who nevertheless
utterly fail in this higher
branch of Photography.
The reason
obvious. They hav^e vainly imagined same care was necessary in the pa23er process that was demanded in the manipulation of the silver plate. But how soon have their hopes
is
Where
upon a Photo-
Hence we
range of
And
mand
as
in this
we approach near the goal of perfection sublime art, so much the more does it deits
of
who
PKEFACE.
years of patient
to the highest
toil,
eminence.
far distant
And
those
tlie
when only
many
come masters of
greatness of
tliis
their profession.
profession.
And
to
become a
of
it,
known
resources of his
perseverance.
may be
trusted
service to those
To the amateurs
nnmber of amateurs is increasing in the United States, and we trust they may continue to augment until the numFortunately for this beautiful
the
For
like
all
tempting
PREFACE.
it
is
emulate those
artists in
all
may
CONTEXTS,
Preface
iNTRonrcnoN
8
9
CHAPTER
Histof}-
I.
and Progress of the Pliotograpliic Art Its Introduction into the United States The Discovery or Uses of the various Chemicals Positive Photographs on Glass 19
Theory of the Photographic Process Negative and Positive PicturesNegatives on Paper and on Glass Positives on Glass Theory of the Positive and the Negative Process 30
CHAPTER II.
XEGATIVE PROCESS.
CHAPTER
On
The Manipulations Drying the same
for
I.
Cleaning the Plate Coating with Collodion Time in the Camera Developing Ke-developing for Intensity Varnishing the Negative Frames or Shelves
Negatives General Remarks on the Manipulation of the Negative Process Arrangement of the Light Use of the Camera, &c., (fee 39
10
CONTENTS,
CHAPTER
The
Nitrate of Silver Bath for Neo:atives
II.
Formation of the Iodide of Silver practice of the Negative Bath Observations on the use of the Negative Bath On tlie Intensity of the Negative Color of the
48
Negative, &e.,
&e
On Photographic
Solution
Printing
To prepare the Albumen for Paper Positives Silveriug Albumen Paper On the practice of printing Negatives Toning or fixing the Print Washing the Positive Prints Drying the Pictures Varnishing and Mounting the Prints 56
CHAPTER
IV.
To copy Daguerreotypes and other Pictures into Photographs On Enlarging Pictures To enlarge Pictures from Daguerreotypes,
Ambrotypes, or Photographs and to produce Photographs from them To make Life-size Photographs on Paper Iron Photo;
On
V.
&c
CHAPTER
On the Preparation of Negative Collodions The Formulae for NegMixing various Collodions Dissolving the Ioative Collodions dides Double Iodide Collodions The celebrated German Pro-
cess complete The Negative Developing Solutions Re-developing Process Bichloride of Mercury as a Re-developer Fixing Solution The Toning Baths The Ammonia Nitrate of Silver Solution 81
CHAPTER
Method of
VI.
Best Method of Salting Paper Test for good Collodion or Gnn-Cotton Varnish for Positives on Paper Instantaneous Printing Process New Method of
Silvering and Printing Paper
Quick
CONTEXTS.
11
varnishing Positives To restore Prints that have chansred color Cleaning Glass Plates To varnish Negatives Dextrine Paste for
mounting Photographs Gnm-Arabic and Gelatine To restore Silver from Old Solutions To remove Water from Collodion, and
to purify
it
Test
CHAPTER
VII.
Hints and Suggestions in regard to the Negative Process ImperHow to avoid them Cautions in fections peculiar to Negatives taking Negatives Hints and Suggestions in regard to printing Positives on Paper Cautions in regard to them Imperfections Ill found in Positives How to avoid them
AMBROTYPE PROCESS.
CIIAPTEE
the Glasses
VIII.
for the Camera Preparing Plate-blocks for holding the Glasses Cleaning Substances Cleaning the Glasses Cleaning old Glasses Removing the Varnish Holding Glasses after they are cleaned Gla.sses used a number of times Quality of Glasses necessary for Am-
brotypes
125
Apparatus
Bath
for
Ambrotypes
Preparation of the Nitrate Bath To Iodize the Filtering Process Adding Acid Neutralizing the BathFull Directions for keeping the Bath in order Renewal of the
Nitrate of Silver
1;U
CHAPTER
The Developing Solutions
X.
Manner of Compounding them Various Formulae for Developing Solutions Test of Acetic Acid The Fixing Solutions Cyanide of Potassium Hyposulphite of Soda Adding Chloride of Silver 141
12
CONTENTS.
CHAPTEE
On
Picture
XI.
the Practice of the Art in all its Details, from the Cleaning of the Plate to the Application of the Fixing Solution Drj-ing the
145
Varnishing the Picture Single Glass Process Stereoscopic Ambrotype Treble Glass Process The Double Glass Process Cut151 ting's Patent The Patent-leather Process
CHAPTER
XII.
CHAPTER
XIII.
The Manufacture of Gun-Cotton Test of the Acids employed Washing and Drying the Gun-Cotton Preparation of the Collodion Its Nature and Properties Ether and Alcohol To Iodize Collodion for Ambrotj-pes Method of preserving Collodion, and keeping it ready for use Tests of good Collodion To remove
157
Coloring Ambrotypes
Taking
Process
Views Copying Daguerreotypes by the Ambrotype 166 Copying Engravings, Statuary, Machinery, &c
for
Lockets
On
manner of Arranging the Light The Falling of the same on the Drapery Use of a Diaphragm Light on the Eyes Using Screens Backgrounds Reflectors Diaphragm Time in the Camera Over-exposure, and Under-developing Taking Children's
the
Portraits
174
CHAPTER
XVI.
Alcoholic Solutions for preparing Collodion Iodide of Silver SoluBromo-Iodide of Silver Solution Bromide of Silver Solution tion Saturated Solution of Iodide of Potassium in Alcohol Of
Bromide of Potassium
179
CONTENTS.
13
Preparation of the Varnislies "White Copal Varnish Gum-demar Varnish Black Asphaltimi Varnish AYhite Varnish of Shellac and Copal Tliickened Varnish for Cementing Glasses, in place of Canada Balsam Gum-shellac Varnish for Plate-holders Ap-
CHAPTEE
XVII.
189
CHAPTEE
XVIII.
Causes of Failure in the Practice of the Art Fogging the Pictures To detect the Fogging of Plates Black and White Specks on the Plates Transparent and Opaqne Spots Impurity of Chemi194 cals Spots or Streaks on the Glass Plates
CHAPTEE
XIX.
Cautions with reerard to using the various Chemical Substances in making Gun-Cotton Use of Ether and Alcohol Use of Cyanide of Potiissium Nitrate of Silver Cleaning the Hands Solution Hints on the various Processes connected for cleaning the Hands with Positives and Negatives To render Collodion highly Sensi-
tive
202
CHAPTEE XX. Acetic Acid Alcohol Ammonia Bromine Bromide of I'otassium Carbonate of Soda Cyanide of Potassium Chloride of Gold Hyposulphite of Gold Hyposulphite of Soda Iodine Iodide of Ammonia Iodide of Potassium Iodide of Silver Protosulphate of Iron Nitrate of Potash Nitrate of Silver SulLitmus Nitric 211 phuric Acid Properties of Ether Properties of Water
.A.cid
283
INTRODUCTION
TO
Art, as
known and
practised
is
modifications.
Among
on
glass,
M'hich,
on account of
imperish-
ability,
are denominated
Ambrotypes
name
artist
They
to air or water. It is
glass are
by this name that all positive pictures on known in this countiy. They are attractartists
from
new
diftering so widely
desire has
written
by a
16
nature,
INTKODUCTION.
might be
to
"witliin
who
in
wish either
outset, or to
which they may be already engaged. With a view to meet this want, the present work has been
nndertahen.
It is
practical experience,
and of a uniform
skilful
series of
experiments in
all
and successful
on
Ambrotypes
being
positive
photographs
some knowledge
ambrotype
In
this
jDrocess.
manual
will
may
tend to
little
artist), as,
with a
who has
any
will enable
The patented process known as " Cutting's Pasome measure to retard the eflForts of many who were desirous to work by this At present, however, certain investigaprocess.
INTKODUCnON.
tions are
being
on
this point,
made so as to undeceive the public and we can see the good results of a
drawback
to the successful prac-
removal of
this
de-
many
bv
fii*st
the
it
may
may make
great
The
and
process, however,
is
same
result,
without due
care,
that
practice will
were expected.
ward the industrious student in this almost magic field of science. "We believe that tlie day is not
9*
18
far distant vrhen
INTKODUCTION.
Art, and
command
picture-loving public.
The
effects
art is
capable of
the
much
greater variety of
than
long-practised
Daguerreotype.
colorto
Here we may seal a picture with or without ing, and make the same picture appear
colored on viewing
it
be
on one
sidej
and uncolored
truth,
on viewing
it
in
^dewing
two
to
Added
tlie
which
may
many
facilities
tliat
not possessed
by any
other,
from
the fact
may be
dispensed with,
and an
easy, graceful,
and natural
position attained.
Am-
to other
photo-
will deservedly
command
artists
who wish
to excel in
PHOTOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER
I.
HISTORY AND PEOGEESS OF THE PHOTOGEAPHIC AET ns DsTEODUCTION IXTO THE TNITED STATES THE DISCOTEET OE TSES OF THE YAEIOUS CHEMI-
CALS
POSITITE PHOTOGEAPHS
history
OX GLASS.
art so i3ecnliarly
its
The
taries
and progress of an
all
distinct
from
other arts,
demands from
its
voits
a certain knowledge of
early stages,
its
authors
who
in-
brought
it
into being.
those
it,
are fast
passing away,
and
it
seems befitting
that, if only as
a tribute of
at least
some mention
should be
made
field of science
especially their
wonso
is
20
PROGKESS OF PHOTOGRAPHY.
tlie
identified witli
tlie fact
of
its
those impressions on
for the first snblime idea, but also the first successful result.
who was
had
that
M. Daguerre
so
clearly demonstrated
certain substance
light falling
upon a
knowm by
its
magic work,
the fidelity
and reproduce
of an
its
all
artist's skill.
The
details of
process, as given
very
by
he
is
credit,
All
the
photographic
practised,
processes
since
made
known and
discovery.
owe
PKOGKESS OF PHOTOGKAPIIY.
21
They
in-
must be brought
to act
upon the
substance
known
as iodide of silver to
produce the
required result.
Tlie researches of
Wedgewood and
to
Sir
Humscienof
most
readers.
They engaged
in these
experiments in order to
fix
;
abandoned
it,
and
left
and Niepce, who successfully prosecuted their researches, beginning in 1814, and finally announcing their successful result in June, 1839.
to
be
beau-
camera obscura
for so
many
22
substance
PROGRESS OF PHOTOGRAPHY.
that
tlie
an
artist's soul
had been
that
now
it
was
possible
to
Portia, two
to
hundred years before, had exhibited the gazing world as wonders of his genius that
;
they could
all
made
to retain their
Philosophers
searches,
and
Sir
finally
made
additional discoveries.
as
We find
himself,
John Herschel
among
the foremost
in the ranks.
made
was an-
all parts of the world wherever they could be obtained. "With what success he met in their sale may be
known from
interest
now
claims any
whatever in them.
late to
withdraw
superseded by
23
it is
be a misnomer.
Certain
that one
all
over the
present
world, his
name would
its
fame.
England
his
for his
patent.
it,
Many
were
the
conse-
quences of
in all of
M. DagueiTe
it.
for
it
any
has
always tended
to
bring discredit on
its
projectors,
and over-reaching in
which seems
to
belong
to a
higher
24
daguerke's pension.
for life,
who was
it
in
is
the
wor-
The process on
made
rapid
and
in a
few years we
great beauty.
The discovery of
in
comif
made
since.
silver
ate, that
and, more-
stance to
was expressed to find some other subremedy these defects. This first led Sir John Herschel to adopt glass as the readiest means of obviating the difficulties. This was in the year
1844, and he obtained his results by precipitating
HEESCHEL'S PROCESS.
ZO
With
this
excellent
positives.
" The
camera a
at
which
aj^pears either in a
natural
2:>osition,
or reversed, as
you look
it
in
front or behind.
If a solution of hyposulphite of
soda
is
dry,
it
comes
placed
again to light,
when
it
to a daguerreotype,
more
Herscliel himself
positive
it
duce a positive on
on
Had
he done
so,
then
earlier creation
than
tliose
this art as
26
Tlie next
St. Victor,
DISCOVEEY OF GUN-COTTON.
This was
used for coating glass plates, and was practised with good success. It was found to possess only a
small degree of sensitiveness.
Yet
it
has been
fra-ther
com-
M. Le
first
waxed paper.
only excelled
by
It
was
in
1850 that
tha'
substance
was known as the great desideratum of the Photographic Art, and from its discovery
laid
a superstructure
which commands
tific
so
much
world.
Had
land, in 1846,
made
that curious,
and
at that time
we
should
have groped our way in darkness in search of a substance that would render all our labors so sure
of success.
The use
instead
27
;
when
wlien
its
discovery was
to
first
made known
of
its
but
it
new element
its
known
as
stick."
Its similarity' to
it to
be used
when
lo
a servant
was
artist at
once so use-
since,
and prob-
ably ever
be subject
first
to his rule.
Collodion was
Amongst the
De La Motte. The latter asserts M. Simon, an apothecary of Berlin, suggested properties to him in the spring of 1850.
utility,
it
was soon
silver
on the
that
and we find that many were sold in 1851 in manner in England yet they did not com;
mand much
ture
being
28
niti-ate
which those of the present day exhibit. The use of collodion was employed mainly with
a view to produce good negatives on glass, in
order to obtain from them satisfactory positives on
paper.
It
was not
on glass
were taken in
two
glasses,
with one
of
them blackened,
ture apparent
the
is
well
known
that these
The
by applying the
var-
excluding from
it
in the preparation of
all
DAGUEKRE AND
HIS FOLLOWEES.
29
The name of Ambrotj^e was also given them, and they are now so well known by it, that it is
presumed they
will
perhaps as
Thus we
see
name
for pictures
immortal Daguerre.
followers of the
originality in
And
although
many
of the
many
art,
much
praise, yet
and had
might
3*
CHAPTER
A>T>
II.
NEGATIVE
ON PAPER AND ON GLASS POSITIVES ON GLASS THEORY OF THE POSITIVE AND THE NEGATIVE PROCESS.
PICTURES
2JEGATIVES
The photographic
some degree, of the
natm-e
is
process
is
one of the
latest
arts of design,
and from
seems
its
tures, to
many
It
to detaste
mand
of thought
and
degree allied
to
the
and
sculi^ture.
it
Tliough in a meas-
possesses
many
peculiarities
which demand from its votaries more than the limited judgment and skill necessary to the perfection of ordinary arts.
The theory
sist in
of the process
is
which
subject
of causing
own image
or reflection to
be ren-
dl.
ov jminting hy light,
all
is
we
know about
impression
that
when
certain
may be
obtained.
But what
is
the
man
mitted to know.
They are positive in the Daguerreotype and Ambrotype, and negative only in the glass
are to be taken on paper, and on other similar
substances.
form
photography.
]?y
Negatives were
positives
first
Fox
its
From
the multiplicity of
imperfections,
it
22
POSITIVES.
and
positives
exhibited from
art,
creditable as works of
Negatives possess
all
the various
phenomena
in
They
are in
tained in
by positives. some respects more difBcult to be obgreat perfection, and in others are less so They
are, in fact,
the negative
a view
to
IS
The theory of the positive and negative processes the same, which consists in the reduction of the
an oxide on the surface of the glass by
These several
silver to
good results. The iodide of silver must be well formed on the surface of the glass. The light
given must be only so image, and reveal
it
much
as will
produce the
POSITIVES
ON GLASS.
66
requisite sti-ength to
The impression
mysterious body.
is
by the
action of light, or
expression of
a subsequent operation,
and
is
so far
nent,
remove the unaffected iodide of which is not at all changed by the light. Only those parts are affected which are necessary to produce the light and shade.
and
silver, a portion of
Positives
and
also
by a much
shorter exposure in
is
the camera.
In
fact,
a positive
only a negative
with a
light.
less
degree of exposure
to the action of
34:
paper
known
in the posi-
we
shall venture to
sufficiently significant
and appropriate
so well
may
United
States,
known
They
frequently led into error on this point, and suppose, in fact, that
creation
new kind
of picture only
known
here, while
in truth they
were
first
merely photographs on
stead of negatively.
taken positively
in-
The whole
niOTOGEAPHIC DIFFICCLTIES.
35
to
down
in this
work
for the
guidance of those
who
in these pages
were ob-
much
patient labor
and investigation
intelligent inquirers,
difficulties
who
which, could
he
may
profit
his operations,
others,
and be
The path
dable
for
difficulties,
formito ex-
princi-
upon which this fascinating art depends, he may, in his turn, become a contributor to its improvement and advancement.
Tlie exiDerience of the
humblest
may
sometimes
furnish a suggestion,
accom2dish.
The
fields
36
practise
should be to perfect
it
as soon as possiit is
man's genius,
But the
raj^id strides it is
now
we
namely, the
This result
artist
and pallet. He could then retire from the arena where he now stands contending so unprofitably,
in a pecuniary point of view, with the photogra-
pher.
But
this
art
by
is
the
sun himself
artist!
;
for since
of her best
skill to
wheel the
result should
be
set
down
to
own
victory.
PART
I.
PRACTICAL DETAILS
NEGATIVE PROCESS.
POSITIVE PHOTOGRAPHS OX PAPER.
CHAPTER
ALL
ITS
I.
^THE
MANIPULATIONS
CLEANING
THE PLATE
THE SAME
NEGATIVE
COATING
WITH COLLODION
DRYING
DEVELOPING
VARNISHING THE
FRAMES OR SHELVES FOR NEGATIVES GENERAL REMARKS ON THE MANIPULATION OF THE NEGATIVE PROCESS -ARRANGEMENT OF THE
LIGHT
There are
varying so
many
by
much
to
produce
40
NEGATIVE PHOTOGRAPHS.
the lights
and
falls
i.
e.
where the
appear the
portrait in
slionld
lightest), in
the negative
ner,
to
it
be dark as in
these peculiar
which
effect.
j)osition
When
viewed as a
positive, laid
on a
blackened snbstance, they resemble in some degree a positive that has been too long exposed in
the camera.
They cannot be viewed properly any other manner than by transmitted light.
sale in
in
However, they are never to be sealed np for any form, but are always reserved by the artist to print from, any number of copies that may
be desired.
And
and perfection of
branch of photography.
"We have the power of multiplying ad infinitum^ even ftir greater than if it were printed from an
engraving.
The negative
itself
can be reproduced
and multiplied
so that exact
facsimiles could be
CLEANING THE
PLATTE.
41
by every
first
original positive
chem-
When
certain rules
are observed,
The
first
which
is
easily
done by rubbing
it
and
in case
of using
whiting,
or
tripoli
powder,
may be
camel's-
added.
Be
flat
in
theie
is
enough,
Then
moving the
42
motion
of
it
mar be
On
transmitted light,
and transparent,
its
as
surface
at least,
no
If
any are
Let
visible, the
it
;
dry until
moisture
now darken
room
then place
it
in
perfectly formed on
its
surface,
which
ready
for the
camera
re-
The time of exposure in the camera is entirely a matter of judgment and experience. Xo definite I'ules can be laid down but usually, in a strong light, with the ammonia collodion and the neutral;
The time
by a
trial plate.
4:3
much
practice, for
the process in
correctly followed,
be of no
As
upon the
it
to the de-
veloping-stand, or
may be
it,
filtered
on
The silver itself acts means of darkening the negative. The developing solution of protosulphite of iron, on page 89, will be found the most useful, and indeed the only one recommended for good negaremoval from the bath.
as a
tives.
pour
and cover
it
again
in
and,
lastly, it
44
VARNISHING NEGATIVES.
Always
fix
hyposulphite of soda.
cyanide of potassium.
found
employed,
loses its
strength
VARNISHING NEGATIVES.
In order to preserve negatives in a proper state
for future use, it is well to varnish
them.
If they
of guin-arabic
is
required for
many
prints, the
better course
would be
negative varnish.
the plate in the
same manner
it
and
al-
lowed
to
edge, secure
from
dust, until
AKKANGEMENT OF THE
LIGHT.
45
tlie
;
negatives should be
shelves, hav-
and two
the
best
receptacle
when
not in use.
Shelves of
sitter is
of vast importance.
should
tall
with a
full force
;
if it is
is
of a dark color
and
tlie
background, which
and shade
carefully attending
eyes.
to the pointed
upon the
line of light
upon them.
If possible,
more
likely to
The
position of the
46
careful stuch-.
Some cameras
others,
ted
more than
actual exj^eriment.
forml^y over the
Some
work more
uniin
an
A skylight which
to
is
nearly
or one that
is
one
side,
effects in
Photog-
raphy.
plate to
affected
which
will
developing agent.
flat in details
al-
may appear
Tlie
distinct, the
tints
round-
middle
of the face
It is
which are
intensity
so
aj^pear.
and
bi-ing
up
tlie
by developing.
if
A short exposure
is
in the
camera,
found
to
be the
to
and vigorous
effects.
The point
arrive at
is
to
intensitj^,
and no more.
47
be supposed
By
trial
may
may be
for negatives
do not require
to
;
be of such purity as
even good window-
which
is
selected as free
from bubbles as
possible, will
The
them
day
he
CHAPTER
THE NITRATE
PREPARATION OF THE SAME
II.
NEGATIVES
FORMATION OF THE
ON THE
OBSERVATIONS
ON THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE BATH ON THE INTENSITY OF THE NEGATIVE COLOR OF THE NEGATIVE, ETC., ETC.
Great care
is
essential to
its
proper
the the
niis
preparation, and
we shall proceed to lay down precise form to make a bath that will produce most satisfactory results. The proportion of
trate of silver required to
usually about
fifty
grains,
though
lutely essential.
49
be added again
after
long use, as
many
times that
when
water.
nitrate of silver
it
which
is re-
fifty
grains to each
be formed
by
first
of
ammonia
in about
adding thereto say two fluid drachms of the solution of nitrate of silver, in
silver has
been dissolved
in four
down
Wash
filling
this
by
the
60
graduate dish or
least six
at
to settle
sil-
When
this is well
washed,
add
it
to t]ie
ounce of
Shake
it
well, then
which
hours to dissolve as
possible.
clear,
it is
much
becomes
if
requii-ed to
= 3200
grains,
.
oi-
of nitrate of silver
. . .
6f ounces.
grains.
Iodide of aumiouia
.20
Water
2 quarts.
6f ounces of silver, 3240 grains, allowing 480 grains to each ounce. The above
in
There will be
be required for
is
all practical
purposes.
all cases.
Distilled water
preferable in
Though
it it
has has
If
been so kept,
it
can be
first
51
remove any
traces of vegetable
matters.
By
much
valua-
The bath
-will
require neuit.
The process of neutralizing will be found on page 137. The negative collodion, which is more frequently
used with a perfectly neutral bath, as above described,
is
page
82.
much
care
By
bath
be, in
using the
is
ammonia
liable to
be changed, as
necessarily
must
is
its
chemical character.
plate,
Iodide of silver
and consequently
less silis
added
collodion, as well
to
as a trace of ether.
soon be found
be
52
is
not objectionable
but
there
is
too
much
of
it,
and
test
with a hydrometer
silver.
Always keep the strength equal to fifty In adding more silver to the may be effected more readily by first disfor the nitrate bath.
Alwaj-s
bottles,
one of which
also to
it
may be
if
filtered.
recommended
it is
add
bath, if
in constant use,
is
because
the greater
removed
is
(as
some must
immersed) by
changed.
operators provide themselves with
suffiis
Many
This
many
days, on a
results.
new
trial
been found
to
produce good
53
There
is
trate baths,
and sometimes a neutral bath is preferred. The general rule to be observed is, that, if a bath is acid, the time of exposure in the camera is lengtliened, and as we approach the neutral point Therefore to work a bath as the time is lessened.
neutral,
is
transparent in the dark portions, such as the drapery, &c., and of such intensity in the light parts
that a ray of light can with difficulty be transmitted, and this must be
tints.
than for
it
as
64:
veloper
all
these
combined
will
having all the beauty so much desired in good Photographs. The absolute intensity, however, of a negative does not always
depend upon
seen
it
by
transmitted light.
some
color.
and of a bronze
color, others
The
the
bluish-black,
to
more uniformly clear in their details. Sometimes the best negatives are those which
may
are
appear
to
more obstructed, and the print is consequently more uniform in its gradatiijns of light and shade. The color of the negatives depends on certain
conditions of the batli, the time of exposure in the
it.
may
and
for the
55
must be
tlie
teacher in this
branch of the
Seeming uncertainties may appear have not had much experience in the
cles of great
to
some who
art as obsta-
moment.
But they
any length
who do
&c.
must
if it
was
easily acquired,
success, there
would be no
who
pos-
may
full
therefore be
deemed
a fortunate circumstance
to excel, that the
to those
road to
and
he
who would
CHAPTER
III.
ON PHOTOGRAPHIO PKINTING SALTING SOLUTIONS SALTING THE PAPER SILVERING THE PAPER WITH
AMMONIA NITRATE OF SILVER PLAIN SILVER SOTO PREPARE THE ALBUMEN FOR PAPER POSITIVES SILVERING ALBUMEN PAPER ON THE PRACTICE OF PRINTING NEGATIVES TONLNG OR FIXING THE PRINT WASHING THE POSITIVE PRINTS
LUTION
The
that poris
demanded, and where much of the beauty and finThe success of it deish of the picture is due.
pends upon a perfectly proper understanding of
the process.
Having selected
for
it
may
such as will be
Though
57
free from dust or fumes of cliemicals. AVhen wanted for use, they may be cut of what-
place,
ever size
may be
required.
One
Place
this in
a large
flat disii,
which may be of
wood,
if it is
lac varnish.
The
filled,
and
paper
if laid in it.
Tlie paper is to
time,
and
it
as
it
may on
upon
its
Hang
free
The
58
is
to
use the
patent
paper
The hands should never touch any portion of the paper except the corners. The salted papers can be laid aside, and will keep for a great
length of time.
salted
and
dried, to
be
sil-
may be
effected
The ammonia nitrate solution, the preparation which is described on page 95, is the one mostly in use, and one that will produce, with plain salted
of
The
silver solution
for
is first
laid
to
be fastened down
by the corners with pins or any other article which The silver sowill cause it to remain stationary.
lution
is
enough
and with a
si^read
69
cir-
to the
circum-
ference.
The
is
changed into
with the
owing
It
to its contact
of the paper.
may
tle, to
can be emijloyed
papers that
may
be wanted
at
one time,
on a clean j^iece
of paper, but a
new one
will
sequent preparation.
The
hung up
to
dry in
may
use.
two or three
from the
light, in a portfolio or
and
consists of dissolving
2^ ounces of This
60
is is
The
paper
on the
silvered
by laying each
sheet separately
allowing
being ob-
The
It is
silver
solutions
must always be
filtered
such quantity as
may
be wanted
immediate
use.
The
be blackened over with black asphaltum varnish, to exclude the light, and always kept as much as
possible in a dark place.
Papers
maybe
silvered
where the
direct rays
fall
on them.
long bottle.
Pour
oft"
add
to
61
albumen
that
required.
To each ounce of
men and
For
fifteen grains of
hydrochlorate of
ammonia
it
filter.
salting
should be
is
Thin paper
gen-
silvered with
must
also
solu-
in the
ammonia
filter it clear.
process.
more pleasing than by the ammonia nitrate The trouble and time required, howis
ever,
latter.
much
Therefore the
62
to print a picture
from
proper to
cir-
cumstances.
solution,
They
and a clear
Negatives
may be
and printed
when
days
time
may sometimes
The
before
color
it
be required
to
which
is
to
is
frame,
prints
is
of considerable importance.
The best
left
are
to
are
long
in-
enough
tensity that
may
63
degree.
by a long
prints will
But such
be the more
likely to
assume a yellow
The
toning bath
is
to
recommended. Therefore prints should not genbe overdone or over-printed when one toning
used.
erally
bath
is
are
After
frame,
it
tlie
picture
is
by placing
in a portfolio or drawer, or
it.
where no
A number of
all
prints
may be
toned or fixed at
by many
to
it
operators,
and various
64
As
with
As
and
is
may
luckily ar-
The
place
first
it
dark room,
This removes
upon by the
light.
only a short time, say one or two minutes, then place them in a bath of pure water to remove the
superfluous
salt.
This plan of
first
placing the
omitted.
print in a solution of
It
common
salt
may be
it
may
may be
laid in
may
and placed
94,
in
and allowed
is
remain there
will
color
attained,
which
vary according
65
sary.
They must be
watched
in the
to
a bath
WASHING POSITIVE
PRnTTS.
is
of
yellow.
remove
in-
of course recommended.
The
effect-
more
ually
remove the
so
desti'oying agent.
Strange, in-
which adds
much beauty
to the
its
Photograph,
destruction.
is
to place the
of water to
press
it
fall
upon
it
for a
few minutes.
Then
re-
has
6*
66
changed
Nor
sliould they
remain for
The
when
it is
possible,
is
to
running
dis-
charging as
fast
given.
A very
By
rangements,
all
a large vessel of
for several
them
to
remain
been
first
immersed
another plan
is
highly
recommended
in the
warm
in
water.
By
it
remain
fur
about an hour
warm
water,
will
them up
to dry.
67
will follow
the
prints
shall not
first
in the
remove in order
picture.
to fix the
impres-
beauty
The
prints
to dry, but
clothes-pins
as tliey are
them in a portfolio, or between leaves of white paper, and press them under some object, so that they shall not wrinkle. They are then ready for mounting and varnishing. The varnish for pictures is made as described on page 100, and may be laid on the picture before
well dried, place
it is
cut in
it is
tlie
shape required, or
it
may be
effected
after
on the card-board.
on
its
page 104,
place
;
has
bo
print
it
may be made by
laying
pencil,
it
Or
it
may be
laid
on
it,
and cutting
it
A warm
CHAPTER
PHOTOGRAPHS
IV.
ON ENLARGING PICTURES
^TO
EN-
GRAPHS ON PAPER
AND
TO PRODUCE PHO-
IN-
STANTANEOUS PRINTING
ON TAKING STEREOSCOPE
The copying
Da-
Latterly
gone
still
further,
and
life-size
now
skilful art-
which must needs be infallible. The last great achievement of the Photographic
is
Art,
the production of
life-size, full-length
por-
70
traits.
ENLARGEMENT OF PICTURES.
This
is
new
which bids
fair to
supersede
all
pictures.
Those
new
solar
and
practical.
be required
for the
One quarter-plate tube, and lens. One Avhole-plate camera box. One or two mirrors to be used as reflectors. One camera box, capable of holding a glass 14 by 17
inches.
The pictures
types,
or
portraits
more frequently
re-
from the
kind of por-
Many
are desirous of
life-
easily adopted,
is first
to take a
ENLARGEMENT OF PICTURES.
half or whole plate
size,
71
which
is
effected
by the camera
it
to
be enlarged, whether
by
reflecting the
sun upon
it
camera box
to
minute and a
half.
be as large as possible
it
on a halflife size
may be
enlarged to
by
From
first
now
with
which
must be capable of holding glasses of 11 by 14 inches, and 14 by 17. Place the i:)lctures in the
direct rays of the sun, or use a reflector as before,
and any
size
may be
taken,
up
The
life
though
it
yet
it
72
ENLAEGEMENT OF
TICTUKES.
may be
the
ing.
same
it
may
to use
more
distinct will
be the negative.
The re-developing with bi-chloride of mercury, as given on page 92, is highly recommended in this
process.
negative
may be
but, in enlarg-
deemed
al-
most indispensable, as
cess,
it
removed by the skill of the painter. The usual time required for taking the negative,
life-size,
will vary
from a minute
size
to ten minutes.
dis-
is
greatly augmented.
IKON PlIOTOGKAPnS.
IRON"
This
It
process, however,
will
many
occasions,
when
required, as a negative
miy
Ambrotype.
"Water
Citric acid
.1
.
Ammonia
citrate of iron
ounce. i ounce.
Concentrated ammonia
.1
oimce.
Mix
day.
these ingredients,
and
filter,
and keep
in a
Apply this
fully laying
on even by brushing
it
it
in
both
di-
rections.
Then hang
it
up
to
AVhen dry'
printing,
may
and kept
in a portfolio.
The paper
will
assume a yellow
color.
74
Remove from
or pouring
the printing
by
immersing in a
per after la^-ing
flat dish,
it
it
on the pa-
upon
glass.
THE DEVELOPIXG
Nitrate of silver
.
SOLUTIO}^-.
.
.
| ounce.
1 pint.
^ ounce.
....
.
.
ounce.
drops.
Water
Nitro-muriatic acid
.
1 pint.
.10
after developing,
will be
it
i-eddish
The
Should
toning bath
may
be
made by changing
the propor-
tions of hyposulphite
of gold.
THE STEREC^COPE.
75
exposnre of the print for a few seconds to the direct rajs of the snn.
cannot be
each print as
it
The
sepia tone
prints
by
after develop-
be more liable
this
to fade.
Photographs by
may be
required, and
THE STEREOSCOPE.
Stereoscope pictures are considered by some
operators as the most valued of the productions of
the Photographic Art.
mainly, however,
76
THE STEREOSCOPE.
much
The stereoscope
is
an instrument invented by
combining two
slightly dis-
two
is
flat
pictures one
produced
having
in all
liarities
of the object
itself,
Tlie reason
why two
flat
the effect of solidity, and a slight consideration of the best means of producing these
flat jDictures,
so
manner
now be
given.
Ordinary vision
may
by two
eyes.
If
we
look
one eye,
we have binocular
Let us
close one
first
If
we
we
perceive them
light
by
and gradations of
THK STEREOSCOPE.
Y7
tell
and shade
ns that
and
this
according
is
to fixed laws,
npon
less
"which perspective
light
based.
less
We
brilliant, the
Upon
while
and
indistinct,
the foreground
is
;
dance of
skilfully,
detail
and
in proportion as this is
done
we admire
also,
it
as an imitation of nature.
There
is,
The
to
stantly to
change
it is
its
which
directed,
and
this
change of focus
is
may be
If the object be
one camera
set the
will at
do better
may
until
camera
any point
you produce a
that,
satisfactory
Having obtained
move
the
T8
THE STEREOSCOPE.
to the other point of
camera
until
But
if
you
it
very desirable
to
for taking a
view of a
where
them
in
one picture
and not
you ob-
But
for
though
it
is
pressions at once,
it
is
not necessary.
And now
removed
incpiiry,
how
far
or, in
other words,
?
how
is
This
may
easily
Tlie
is
be
cited,
it
be given.
to
This
Sir
is
doctrine laid
it is
down by
D.
dis-
Brewster, nevertheless
practice.
It
the
relief.
Now,
dissimilarity of
image
is
obtained
niOTOGRAPII VIEWS.
Y9
by widening
ras,
the
As
the stereoscope
is
chiefly valued
at
natural relief
the result.
If
obtained but
which
is
due
to the
lenses.
and
still
greater
relief is
produced
still
more,
and
so on until
produces natural
produces monstrosity.
I^early all stereoscopes will have
more
or less
in the
same
focus.
PHOTOGRAPH VIEWS.
Views by the Photographic process are
ing the attention of the
deservedly
artists in this
attract-
country, and
so. They are easily taken, because an ample supply of light is always obtained. The
only objection
is
80
niOTOGEAPII VIEWS.
tlio
various solutions to
is to
localities
is
be taken.
This difficulty
which have been published lately. The albumen process on paper, page ", is highly recommended for views, as the tone of those pictures is more appropriate for this style of
processes
new dry
Photographs.
It is not necessary
of the processes.
Suffice
same
lenses
The
It
is
into
a view camera.
set
done
of lenses in
It will also
be
produce
is
vigorous negatives.
The use of
the
diaphragm
and
distant objects.
Also to cut
ofl'a
CHAPTER
V.
ON THE PKEPARATION OF NEGATIVE COLLODIONS THE FORMULA FOE NEGATIVfc; COLLODIONS MIXEsG
YAKIOU3 COLLODIONS
DISSOLVING THE lODIDKS
MAN
PR'DCESS
COMPLETE
OPING SOLUTIONS
RE-DEVELOPING PROCESS
'FIXING
NI-
THE
AMMONIA
and including
Indeed, this cha^jter will assume one most entirely of reference, and, as will
be seen,
it
must
of
work.
82
CADMIUM COLLODION.
kegatrt: collodions.
For the preparation of negative collodions, "we The manner of shall only give the proportions.
dissolving the sensitive chemicals will generally
be
left
to
the
judgment and
ex])erience of the
operator.
... ...
.
ounce.
6 grains. 3 gi-ains.
Bromide of ammonia
CADMIUM COLLODION.
No.
2.
Plain collodion
...
.
ounce.
Iodide of
7 grains.
3 grains.
N^itrate
bath 50 grains
is
to the ounce.
This collodion
No.
3.
greatly in use in
warm
1
climates.
ounce.
Plain collodion
...
. , . .
Iodide of potassium
8 grains.
3 grains.
Bromide of ammonia
Bath of 40 grains
This collodion
tives
is
to the ounce.
ammonia
83
It will
be found
to
work
in
some
It
baths
when no
may
The
made
of different chemi-
more
certainty.
useful, and work with The author himself would, therehint upon those who may practice
Plain collodion
ounce.
6 grains.
Tincture of iodine
The
bath
to
cadmium in alcohol. The foregoing collodion is the one highly recommended for use, especially in warm latitudes. It
the
is
it
improves by age,
re-
taining
working
the
cadmium
collodion, in
many
when
84
it
DOUBLE-IODIZED COLLODION.
is
combined
1.
ammonia
collodion No.
To
dions,
recommended
to dissolve
them
first
in
when thev
Always
are soluble
bromides
solution.
first,
ammonia
tity of
water
added.
cadmium
A DOUBLE-IODIZED COLLODION.
The following formula is compounded in a different manner from any other, and is one that is highly recommended. Prepare two bottles of collodion separately, as follows
No.
1.
Plain collodion
ounce.
)
Bromide of potassium
Iodide of potassium.
5 grains.
Dissolved
in water.
8 grains.
No.
2.
Plain collodion
Iodide of Iodide of
ammonia cadmium
5 grains.
3 grains.
Dissolved
in water.
K'o. 1 will
rather weak.
No. 2
^vill
85
But mix these two collodions in equal proportions after they have well settled, and the most perfect
half-tints are obtained.
Should
it
be desirable
to
In like manner,
if
a mixture
intensity,
much
1.
will
and
is
know*n as the
German
process, so
can work
it
successfully.
is to
be
TO SENSITIZE THE
Iodide of
ammonia
dissolved in water
50 grains. 40 grains.
Mix
86
in several waters
NITRATE BATH.
lastly,
make
the following
wash compound
in alcohol.
:
Tlien
Alcohol at 95
Iodide of
...
.
2 fluid ounces.
100 grains.
40 grains.
silver,
;
When
through
to
and
filter
agitate the
whole
then
the liquid
ammonia
Tincture of iodine
... ....
in
tlie
40 drops. 10 drops.
but
is
The
NITRATE BATH.
Distilled
water
'
Nitrate of silver
5G
oz.
of water.
10 grains.
120 grains.
When
and
dissolved,
KE-DEVELOPIXO.
87
then
filter
through
common
filteriug-paper,
it is fit
add
for use.
ounces.
1 ounce.
1 ounce.
2 ounces.
and when
filtered
it is
FIXING SOLUTION.
This
is
RE-DEVELOPING.
The negative
cleared up.
is
re-developed after
it
has been
Make
water
Nitrate of silver
.... ....
it
1 ounce. 35 grains.
When
follows
:
may be
used as
After
washed, pour on
88 on
wash with
constantly
M'ater
and dry.
In developing and
re-
moving on the
plate
for if
allowed to
stand
still,
re-developing process
not recommended,
and
if
may be
is
in
dark
when
a child's likeness
taken.
For
will
is
There-
fore,
may be
assured
some portion of
The first opportunity should be embraced to remedy the difficulty first, by changing the nature of the nitrate bath, then the collodion and developing
:
agent.
for
The
composed of
pi'otosulphite of
89
and
acetic acid.
With
this alone,
and the
The developing
derstood befoi-e
good
can be
obtained.
And,
trate
first,
and the
Avitli
ni-
be the
ammonia
or
cadmium
on page 82.
...
.
2 ounces.
1 quart.
.6 ounces.
fil-
The
tered,
iron
is
first
added
in the
above
may
be required for
al-
lowed
to
remain
may
some-
But the
best to avoid
its
introduction
8*
90
EE'DEVELOPING PROCESS.
Indeed,
its
as mncli as possible.
use
lias
been aban-
By
it is
modilied.
the
requisite
In order, therefore,
to
ascertain
may
be necessary
and
baths,
it
iron
and
acetic acid.
By
to
trials,
of
may be made
is
the bath
other
is
view
to
negative, even if
combined.
RE-DEVELOPING PEOCESS.
Frequently the negatives, after being developed
by the foregoing
solutions, will
is
desired.
They may
still
KE-DEVELOPING PROCESS.
91
manner
two
No.
1.
Water
Protosulphite of iron
.
.
8 ounces.
2 ounces.
filter.
is
The second
No.
2.
solution
as follows
.
Nitrate of silver
Water
.....
.
i ounce.
8 ounces.
diffi-
The re-developing
is
danger
in
producing lines
The following
Af-
wash carefully
keeping the
still
room upon
the levelling-stand, or
its
surface enough of
it;
then quickly
it
upon the
It
little
motion in order to
92
BICHLORIDE OF IMERCrEY.
desired depth.
become
too intense,
and
full
As
produced, wash
%f the developer.
Make
cury,
in readiness in a glass-
stoppered bottle.
Daguerreotypes
or
Ambrotypes
into
negatives.
The
the
solution
full
negative after
it is
of iron developer.
the usual
The
first
developed in
manner
as soon as
it is
upon
it,
weak
chloride of mercury
will
is
It
and
All
when
in
FIXING SOLUTION.
negatives, rendered intense
93
FIXING SOLUTION".
This
is
phite of soda.
The
plate
is
to
after developing,
and
and
as soon
which may be known by its becoming clear from that milky appearance, it must then be immediately washed entirely free from the least traces
of soda.
Then dried
or
it
may be
varnished before
strained.
Of
surface in the
same manner
as collodion.
TONING BATHS.
The most
solution, is
useful
for
ammonia
nitrate of silver
composed
as follows
94
"Water
Nitrate of silver
TONING BATHS.
Chloride of gold
.... ....
...
1 quart.
Or
Hyposulphite of soda
to insnre the
most com-
by
in three or four
ounces of water,
salt.
Wash
preciiDitate,
which
this
is
Now
pour
into
solution of chloride of silver and hyposulpliite the remaining portion of the water, and add
it.
It will as-
sume
at first a
wine
color,
and
from
printing
frame, or
it
may be
is
first
immersed
64:.
in salt
and
toning bath
95
manner described on page 57, and silvered tlie ammonia nitrate of silver solution, as de-
scribed below.
When
not in use,
it
should be
in the foregoing
use, for the im-
of chloride of silver.
bottle of chloride of
2 oiiaces.
1 pint.
water
Now add
and water.
first,
formed at
which must be
a bottle,
it
a glass rod,
or, if in
may be
shaken.
it
Then add
for
96
which can be
filtered
perfectly clear,
and
it is
This
filtered,
and only
in sufli-
immediate
use.
A more
adding
to
sensitive preparation
may be made by
CHAPTER
GRAPHIC PROCESS
VI.
ON PAPER
INSTAN-
NEW METHOD
RESTORE
OF VAR-
TO
PRINTS
THAT
AND GELAAND TO
TO
PURIFY
POSITIVE PRINTS
Many
and
tlie
it is
trusted that
note
down
9
98
cause tliev
sarily
number
so
many.
the
ammonia
and
upon
flat
nail, at
Then,
witli
a ball of clean
and placed
paper
fire in
in
flat dish,
in all directions.
Then dry
quickly by a
it is
As
soon as
dry,
place
delay
and
may be
obtained.
Many
successful artists
have
marked
success.
Always use
ammoniac)
iu
tlie
liydroclilorate of
ammonia
(sal
salting paper,
99
A larger quantity
fact that
it is
from the
in
known forms of
all
salt.
Hence
it
others
is
The addition of gelatine to the salting solution strongly recommended, say about one grain to every ounce of water. The gelatine should be of the purest quality, and it should first be dissolved in warm M-ater, and added to the salting solution, which itself must be Avarmed if in the winter
season.
Always
any
sjjots
filter
may
a sure
test,
it is
well to
in
making
collodion.
After
alcohol,
small quantity of
glass, allowing
it
collodion on a piece of
same maimer
100
If
tlie
and transparent
liglit,
aft^r
it
may be
used
for
working collodion
a fault of
but
if
there
should appear any milkiness or opacity on the surface of the glass, there
is
tlie
gun-cotton
is
when
sults.
The
will
The
Tlie
is
undoubt-
to
dissolve
warm water
dissolve the
The propor-
....
laid
ounce.
Gelatine
2 drachms.
filter
Dissolve and
before using.
To be
on with a
flat
brush
made
of hogs' bristles.
101
and the
fol-
will
produced
:
It is as follows
five
prepared as follows
drachm?.
Water
Silver
it
1 pint.
But it must be so done in a lamp carefully screened by means of a yellow glass. Expose only for about two to ten seconds in summer, and not more than
dark room, and
tb.e
in
a very subdued
Of
frame
the
make
impression.
Remove
it
the picture
still
in the
dark
it
room,
when
is
seen to be developed
by means of a
:
solution of
9*
102
TO EESTORE TRINTS.
Sulphate of iron
"Water
Glacial acetic acid
.
. . .
\ ounce.
1 pint.
| ounce.
Develop
required
fix
with
and
finally, carefully
wash,
POSITIVE PHO-
0J7 PAPEPv.
the
be of the consistency of
After
the Photographs are dried, spread this paste evenly over the surface with a brush, and rub
it
with
hang
it
up
to
dry in a
warm room
it
The smell of
when dry
may
fine polish
obtained.
to fade.
Wash
the
j)i"int
well,
and immerse
:
it
in
a solu-
103
1 quart.
fif,n-
Remove
ple tone
is
wash
it
in sev-
eral ^vaters,
and drv.
Prints that
are
greatly
faded
may
new.
much
difficulty in
It
is
is is
no
difficulty,
it
and there-
much
attention
paid to
by those who
firet
:
work
successfully.
In order
may be
im-
mersed
in a solution
. .
composed as follows
. .
Water
i pint.
2i0 grains.
By
placing
all
new
few minutes
all traces
are removed.
may
be more readily
remove the
collodion.
in
104
TO VARXISH NEGATIVES.
ISTegatives inaj
"wliite
common
sold
bv
known
as dextrine
is
fact that
It is
it is
them
to fade.
a sufficient quantity
it
of the
brash.
Mix and
and
strain
through
a cloth before
This
it is
is
By
paste
the addition of a
is
little
sugar
to the
above, a
formed which
may
105
To
tible.
tlie
silver
add a
is
solu-
tion of
common
This
Avill
salt, until
no milldne?s
percep-
of a chloride.
when
The
now
be poured
off,
the bottle, to
ric acid.
The
black ]x')wder.
in the liquid,
This change of
is in
106
become uniformly
silver
black,
when
and the
washed two
The
used
silver
filtering
pure.
It
can be
may be found in collodion, is to add a quantity of common saleratus well dried shake it well and
allow
ter,
it
to settle
it
dion.
Many
old collodions
may be
The quantity
the collodion
is
not material
an
to
excess will do
no harm
allow
but
it is
recommended
pour
off
from
and allowed
it,
to settle,
it
especially if
has a
tendency
CHLOROFORM IX
A few drops
advantage
of chloroform
may be added
it
with
to collodion
when
appears
weak on
washing
oti'the developer.
TO
IS
REMOVED FROM THE PRINTS BY WASHING. When the prints are sup})0sed to be well washed
to dry,
and hung up
ter
from them
of mercury.
print
in
is
They
is
seen.
Any
may
be
may be
entirely
:
cess, as follows
remove
scissors
it
figure of the
;
by means of
Now
remove
this
This will
light,
the action of
and
must be attached
to the
second print
Place
it
in
to the action of
Of
ground
light or
may be
given by hold-
may be
The
card-
prevent any
by means of lace-work, or any open work laid over the background in the second
the background
process.
PEINTIXG FRAMES.
In printing these extra backgronnds, tliere
100
'U'ill
retouching
-svitli
picture
is
mounted.
PRIXTIXG FRAitES.
Tliere are
in
perhaps the
is
at
common
an opportunity
as
him
if
he has
many
make.
holding the negative and paper,
for
to
say one a
full
it
size,
;
being
and then
110
PRINTING FRAMES.
it
be put between
ghisses,
and
common
two
spring clothes-pin.
glasses at the
back
is,
CHAPTER
PKOCESS
VII.
HOW
ATR'ES
HINTS
Til
AND SUGGESTIONS
REGARD TO
IN RE-
CAUTIONS
GARD TO
TIVES
EM
HOW
TO AVOID TIIEM.
The
that
it is
deemed proper
to
embody
in a
chapter
practice laid
down
in this
work.
In that portion
also
many
on glass
all
112
EETOUCHING NEGATIVES.
The
"When
will generis
remedy the
defect.
If the defect
to the
removed
in a small quantity,
add water
whole.
too dark
when
may be
:
taken,
may
re-
be overcome
in the
is
following manner
The black
and
and
varnish which
another coat
a white
is
must be made
entirely opaque.
UPON'
A NEGATIVE.
113
intro-
may be
at the
time.
The tempestuous
its
dancing upon
tliundering bo-
may be
drawing.
some other
spots
modify
if too
it
the black
may be may
rency or opacity.
feeble,
if
Shadows,
;
deep or too
be corrected
may
be corrected by a careful
it
When
very
10*
114
IMPEEFECTIONS OF NEGATIVES.
niPERFECTIOXS COMMOX TO NEGATIVES. * The more frequent imperfections are those termed
fogging, streaking, and spotting of the negative
plate.
The causes
ing access
holder.
are
ove7'-ex])osure
in
tJie
camera^
gain-
over-developing^
impure
cheinicals^
and light
to the chemical-room.,
camera, or plate-
ted
The over-exposure in the camera is easily obviaby lessening the time. The over- developing can be obviated by lessening the time also, and weakening the developer changing the quantity
of acetic acid.
The impurity
collodion
known
positively
by previous
experitrial
ment
this,
to
Make
of
and compare
Light
gaining access
the
Chemical-rooTn^
Plate-holder,
Camera,
c&c.
After
coating
it
the
in 3'our
it
hand
for a
If the
chemical-room.
Make
it
darher.
If the cause
is
115
in the plate-
in the
the cap off the tube, raise the slide, and exj)ose
the plate for a few seconds in the darkened cham-
remove
;
it
to
if it
holder, place
it
in
maving
a few
seconds as before
remove
;
to the
chemical-room,
if it
These
fosro-ino-.
when
all
other means
fail.
This
is
and
will, in
culty.
/Specks
upon
the Plate.
These
may
occur from
much
Never
has stood
long enough
xVU
new
col-
nsiuir.
116
and down
the Plate.
jikite is takei^
out of the
sil-
washed awav.
also,
wlien
the
in
which case
add a
little
is
owing mainly
plate.
to
ThTs
is
more
when
old plates
are used.
To avoid
Glass which
is
must be discarded.
Transparent Marlxlngs of various Kinds. These sometimes resemble fern-leaves, and otlier
vegetable forms
the collodion.
:
to
Dark
may be
by
or
strong.
Apply
117
is
often caused
by
weak bath
is
its
surface.
to ascertain the to
There
are,
perhaps,
many
other imperfections
were they
fully
tlie art,
as laid
down in the pages of this work, will not cause so many failures as will deter the persevering student
assured that although the process
difficulties, it
is
fraught with
many
which
is
aflbrded
by
their works.
HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS IN PRINTING POSITIVES ON PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER. The quality of paper is very important, and must be of an even texture, and free from holes
118
One
at
carefully.
The
each
have
like
lines crossing,
fibres in M'oven
cloth.
show
one
Avoid dust
to exclude
it
in the
room where
Especially be careful
fre-
filtering.
WASHING POSITIVE
PEIXTS.
The
With
may be used if they are well varnished with gum shellac varnish, as described on pagQ 191. The use of warm -water to
wooden
dishes
finish the
washing
is
highly recommended, as in
RETOUCHING PHOTOGRAPHS.
that state the hjposulpliite of silver
soluble.
is
119
nmcli more
The value
mated.
desired.
It
adds
beauty so
much
dis-
An
many
who
EETOUCniXG PIIOTOGKAPHS.
All Photographs,
j-troved
im-
by
slightly retouching
and
distinct.
By mixing
india-ink,
any shade
may
be produced
to corall
the
slight
120
IMPERFECTIONS IN POSITIVES.
lips will
and
add greatly
to the
tograph.
the hyjDOSulphite
is
and weak
or
left in it too
Add more
if
acid (which
may be known by
monia.
If not sufficient contrast exists between the lights
j^rint
too
weak
Strengthen the
If too
much
contrast exists
between the
lights
in
marked
salt.
been
insuf-
by the
impeufe(;tions in rosiTi\'ES.
121
paper
this
may
result
from the
iinerpial texture
Be
careful to
avoid them.
If the prints after drying have a mottled appear-
lights,
suffi-
be held
re-
up and examined by transmitted light before movino^ them from the tonino; bath.
If the bath is too weak, these spots cannot be removed except by adding more hyposulphite and
tered in
practice of
tlie
art.
moments.
11
THE
AMBKOTYPE MANUiL.
PART
II.
PRACTICAL DETAILS
AMBE
yPE P
II
C E
S S.
CHAPTER
VIII.
THE CAMEKA rLATE-HOLDEES NECESSARY FOR THE CAMERA PREPARING THE GLASSES PLATE CLOCKS FOR HOLDING THE GLASSES CLEANING SUBSTANCES CLEANING THE GLASSES CLEANING OLD GLASSES REMOVING THE VARNISH HOLDING GLASSES AFTER THEY ARE CLEANED GLASSES USED A NUMBER OF ITSIES QUALITY OF GLASSES NECESSARY FOR AM-
BROTYPESIt
this
is
in
whose hands
book may
or at least those
it,
who
see
it
after
having sought
It is needless to
add
to those
camera
indispensable,
much more
Without
this
so than in the
Daguerreian process.
all
necessary auxiliary,
labor will be
but in vain.
An
entirely
requisite,
ing the
new plate-holder for the camera is known as photographic frames, for holdglass. It is made in such a manner that
11^
12G
comer on
glass
because
These holders are absolutely indispensable, all attempts to use the old Daguerreian
bad
results.
The
glasses, of course,
filed off
may
ling.
be
with a coarse
or
ground on a
so often
wooden
vise,
answer a very
while clean-
good purpose
ing them.
It is better to
one
may be
tirely
sides.
The
may be
flat
pine board
may be
to
be
cleaned.
a
On the
edge of
narrow piece of hard wood, raised just above the edge, but not so high as the thickness of the glass
be cleaned.
to
Xow, by
127
edge
"with
New
glasses require
cleaning
first
and
to
rottenstone.
Common
They
are to be rubbed
The
plate must be
rubbed
sides.
in lines,
It
DagueiTeotype
to buif
necessary
a ball covered
with
soft
This ball
may
be
made
and
of
cotton,
witli
a handle
tied
made
drawn
over,
first ball,
or tampon^
may
all
lie
lampblack.
The second
is
to
polishing substances.
Hub
buff,
and
finish
By
indi-
slightly breathing
clean,
which
will
be
Both
rubbed
also
the edges of
128
any of the
here
polisliing substances
to the glasses.
be placed
make
Tliey
mixed with water and nitric acid about two drachms of acid to four oimces of water. They are then to be thoroughly washed with pure water,
and allowed
to stand a
may
They
are
now ready
ton-flannel process,
which
etfected without
any
application
of rottenstone
or whiting, although
may be
may be
placed
on
their edges in
Tlie grooves
can be cut out a little wider than those for plates, and then placed on the shelves near tlie bath, or
laid
for coating.
Old
which
up with the
129
They should be
remain there
rottenstone,
first
spirits of turpentine
to
becomes
to
softened.
the
well
which
ai-e
failures in
water as
to
for
soil
it.
When
washed,
soaj), to
stead of
insm-e
more complete
success.
come
in con-
Other
substances
may be employed,
remove
may be
;
but
more
lias
even been
130
asserted
QUALITY OF GLASSES.
hj some operators
is
so variaLle, that
some kinds of
useless.
may
may be
is
The
for
adapted
free
from color
Many per-
which of course
tures.
The thickness of the glass is of some consequence. It should not be too thick, else the
pictm'e will appear unnatural.
A medium
thick-
ness
is to
be obtained,
if possible.
CHAPTER
IX.
APPARATUS FOR AMBEOTYPES CHEMICALS USED SUBSTANCES FOR FINISHING THE PICTURE PREPARATION OF THE NITRATE BATH TO IODIZE THE BATH' FILTERING PROCESS ADDING ACID NEUTRALIZING THE BATH FULL DIRECTIONS FOR KEEP ING THE BATH IN ORDER RENEWAL OF THE NITRATE OF SILVER.
The following
Ambrotype process
APPARATUS.
One gutta-percha bath. One dipping rod glass One flat dish for fixing
or gutta-percha.
sohition, either of
earthenware or
gutta-percha
the
latter preferred.
One large earthen dish for the developing solution. One Lottie for the developing solution, capable of holding two quarts. One four, or six ounce graduated glass. One large bottle, with a glass stopper, capable of holding more than the silver bath, and to be used excluskely for that
purpose.
Three
be used respectively
and the
fix-
ing bath.
132
AMBROTYPE CHEMICALS.
One actino-hydrometer, for testing the nitrate bath. new and distinct plate-frame, for holding the glass ])lates when placed in the camera. One pair of scales, containing apothecaries' and avoirdu-
pois weights.
Cotton for
filtering.
Two
be found necessary
CHEMICALS.
Nitrate of silver (crystallized).
Iodized collodion.*
Nitric acid, chemically pure.
Glacial acetic acid.
Protosulphate of iron.
Acetic acid.
i-ed.
Carbonate of soda.
Gnm
demar varnish.
Amber
varnish.
chemicals, the
tion
Being supplied with all the various utensils and fii"st and most important prepara would be the
nitrate of silver bath,
and herein
; :
PKEPAEATION OF NITRzVTE
lies
DATIT.
133
all tlie
practice.
manipulating and in
the
compounding
The bath once in a proper state, success is much more easily attained. First measure the bath by filling it with water,
then pouring
it
into the
graduated glass
to ascer-
bath contains.
the the
silver,
Test a
present, the
By
calculation the
Thus
64
= 2560 -^
480
= 5i ounces.
possible
soft
Procure
but
if
distilled
water in
all cases, if
this
mav
13 J:
answer.
of lime or soda.
As
hand,
silver,
test of
may
not always be at
it is
and drop
fore using.
Should
down any
quality
is
preci23itate,
you may be assured that the it will not answer for the
bath.
Dissolve
all
tlie
may be
Take about twelve grains of iodide of potassium, it in one ounce of M^ater, and add to
two drachms of the
bottle.
in
Immediately there
be seen a
now be
FILTERING PROCESS.
lo5
ounces at
the super-
with
soft
water,
by adding
it
eiglit or ten
to subside,
oS";
is
when
must be poured
all
water until
the potassium
silver.
is
washed
to
now
be poured into
with a glass
was
it
dissolved.
is
Stir
it
rod,
and
after
whole
shake
it
well,
and
filter
through the
The same
pro-
mensions.
FILTERIXG PROCESS.
The
best
filter
first
is
composed of clean
cotton,
which must
afterwards
This
filter
graphic purjjoses
is
and
in all cases
where
filtering
required,
it is
strongly
recommended.
filtering
The
once or twice
136
(as
may be
it
which
will not
be dissolved.
This must in
and the
it is
solution rendered
is clear, test it
made
viz.,
forty grains to
graduated according
book
ac-
companying the hydrometer. The bath must also be tested with blue
paper, by cutting
oft'
litmus-
a small
slip,
and dropping
turns red, you
If
it
is
necessary to produce
present themselves.
Two
tric
viz., ni-
and glacial
liable to
is
is
more
and
the latter
to
said to possess a
more uniform
action,
regularity.
is
very
137
small
first.
not
Of
be nsed
at a
time.
When
a suflicient
after
shaking the
bottle.
As
soon as that
is
seen,
more soda added without injury the bath. Try the litmus-paper, and when to enough soda has been added, it will of course remain unchanged. Sometimes caustic potash is employed to neutralize the bath, when a brown precipitate falls,
there can be no instead of a white.
If
niti-ic
and one
stead,
it
desires to
employ the
process,
and the
12-
138
Ambrotype
process,
and
it is
even
rec-
ommended
the lines
at first to be
used in that
state before
make
The
batli
may remain
pouring
it
Many
opera-
and
also
Avoid
tallic
any form.
It fre-
Whenever
this occui-s,
it is
necessary to
filter
it.
be arranged in a
a covered box,
what
is
better
still,
when
it.
desired,
in use.
dark cloth
may
also
cover
sufiicient quantity of
Kox FOK
tup:
plate-holder.
130
full cku-ing
the time of
operating.
quantity,
An
ounce of nitrate of
silver, or a less
may be
Some
lects
fii-st
operators
only in the
col-
morning, in order
fix itself
on the
were
of the
it
not so removed.
human hands
with the
recommended
the
to obtain a
box -which
upright
-will
support
plate-holder
is
in
it,
an
posi-
in
previous to being
damage
upon
-\^hich
the
camera
stands,
A nitrate bath
remain
a
little
to the
-will
by adding occasionally
more
when
lines appear,
and
be necessary
to
140
silver, wliich
must be
clone in the
same manner as
When
tity
of silver, as
will
appear
to
silver,
more
site
up
to
the requi-
standard
viz.,
water.
CHAPTER
X.
THE DEVELOPING SOLUTIONS MANNER OF COiTPODNDING THEM VABIOrS FORMULAS FOE DE\'ELOPING SOLUTIONS TEST OF ACETIC ACID THE FIXING SOLUTIONS CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA ADDING CHLORIDE OF SILVER.
THE DEVELOPING
The
^.
SOLUTIO:S".
....
.
2 ounces.
8,
2 ounces.
1 ounce.
1 quart.
cent.),
Water,
The sulphate of iron should be of pure quality, which may be known by its clear and transi^arent
green
ciystiils.
filter;
it
then
in a
add the
acetic acid
and
alcohol, keeping
Use
it
by
mouthed
ounces.
bottle,
which
142
THP]
DEVELOPING SOJXTIOXS.
Some
as
it is
prefer to
alcohol,
If one
latter
It
not consuming
it
plan
recommended.
all
formed.
In order
phate of iron,
This solution
,-is
to
Some
it
operatoi"s,
however, have
filtered
and used
acetic acid.
for
Proto-sulpliate of iron,
143
2.
Hi
its
any
composed of cyanide of
-Jounce.
1 pint.
Dissolve and
No.
2.
and
it is
ready
.
for use.
.
4 ounces.
1 pint.
Dissolve and
The
num-
Some
said
it
will render
the
Ambrotype
process.
CHAPTER
XI.
ON THE PRACTICE OF THE ART IX ALL ITS DETAILS, FROM THE CLEANING OF THE PLATE TO THE APPLICATION OF THE FIXING SOLUTION DRYING THE
PICTURE.
The
is
siicli,
that a careful
and accm-ate manner of the manii^ulating through the whole is necessary to insure success. It is absolutely necessary to have a dark room,
or one that can be
made
so at will,
window is arranged with a yellow within the room by yellow cloth or reTlie lamp should will answer as well.
glass, so that
whatever
upon the
is
very sensitive
to the light
on
it
By some
operatore
is
sary.
The
plate glass is
first to
be cleaned thoroughly,
13
14:6
according
this
a former portion of
work.
remove
all
the dust.
thumb and
finger,
upon the
middle of the
allowed
when
lower
cover
it
entirely.
and
thumb.
A little
will
be caused thereby
but
if
be
easily
removed
after
it
is
solution.
Hold
light
on
on the
and always
147
doAvn, in the
same manner
as
it
collodion
was poured
that
plate
is, the end where the collodion left the must always be kept lower than the other
portion. ing, as
it
As
immerse
it
in
the
same lower
down
as
when
you were
The
a
light
medium between moisture and dryness. The must now be excluded from the bath, either
it
by covering
with a dark
box two
minutes.
It
may
then be carefully
i*aised
from the
is it
formed
will as-
removal
to the
camera,
sume a
it M'ill
the surface
but
if
the glass
is
removed
too soon,
in
lines
down
In order
148
raising
it
surface, or the
plate
utes,
is to
may remain
placed in position.
j)late
upon
it.
The
for a
it
in
photographic frames.
is
in the
re-
must always
main
it to
the wall, or
Kever allow
glass
will
developed, or lines
be produced on the
is
plate.
it
plate
must be carefully
As
the glass
it
in
The
plate
is
which must be
on the plate
at
any moment,
pouring on
li'J
larjre
dish
sufficient
to
receive
all
the solu-
remain on the
surface, quickly
rightit
hand
at the
side of the
glass,
enough
it
to
cover
all
same
instant,
and move
surface, as in gilding a
Daguerreotype
The
in a gentle stream,
A
ment
little
By
a proper develop-
drapery
distinctness.
It is preferred
by some rather to over-time the and use a shortened decombined with the
by
jjroper development.
well
known
that the
it
is
bedis-
comes
agreeable tone
fore, to
produced.
It is
necessary, there-
in the
camera
for the
picture
13*
150
About
ment.
perature,
This, however,
subject to a variety of
by
actual experi-
most.
This
may be performed
is
If cyanide of potassium
used,
will
remove the
by the
sulphate
is
used,
it
will require
is
As
remove
to
wash
all
glass with a
good supply of
water, as the
picture.
The
the
plate can
now be
dried
by a
gentle heat of
fire,
formed.
now ready
Tlie glasses
may
also
which
CHAPTER
VARNISHING THE PICTURE
STEREOSCOPIC AMBROTYPE
XII.
TREBLE GLASS PROCESS THE DOUBLE GLASS PROCESS CUTTING's PATENT THE PATENT LEATHER PROCESS.
are so
There
many
in gi-eat doubt
which
is
"We
known
as Cutting's patent.
collodion.
used
yet
by some
black
is
it is
applied as
162
plied.
will
if
the
plate
slightly
warmed by
the spirit-lamp,
when
laying
it
nppermost.
directly on
dency
to
hence
it
the picture
when
when
finished.
Daguerreotype
plate,
and
glass in the
applied.
Many are
sealed up with the collodion side colored, and not varnished with the white, but only black,
on the reverse
side.
STEREOSCOPIC AMBROTYFES.
There
brotypes,
is
quite a novel
method of
sealing
Am-
by some
have a stereoscopic
oscopic lenses.
stere-
The Ambrotj-pe
taken with
153
After
to
it is
is
used,
and transparent.
or,
what
is
back of the
glass,
to stand out
uppermost
tection.
them
for pro-
By
is
tlie
white
produced,
if
the glass
to the
Any
variety of colors
effect of
may
which
is
very pleasing.
effect
Another beautiful
first
may
tliat
be produced by
for the thii-d or
&c.
coloring
glass.
and using
back
154
trial
to
be very
difficult
and perplexing.
is
The adoption
much
prefera-
less
fa-
The
dered so by exposing
it
for a
day or two
little
to the
open
air,
or the addition of a
more gum
or
Gently press
will impicit
The
155
Any
white
gums may be
dissolved
either in
for the
and used
;
medium of holding the two glasses but the common white varnishes have been found to answer
quite as well as the
Canada balsam.
from the
by the
Add
alcohol,
two ounces of
and
is
to
cover
it.
Clean the japanned surface of the patent leather with soft canton flannel only, and pour over the
Then
and place another glass over it, retaining the leather between the two glasses with the patent clothes-pins, or in any
picture,
manner
er, for
arated,
and
].o6
APPLYING
TIIK
CANADA BALSAM.
adhere
to the leather,
which,
when
dried, can be
possibility of removal.
glasses,
great
care
used in
pouring
it
and the
to
be pressed
gently
do\\ni,
to the edges,
paper.
It will
The
is
necessarily
at-
peculiar
it
has to
sealed.
is
hol,
and nibbing
with canton-flannel, as
all
the
CHAPTER
XIII.
THE MANUFACTURE OF GUN-COTTON TEST OF THE ACIDS EMPLOYED WASHING AND DRYING THE GUNCOTTON PREPARATION OF THE COLLODION ITS NATURE AND PROPERTIES ETHER AND ALCOHOL TO IODIZE COLLODION FOR AMBROTYPES METHOD OF PRESERVING COLLODION, AND KEEPING IT READY FOR USE TESTS OF GOOD COLLODION TO REMOVE THE COLOR FROM COLLODION.
A WORK
full
like this
and practical
tion of gun-cotton,
attended
It is
recommended
tors,
to beginners, therefore, to
purchase
when
required.
In-
gun
ous to health.
It is
who
make
158
ready made.
all perfectly
They can be
Collodion
is
so called
and alcohol. was discovered by Professor Schoenbein, of Basle, Switzerland, in the year 1846, and was first nsed for surgical purposes only, being smeared over fresh wounds and raw surfaces, in order to preserve them from contact with the air by the tough film which it leaves on evaporation. It is
or ether
It
noAv sold
by
same purpose
but
colloart,
this sub-
that
its
and
nitrate of potash.
is
desired, the
is
mixture of
niti-ic
generally
TO adopted.
MAKE GCN-COTTOX.
159
used as follows
TO MAKE GUX-COTTOX.
Granulated nitrate of potash,
Sulphuric acid,
....
.
6 ounces.
5 ounces.
Pure cotton,
160 grains.
The
be pulyerized
in a
and mixed
formed,
when
When
must be
to re-
it
breaks easily,
it
move
it is
to
be well washed
for ten
fifteen
changing
Great care
should be
made
is
in
an open
where
obtained, in
pass away.
The
quality
of the
ingredients
is
160
liiglily essential.
The
known
able.
prefer-
The acid should be of the specific gravity of 1.860, and free from water. On mixing the acid and nitre, the temperature should be raised to about 11:0, or it will become
so if thej are of the required quality, in conse-
The most
is to
As
by using
lit-
remove
traces of water
then
by wringing
it
on white paper
to dry,
which
be done in a few
moments.
If the manufacture of the gun-cotton, as
above
A small quanIt
and
much
residuum.
PREPARATION OF COLLODIOX.
Tlie
161
manufacture of gun-cotton
is
usually attend-
ed
-vvith
many
difficulties,
and
result in failm*e
from the
is
process,
and withal
It is therefore
recommended
cotton,
when
preparation.
little difficulty.
The proportions
sp. g.
V20
.
10 ounces.
6 ounces.
820
Gun-cotton
80 grains.
Mix
them
thoroughl}^,
when
dissolve,
assume a glutinous
bottle.
In
some instances
consistency.
it
may require
the addition of
more
a small quantity uj)on a piece of glass, and allowing the ether to evaporate.
If a thick film
is
14*
16'
TO IODIZE COLLODION.
sufficient to
will
sites,
but
if it
same
relative pro-
Allow
this to stand a
few hours
to settle,
then
bottle,
which
will
remain undissolved by
This sediment
is
may be
re-
without
loss.
Bromo-iodide of silver,
.... ...
. .
8 ounces.
4 drachms.
.20 drops.
is
collodion
also liable to a
If there
is
results.
known on
If the film
163
and 10 grains of
:
First dissolve
add the
iodide.
to the eight
sliake
it
well,
to stand for a
few days.
It will as-
sume
at
fii-st
all
the precipitate to
fall.
It
bottle,
ready
recipes, together
be given
much
it is
as possible
from the
light,
although by some
asserted that
it
its iDrojDerties.
is
Yet
must be
apparent that
in
if
it
the collodion
affected
by
light
to its
it
any form,
will certainly be if
exposed
In no case should
be
shaken after
Tlie
is
it is
decanted.
to
them
Use from
164
TESTS OF COLLODION.
By
this
be no possibility of disturbing the particles in the collodion, and one will also avoid many spots and
lines
^^lates.
work
successfully.
first
The
in-
may
at times vary.
it
On
mixing the
gredients,
to a
will
The
color
of the collodion.
tests
The
that
it
that
it
be thick
glass,
enough
that
it
to
and
dries
perfect
smoothness, without
ridges or lines.
But the best test is to make a trial j)icture with it, and the result will soon convince one of the
success or failure of his jDroduction.
may
sometimes be necessary
is
to
remove the
so often seen in
Ambrotype
exijeditious.
what
is
more
165
add three or four ounces of pure mercury, and shake it well for a few moments, when the whole
will
color.
The mercury
may be poured
ofl*
clear
CHAPTER
XIV.
COLORING AMBROTYPES COLORS EMPLOYED AMBROTYPES FOR LOCKETS TAKING VIEWS COPYING DAGUERREOTYPES BY THE AMBROTYPE PROCESS COPYING ENGRAVINGS, STATUARY, MACHINERY, ETC.
The
propriety of coloring
tlie
Ambrotype
pic-
been questioned by many, and we may even doubt if they are improved by it but many
tures has
;
The artist is therefore compelled to devise some plan of gratifying the public taste, and color
colors.
life.
Many
made
to color
Am-
them with
may be
all color,
even
when
it
is
167
The only
The
collodion after
it is
manner
as in the
Daguerreotype
but
it
is
neces-
sary to color
much more
it
may
not re-
move
all
it.
the color, as
tion of
applied and
still
more
is
highly,
quired.
if
ac-
Tlie colors
commonly used
for
Daguerreo-
Chrome Chrome
green.
yellow.
Chinese bine.
Purple, a mixture of Venetian red and blue.
The
adhere well
substitu-
168
tion
been found
flesli
to
work
ex-
color quite
Daguerreotype.
With
some improvement it will not be affected by the black varnish. The gilding is seen distinctly on either side of the picture yet by some it is considered as being too conspicuous, and therefore
;
discarded.
The
aj)l)lication of
most varnishes
to the pictures
be necessary
than
it is
to
make
desired to have
when
finishedv
Many operators put up their portraits after coloring, without applying the white varnish over the
collodion,
black varnish.
It is not to
become
affected
must
necessarily change.
course
much
better protected
by the
application
of varnish.
169
lights
on the
This
:
hair of
many Arabrotype
what
fine
is
parent, producing
termed gray
may be removed by
Prepare some
lampblack
by holding a
which
is
effected
by a wet brush,
is
required.
inserted,
meby the Daguerreotype process, are easily but when taken on gla* they are at-
tended with
much more difficulty. new and very useful invention has been made
They
are
known
same
is
facility as
Daguerreotypes.
Prepared paper
170
and patent-leather has been adopted by some. The process of taking them on patent-leather is given on page 155.
these kinds of pictures,
Borax Water
......
1^ ounce. ^ ounce.
8 ounces.
which
Use
larger
taken.
Pour a
allow
it
dry
then lay
it
;
over the
Amwhen
Dry, and
it is
ready
for use.
known
in the art,
good
light.
The
utility of
it
Daguerreotype
not be
questioned
when
it
is
known
COPYING DAGUEEKEOTYPES.
171
its
sur-
face.
many minutes
is
impression
taken,
it
will
be necessary
It will
to
plunge
then cause
partially
had been
is
dried on
its
surface.
As
little
time as possible
given be-
applied.
The
been doubted, yet many persons possess them which are in a good state of j)reservation, although
taken ten or fifteen years ago.
But
this
new
Daguerreotype
172
that will
command
durability.
known,
brotype
all
those persons
who
it
possess a Daguerreo-
Amthe
and have
reproduced with
all
Unfortunately,
however,
as well
many Daguerreotypes
cannot be copied
by the Ambrotype
process, in consequence
Ambrotype requiring
to
copy successfully.
come
in a great degree,
the
much
desired in this
art.
The
original
Daguerreotype must be
first
copied
in the usual
when a white
be taken, possessing
of
a good Ambrotype.
Many
ground.
this
The
is
re-
173
or the
effect,
copy
may be
Yet the
effect is not
so durable.
Copying engravings
the surface
is
is
arranged in a favorable
A small opening-
diaphragm can be used, which will render the copy very distinct in its details, actually beautifyino;
the engravino:
itself.
it
In copying statuary,
often used
will
be necessary
to
have
yet
it
answer.
One having
sides,
would
produce a pleasing
effect.
this process is
The exact counterpart can be produced with a perfect perspective, and no reversal of the object
copied.
15"
CHAPTER
XV.
ON THE MANNER OF ARRANGING TITE LIGHT THE FALLING OF THE SAME ON THE DRAPERY USE OF A DIAPHRAGM LIGHT ON THE EYES USING SCREENS
IN
REFLECTORS DIAPHRAGM TIME THE CAMERA OVER-EXPOSURE, AND UNDER-DEVELOPING TAKING children's PORTRAITS.
^BACKGROUNDS
Ambrotypes a subject which demands the utmost care, and one which is of great importance to good sucof light for
It
cess in photography.
that a skylight
is
much more
be preferred than
not
any
side-light,
answer
skylight that
is
manner
from
It is ab-
shall
be
five feet
work
well.
that
there
should be a good
Tliis
volume of
light
on the drapery.
must be
175
attained, the
By
more
diffused
hence the
middle
are
tints
more clearlj- seen, as well as a more perfect In consequence of the outline and sharpness. great sensitiveness in Ambrotj'ping, a diaphragm
can be used more frec[uently than in the Daguerreotype process.
Of
course in a
it
weak
light
it
can^
chil-
be used when
an
viz.,
blue, white,
and black
that
may
sometimes
fall
and
at
him and
sometimes
falls
on the eyes.
is
is
one
dis-
which
is
often neo:lected.
"Without a round,
17G
PREPARING BACKGROUNDS.
upon each
eye, resembling a
therefore be necessary to so
the
sitter,
the impression
given.
The background for Ambrotypes which has come into general use is the white one, because the efl'ect is found to be more pleasing when finished up ^nth the black Tarnish. The intense white
is
is
finished.
It
assumes a
much
is
of the
artist.
If the film of
appear
darker.
on a fi-ame of a
size suflicient to
be
when
taking groups.
improvement can easily be made by coloring or whitewashing it \\\\h. j)ure whiting mixed with
water, in which a small quantity of glue has been
dissolved.
An
Two
coats of this
der
it
which
is
better
cloth, al-
As much
is
distance as possifive or
recommended; even
when
it
best effects.
a good distance
it
at the
same time. The light being well adjusted, and a good focus
obtained as well as position, the time necessary
for the exposure of the plate will of course vary
according to the
is
many
it
it
taken.
The time
will
be entirely a matter of
all
experiment, but
ful
success-
in
the
The
tone.
much more
desirable
The
general effect
course.
It is
much improved by
when
pursuing this
only
The
rule to
be
is,
to sit as
lung as
The tone
is
never so desirable
1<0
often prized
pro-
by
the parents
ductions of the
In developing,
may
on the drapery.
by pouring
and grad-
ually extending
means of manipulating.
CHAPTER
XVI.
ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS FOR PKEPAKESTG COLLODION IODIDE OF SILVER SOLUTION BROMIDE OF SILVER SOLUTION BROMO- IODIDE OF SILVER SOLUTION SATURATED SOLUTION OF IODIDE OF POTASSIUM IN ALCOHOL OF BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM TO MAKE
HTDRO-BROMIC ACID.
The
work
given.
references
made
to the
now be
ommended. All these collodions will work, and work well, if the proper nitrate baths are used in connection with them. But it may be foimd tliat many of them will fail at the first trial, yet if a
different modification of the bath
is
adopted, they
will
work
successfully.
The general
rule laid
down by
is,
tlie
most expe-
rienced photographers
that if a collodion is
heavily iodized,
of silver in
it
ISO
work
"with a
bath of
page 68,
is
one which
said to be used
by
E.ehn, of Philadelphia.
It certainly will
if
produce
in
very pleasing
effects,
and
care
is
had
com-
pounding,
it
cannot
fail
of absolute success.
is
The preparation
from
had
and
sug-
of the same.
much
time,
disappointment.
It is therefore
gested that,
when
for collodions,
to
accompany
No.
1.
Collodion
Iodide of silver
..... ....
...
Hydro-bromic acid
4 drachms. 20 drops.
COLLODION KECIPES.
181
No.
2.
Collodion
....
silver
8 ounces.
6 drachms.
Bromo-iodide of
Hydro-bromic acid
25 drops
Bath of 40 grains
to the
ounce.
Amhrotype
182
No.
7.
ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS.
Collodion
6 ounces.
drachm.
18 drops.
5 grains.
15 grains.
c)
drachms
40 grains in the
Ve/y
No.
8.
niti-ate
bath.
sensitive
Collodion
....16
.
8 ounces.
grains.
40
grains.
40 or 50 grain bath.
cipitate
and transparent, nor must any portion of the prewhich is seen at the bottom of the prepartlie
collodion.
It is recommended to prepare all these solutions some days even before they are needed, in order
that the
bromides of
silver taken
.-
183
the collodion.
most
difficult
made
in manufacturing
same quantity, but in a separate bottle. (This process must not be conducted in a strong
daylight, but in one greatly subdued, or in a dark
the light of a lamp.)
room by
vessel,
when
This
is
pure iodide of
Wash
this precipiit
tate with
to settle a
oft'.
Then wash
it
to
displace the
water, pouring
oft\
This must
now be placed
in a
184:
to
be
measured out
Stir
This
which contains
in the
Then proceed
same manner, adding two ounces more of the alcohol, stirring it w^ell, and pouring into the bottle
as
much
whole eight
There
may be
a portion of the
silver.
After shaking
fectly clear,
allow
it
it
to stand
and
settle per-
when
will
... ....
80 grains. 80 grains.
then mix
it,
when
this
it
is
formed,
and
is
dish.
Wash
precipitate
to settle a
ofl".
times, allowing
Then wash
it
with
185
it
tlie
water, pouring
This must
tle
now be
Dissolve
80 per
cent., in
of bromide of potassium.
sol-
vent.
With
the pestle
stir
the
alcohol in the
This must
now be poured
into
Then proceed in the same manner, adding silver. two ounces more of the alcohol, stirring it well, and pouring into the bottle as much as will dissolve, until the
... ....
16*
80 grains. 80 grains.
Then mix and wash out with water three times, and with alcohol twice. Then pulverize one oimce
186
same manner
silver,
as de-
and iodides
essential to success
and
attention,
none can
of success in
making
good collodion.
possible,
as
much from
the light as
"vrell
glass-stoppered bottles
filled, to
prevent evaj)oration.
ing
it
to settle.
some minutes, and then allowPour off the clear liquid into a
stir-
bottle,
add
all
dissolved.
BKOMIDE OF POTASSIUM
IN"
ALCOHOL.
187
m ALCOHOL.
same manner,
add
if the
film
By adding
a small quantity
solution used,
is
that
is to
say, if
one
of the
Water
(distilled)
... ....
4 ounces.
1 ounce.
To
this is
remain
for
188
TO
MAKE nTDRO-BKOMIC
It will
ACID.
twentj-four hours.
assume
at
fii'st
a deep
it will become Every twenty-four hours there must be added, say, five or six drops more of bromine, and continued for a week or ten days, adding a few drops every day, when it will be ready for use.
It w^ill eventually
trans-
and
CHAPTER
XVII.
PKEPAEATION OF THE VARNISHES WHITE COPAL VARNISH GUM-DEMAR VARNISH BLACK ASPHALTUM VARNISH WHITE VARNISH OF SHELLAC AND COPAL THICKENED VARNISH FOR CEMENTING GLASSES, IN PLACE OF CANADA BALSAM GUM-SHELLAC VARNISH FOR PLATE-HOLDERS APPLYING THE VARNISHES.
These varnishes
difficult to
their manufacture.
much
However, a few
to
those
who wish
WHITE COPAL.
Select the whitest portions of white copal
gmn,
tur-
and
dissolve, say,
one ounce
in
two ounces of
pentine.
The copal
is
is first to
be pulverized, and
to dissolve.
added
to the turpentine,
and allowed
If the varnish
add more
tur-
pentine.
190
BLACK VAKNISH.
GUM-DEMAE VARNISH.
Gum-demar
Chloroform
i ounce. 2 ounces.
gum
is all
dissolved,
This varnish
is
By
and
is it
so liable to
...
and
1 ounce.
it
Adding
spirits of turpentine,
stirring
well in
a mortar, until
all is dissolved.
is
Any
consistency or
desired,
by adding more
left in
may
not dissolve
this
New
Zealand
gum
....
95 per cent.
1 ounce.
Gum-shellac
i ounce.
Gum-copal
i ounce.
GUM-SHELLAC VABNI8H.
191
Add
dissolve
sufficient alcohol
to
these tliree
gums
to
them
in a mortar,
nish
is
THICK WHITE VARNISHES FOR CEMENTI2s^G GLASSES WITHOUT THE USE OF CANADA BALSAM.
Gum-copal pulverized
spirits
in
mortar,
adding
to
dissolve
to
turpentine, or balsam of
eifect
become
loosened.
By
applying
this
a brush, the glasses will remain in their places, and prevent the action of the nitrate of silver.
to
is
in the
some time
for
them
to dry.
192
APPLYING THE
Ti\JiNISHES.
to
remove
all that
subject to being
it
viz.,
by pouring
it
surface,
and allowing
It is
to
necessary in applying
warmed,
all
either
by the
fire
or spirit-lamp,
avoiding
dust or moistm-e.
it
To
entirely
remove
will
be proper
to filter the
in the
same
It
may
in the sun.
Of
course
must be
position.
soft camel's-hair
;
brush
may
be used
to
apply
it ^vill
and
if it is
applied thin,
dry in
much
less time.
second ajDplication of
first
not prove
For
protection,
it is
PKOTEOTING
THIi
YAKNISH.
193
col-
even
the varnish
light, it
is
very thin
and
if
held
by transmitted
appearance.
glass,
to tlie
Some
paper.
effects,
and
varnish.
is
be seen through the 'A perfectly deadened surface of black Black cotton
will sometimes
all
Ambrotypes.
17
CHAPTER
XVIII.
CAUSES OF FAILURE IN THE PKACTICE OF THE AET FOGGING THE PICTURES TO DETECT THE FOGGING
OF PLATES ^BLACK AND WHITE SPECKS ON THE PLATES TRANSPARENT AND OPAQUE SPOTS IM-
PURITY
OF
CHEinCALS
SPOTS
OR
STREAKS
ON
The
process
is
by
many who
far, that
this
to
FOGGmo THE
failures will
PICTURE.
195
at the
failures will
be explained
;
as possible
yet
there
may be some
may
"We
much
profits
it is
hoped
if
deemed presumptuous
he
by
FOGGIXG THE
The
light.
PIOTUPwE.
" fogging," as
it is
fre-
The
upon
the plate
vrill
It will there-
guard against
this oft
recurring obstacle.
Fogging
is
sometimes
atti-ibutable to
weak
col-
and sometimes
to
over-developing.
when
it
periments
may
be made as foUoAvs
196
TO DETECT FOGGING.
had but
is
little
experience in
new
this,
be
over-eo'jjos'ure.
Having obviated
and add
which can
proceed
easily be
paper.
Next prepare a
on
its
:
plate as usual,
oper
fix,
is
it
out to
tlie light.
If any mistiness
is
perceptible,
the developing
room
in fault.
if
On
lutely clear
hle that the
way
it
he in the camera.
in the camera,
Prepare another
however,
plate, place
if
and
proceed exactly as
to
taking a
j^icture, neglecting,
or three minutes,
usual.
and
cause of fogging bo
197
is
every
due
to diffused light
camera box.
studding
fol-
lowing causes
The use of collodion containing Jloatiiig parEach particle becomes a centre of chemical action, and produces a speck or black spot. Collodion should never be employed imme1.
ticles.
be poured
especially necessary
when
tent
and
silver is
employed
the salt
is
decomposed
to a certain ex-
by
dilution^
and small
particles of iodide of
settle to the bot-
silver separate,
which eventually
tom
of the bottle.
2. Dust upon the surface of the glass at the time of pouring on the collodion. Thoroughly cleaned glasses, if set aside for a few minutes, accumulate
Each
plate, therefore,
17*
198
TRAXSPAKENT
SPOTS.
or a buckskin buff
made
in the
form of a
ball,
im-
Where an inferior
Mnd
of glass
is used.
is
The
often-
SPOTS.
spots of oj>acity.^
light,
which and
seen
and
spots of transparency^
when
Opaque
an
excess
is
of devel-
seen.
They
may be
1.
caused by
nitrate solxdlon Iteing turhid, or from
The
the solution
away into by use of an over-iodized collodion from a deposit formed by degrees upon the sides
of the gutta percha ti*ough
;
well to
make
at least half as
much
again of
100
to
necessary,
tlie
and
keep
it
tlic
upper part
may
a
be poured
2.
Faults in the
jplate-liolder.
Sometimes
known by
sj^ot
its
place.
Occasionally the
off
;
when
it is
raised
is
the exposure
finished, shuts
down
the
and causes a splash in the which has drained down and accunmlated
slide too quickly,
liquid,
in the
groove below.
mon
one,
may
sometimes occur.
in a
Sjpots
man-
some cause
insensitive to
becomes
solvent
it is
removal from
bath, the
power of tlie nitrate increases so nnich that apt to eat away the iodide, and produce spots.
200
3.
IMPrRTTY OF CHEMICALS.
By
quicTdy after
4.
immersion.
By pouring
portion of the plate., hy which the nitrate of silver is washed away, and the development prevented.
6.
By
is
Tliis
cause
Great
in
good
order,
and
to
be of inferior quality,
almost insurmountable
culty here presents
itself,
there
is
a possibility of
The vapors of ammonia or bromine, or even iodine, will cause the plate to become covered
with spots or
stains.
is
held by the
fin-
caused by hyposulphite
or cyanide of
STREAKS IN COLLODION.
20
down
the
time of immersion.
lie
Streaks which
in the
down on a map,
than on another.
are also due to the
The
same
If there
is
not a
and
will in-
CHAPTER
CAUTIONS
XIX.
WITH KEGAKD TO USING THE VAEIOUS CHEiUCAL SUBSTANCES IN MAKING GUN-COTTON USE OF ETHEE AND ALCOHOL USE OF CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE OF SILVER CLEANING THE HANDS SOLUTION FOE CLEANING THE HANDS HINTS ON THE VARIOUS PROCESSES CONNECTED WITH POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES TO RENDER COLLODION HIGHLY SENSITIVE THE LAMPRATYPE PRO
CESS.
art,
great
By a singular
many
It will
DRYING GUN-COTTON.
203
because
it is
necessary to
stir
Always
pre-
pare
of
it
it
in the
open
air,
or
where a
free circulation
may be
obtained.
is
When
lire,
the cotton
or an approach to the
for it exjjlodes at
powder requires
tion
500.
If gun-cotton
is
kept a
may
it.
comes in contact
to
with
remove
lamp
to
it.
In pouring
very liable to
ing
off.
They
lamp
is
within
if possible,
made
to evaporate.
and even
204
inlialing the
arise
from
it
are injurious.
By
will in
some
effects.
Use no soap to remove the stains of nitrate of but employ cyanide of potassium, which must be well washed with clean water to remove
silver,
broken, a small quantity of cyanide Mill enter, causing considerable pain and inconvenience.
Avoid the
sible
much
as pos-
droj^ping
fall, it
upon
tlie
clotlies.
effectual
way
to clean
the
fingers
A piece of
surface
stains.
is
to
flat
also
205
ANOTHER PLAN.
Wash
the hands with a solution of iodine, dis-
wash
of the
all traces
METHOD OF REMOVING THE STAINS OF SILVER FROM LINEN, THE HANDS, ETC.
Mix
together
alcohol
Common
Iodine
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
.... ....
The
20 parts.
1 part. 1 part.
1 part.
by any salts of silver, immediately converts them into chloride and iodide
plied to stains caused
nide of potassium.
effect is especially
marked
touched
it in-
on stained
linen.
When
a black patch
little
is
brush,
On washing
with the
206
grees.
HINTS
It is well to
AND SUGGESTIONS.
wash
tlie
remove
cyanide.
tlie
acids,
is
may be
rag or cotton.
HINTS
The following
to the practice
AND SUGGESTIONS.
hints
may
be observed with
Always keep the stoppers in the bottle, except when the bottle is in actual use. Always cover the nitrate of silver bath, except when in use. Always rinse the fingers M-ell in clean water
after
developing a picture, or the next will probholding the glass plates in the
ably be injured.
The frames
for
plate-holder will require revarnishing, as the nitrate of silver often acts on the
Be
and clothes
for clean-
207
and
Remove
carefully
may form
Particularly
Remember
to
too thick,
addition of
will
more
it
add
it
be when
decanted.
It
may
then be
slightly agitated.
Avoid
shaking of collodion, or
is
of the varnishes.
Tlie collodion
alwavs throwinsr
down a
fall
j)recipitate
again, if
full
which requires many hours to disturbed and the varnish will be;
come
glasses,
according
to the
"patent
208
air-bubbles.
running
to the
Avoid
them
low temperature.
Li using test-papers, observe the following precautions They should be kept in a dark place, and protected from the action of the air, or they
:
By
is re-
immersion
stored.
in water containing
upon glazed or
is
a small
should be thrown
in,
and allowed
to
remain
for ten
or purple
tint, in
it is
prob-
209
In that case
is
when
the paper
washed
to the
to the
fire.
Blue litmus-paper
may be
by
By
ounce of
the im-
iodized collodion,
pression in the
it
will cause
it
to
make
camera
it
in
of time
but as
it is
collodion,
as
is
much
wanted
for
immediate
use.
TO DARKEN AMBROTYPES,
OR THE LAMPRATYPE.
A new
much
lie
and whiter
For
distinction,
this is as follows
210
PEARL AMBEOTTPES.
on the collodion
side, witli a
darker shade,
if desirable.
answer as well. As soon as the ambrotype is finished in the usual manner, and ready for drying, place it on a Daguerreotype gildingstand, and pour sufficient of this solution over the plate to cover it, allowing it to remain for a few minutes. At first it will assume a dark color, and lines appear on its surface but if allowed to remain a short time, or if a small degree of heat from a spirit-lamp is applied, it will soon change to a beautiful clear pearl white, the lights and shades being very transparent. When the requisite color is attained, great care must be used in washing the solution from the plate, as the collodion is affected by
;
the acid.
These pictures can only be slightly colored, and only the white aruish applied, and backed with a blackened glass, without any
anspureut medium. The black varnish cannot be applied to the collodion side, in conequence of the great transparency. Impressions which are too short time in the camera, may be renered white and sufficiently clear by this process hence it is very useful for taking children's portraits, and has been adopted by many with great success.
CHAPTER
XX.
VOCABULARY OP PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS ACETIC ACID ALCOHOL A5IM0NIA BROMINE BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE OF SODA CYANIDE OF
POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE OF GOLD HYPOSULPHITE OF HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA IODINE IODIDE OF AMMONIA IODIDE OF POTASSIUM IODIDE OF SILVER PROTOSULPHATE OF IRON LITMUS NITRIC ACID NITRATE OF POTASH NITRATE OF SILVER SULPHURIC ACID PROPERTIES OF ETHER PROPERTIES OF WATER.
GOLD
A VOCABULARY of
tliG
is
frequently
may
occur
more intimate
This vocabulary
is
not to be considered as a
;
212
one
ACETIC ACID.
may
be found
The symbols are omitted, for the reason that, if would require further explanation, and continue to lead the more inexperienced chemist into difficulties, and would render the book too
used, they
Some
of these terms,
ACETIC ACID.
Acetic acid
cohol.
is
al-
Spirituous liquids,
when
perfectly pure,
;
by exposure
to air
but
if
a por-
any
kind
is
added,
it
i^roperly termed.
The most concentrated acetic acid is obtained by neutralizing common vinegar with carbonate of soda, and crystallizing out the acetate of soda so
formed
;
this acetate of
soda
is
sul^^huric acid,
ALCOHOL.
Properties of Acetic Acid.
contains onl j a single
213
strongest acid
;
The
atom
of water
it is
sold
low temperature.
tals melt,
At about
fifty
water.
ever, is
The
no
test
of
its
real strength,
be estimated by
generally
analysis.
is
known
as Acetic
it is
Acid No.
''
8) for photo-
graphic purposes,
important
to distinguish the
sometimes sold
also
it is
presence of sulphuHc add., which ma}' be recognized by the white precipitate produced on adding
ALCOHOL.
Alcohol
is
any
beer be placed in a
alcohol, being
more
and
is
condensed
in
an appropriate receiver
211-
AMMONIA.
it
to a certain degree,
forming what
is
In
orit
sesses a
An equal
al-
weight of
cohol,
this
powdered lime
is
distilled together.
Properties of Alcohol.- Pure anhydrous alcohol is a limpid liquid, of an agreeable odor and
23ungent taste
;
It ab-
sure to
damp
air
has
Alcohol
distilled
The
of wrne
it
contains 80 to
The
liquid
known by
this
name
is
an aqueous
Ammoniacal gas
These elemen-
PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA.
they can be
stances,
215
made
to unite
and the
result is
ammonia.
P7'oj>erties
of uimiiionia.
Ammoniacal
;
gas
is
the solution
Ammonia, however,
it is
volatile
af-
by ammonia,
is
of heat.
Solution of
ammonia
au',
;
absorbs carbonic
is
and
converted into
carbonate of
ammonia
it
ammonia, recognized
nitric acid.
by the white
precipitate
The strength
greatly.
of commercial
ammonia
varies
That sold
The
liquor
specific gravity of
ammonia
present, the
'doQ.
'216
BROMroE OF POTASSIUM.
BROMINE.
This elementary substance
is
termed
in
hit-
It exists in the
portion,
Bromine
is
a deep reddish-brown
common
(1
temperatures
sj)aringly
soluble
in
water
part in 23
so in alcohol,
and especially in
Specific
gravity 3*0.
Bromine
iodine in
list
its
is
and
chemical
stands on the
its affinities
a powerful poison.
BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM.
Bromide of potassium is prepared by adding bromine to caustic potash, and heating the product, which is a mixture of bromide of potassium
and bromate of potash,
off the
and iodide of
CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM.
potassium
it is
217
more
sparingly so in alcohol;
Tlie
perfect
crystals
off
contain ten
by the
soda
is
appli-
Common washing
Carbonate of soda
water
is
soluble in twice
its
weight of
CYANroE OF POTASSIUM.
This salt
is
compound of
added
used in
it
photography
cyanide of
to niti-ate
is
of silver,
yields
silver,
which
when added
and
218
CHLORIDE OF GOLD.
it
forms a triple
is
salt
of
great sensitiveness.
in -^ater,
Cyanide of silver
nitric acid.
insoluble
and in diluted
It is
decom-
chloride,
and bromide of
silver
hence
it is
used
It also dissolves
when
re-
solution
useful,
spots
it
and
the print
immersed
it
may
destroy
it
entirely.
CHLOEIDE OF GOLD.
This
salt is
in nitro-hydrochloric acid, or
The
when
dilute,
but nearly
it
red
concentrated.
As
usually sold,
contains
HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA.
219
if
but even
freed
decomposed
many
by protosulphate
or protonitrate of iron.
tint.
It
It is
to terchloride of gold
fulminating
gold.
HYPOSULPHITE OF GOLD.
Hyposulphite of gold
tion of chloride of gold
is
The
salt sold in
commerce
a double
HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA.
This salt
tures.
is
all
tempera-
It is of great service in
photography for
it
220
watei',
IODINE.
and
so
picture,
and
thereby preventing
tlie
change in
The
solution of h}^)0-
some of the
salts
of silver in solution,
process, as
first
it
is
more
when
employed.
material yet
on glass
al-
to the
is
it
best
them
for a
few hours
in a bath of clean
to the action of the
parts acted
blacks.
upon by the
Thus we abridge the time necessary for the action of the hyposulphite, and the fixed image
is
if it
had been
lODIKE.
Iodine
is
chiefly prepared at
Glasgow, from
Tceljp^
which
weeds.
is
by bm'ning
sea-
The
watei-s of the
PROPEKTIES OF IODINE.
221
marine plant.
Properties.
Iodine
is
is
met with
in
two forms
The
former, which
other,
is
most
pui-poses.
extremely
when
and produces
brilis
Specific
gravity 4'946.
Iodine
very sparingly soluble in water, one part requiring 7,000 parts for perfect solution.
Even
this
minute quantity, however, tinges the liquid of a brown color. Alcohol and ether dissolve it more
abundantly, forming dark-brown solutions.
Iodine
also dissolves freely in solutions of the alkaline
iodides
such
Iodine
belongs to the
by fonning acids with hydrogen, and combining extenThey are, however, comsively with the metals.
chlorine group of elements, characterized
19*
222
IODIDE OF AMMONIA.
iodides of the alkalies, and alkaline earths,
;
The
mium,
etc.
The iodides of
lead, silver,
and mer-
pound of a deep-blue
this as a test,
it is
In using
necessary,
to liberate the
iodine
(if
in combination)
by means
of chlorine, or
The presence
IODIDE OF
AMMOMA.
easily
may
be prepared by washing
aceto-nitrate of silver
an
developed with
acetate of
by
gallic aid, to
which a
little
IODIDE OF POTASSIUM.
Iodide of potassium
is
lOniDE OF SILVER.
223
It serves to fonii
npon which
used for
"^^n^"
This
salt is usually
in solution
of potash until
begins to acquire a
brown
tion
and
iodide of potash
thus fonned
but by evapora-
and heating
its
with
oxygen, and
potassium.
Properties.
tals,
It
also soluble in
IODIDE OF SILVER.
Iodide of silver
is
de-
and
in
221
PROTOSULPHATK OF IRON.
being insoluble therein,
to
distilled water,
remove
sat-
This mix-
be added
to
tities at
PROTOSULPHATE OF IRON.
This
merce^
is
foi
Commercial
sul-
to ren-
der
it
met with
in the
form
posits a
brown powder
this
is
powder
to say, a
persulphate
By
pre-
adding sulphuric acid to the solution of protosulphate of iron, the formation of a deposit
is
NITEIC ACID.
225
LITMUS.
Litmus
is
The coloring matter is extracted by a peculiar process, and afterwards made up into a paste with clialk, plaster of
rocks adjoining tbe sea.
Paris, etc.
Li using
is
it
for the
preparation of test-papers,
it
digested in hot
pared in a similar
in
NITEIC ACID.
This acid
is
and
is
;
useful in
silver
photography
added
converts
226
It
is
employed
to
of soda.
of the
As
it
it is
very
i^seful for
left
on the gutta-
in
photography
for
however useful
&c., alone,
its
it
in
its
combinations
mth
silver,
by
effects
NITRATE OF POTASH.
This
salt,
also
termed nitre or
saltjyetre, is
effloresced
an upon
It is
produced
artificially in
what are
called nitre-
beds.
NITRATE OF SILVER.
Nitrate of silver
is
dient in pllotograph3^
compound
its
of
niti-ic
highest state of
XITKATK OF
oxjdation.
It is
SILA'EE.
22
potas-
decomposed by iodide of
is
obtained.
The
an equal weight of
cold water.
especially if
Exposed
present.
Ad-
vantage
is
It is readily de-
composed by
and
if these,
or
to the
preparation of the
paper,
when they
silver.
As
this condition,
reduced, and
is
preci-
by
gallic or pyro-
ing to
reduction.
o.f
The
chiel
is
photography
in
228
tlie
SULPHURIC ACID,
direction of the developing agents.
"We have
found substances which require but an instantaneous exposure to the action of light to effect that
is
by
SULPHUEIO ACID.
Sulphuric acid
may be formed by
nitric acid
to
;
oxydizing
sul-
be adopted on a large
for the
manufacture of
but
it
involves reactions
Properties.
Anhydrous
The
it,
sulphuric
acid
is
closely
off
by the
application of heat.
ordinary" acids
by
removing the elements of water, and converts alcohol into ether in a similar manner.
The
strength
may generally
229
be calculated from
is
its
specific gravity,
and a table
The
liquid acid
known
as oil of vitriol
is
tolerably
which
is
far
more expensive.
foil,
The
specific
If a drop,
resi-
gives a fixed
is
present.
solution of chloride of
A white precipitate,
cates sulphuric acid.
insoluMe in nitric
indi
is
it
testing, or a crystal-
barium
itself in acid
20
230
PEOPEETIES OF ETHEE.
ETHEE.
Ether
is
snl-
ap-
manner
of
its
formation.
Properties of Ether. It is neither acid nor al kaline to test-paper. Specific gravity at 60, about
T20.
Boils at 98 Fahrenheit.
The vapor
is
ex-
may be
hence
all
the
to another,
in
propor-
hence
if
and
floats uj^on
the
In this
way
hol
may be separated from each other, as in the common process of loashing ether. The water
employed, however, always retains a certain portion of ether (about a tenth part of its bulk),
and
"Washed ether
Bromine and iodine are both soluble in ether, and gradually react upon and decompose it. The strong alkalies, such as potash and soda,
PKOPEETIES OF WATEK.
also
231
decompose ether
immediately.
Exposed
and
light, ether is
hence
it is
and
by the addition of
ether,
WATER.
"^^ater
is
sin-
been vapor-
means it is freed from earthy and saline impurities, which are not volatile, and hence remain behind in the body of the retort. Pure water leaves no residue on evaporation, and should remain perfectly clear on
ized and again condensed
;
by
this
also
it
should be
it is
Impurities of common Water. Hard water, as termed, usually contains sulphate of lime and
;
also
On
(if
is
evolved,
232
an J
is
PliOPERTIES OF WATER.
present) deposits,
and forms an
eartlij in
pure
it
nitric
from chlorine
then divide
into
two
and add
of barium, and
milkiness, in
iodide of silver
it
con-
tains
is
precipitated on dilution.
free
;
from inorganic
but
it
salts
clean vessels
usually contains
which
tinges
it
of a
brown
color.
233
WEIGHTS
is
A^^D
MEASURES.
;
The weight generally employed in Photography but some of the chemicals are sold by avoirdupois for what reason no
the apothecanes' weight
;
usually sold
however, are
weight.
apothecaries' "WEIGHT.
1 grain.
= = 480 = 5760 =
20
60
scruple
3=1
24
drachm
288
= =
96
= =
ounce
12
=1
pound.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
1
1
pound
ounce
.
1 (1
drachm
ounce avoirdupois
IMPERIAL MEASURE.
1 gallon
1
1
. .
pint
(1 fluid
ounce avoir
dupois.)
20*
234
FLUID MEASURE.
1
minim
= 1 fluid drachm 8=1 fluid ounce 480 = pint 9600 = 160 = 20 = 16,800 = 1280 = 160 = S =2 gal'n
60
.
= = = = =
0-91
54'7 avoird.
437-5
= 70-000 =
8-150
1 oz.
1.25 lb.
10
lbs.
(1
grains.)
pound Troy
imperial gallon of water
1
1
...
8750
252-4
487-5
"
"
1
1
1 1
1
"
480
15-4
1-5
gramme
decigramme
of distilled water
"
"
1 litre
15,406-3
"
Tlie grain
is
but as three
much
iincer-
photographer as
meant.
save
The
aj)othecaries'
weight
is
:
generally un-
but
it
would
much
prej^arations
in grains.
ND
E X.
PAGE
Albumen
"
paper, to prepare
'
CO
CI
to silver
Ainbrotypes on paper " " on patent leather Art, Pliotographic. History of the Art, triumph of, over Nature Ambrotype chemicals
views, to take
1"0
155 19 "6 SS ~H
Ambrotypes
"
in the
United States
34
15'2
stereoscopic
for lockets
169
"
' * '
to ooliir to darken to
166 209
171
apparatus for Actino-IIydrometer tor nitrate bath Alcoholic soiutii-ns for collodions Aicoholic solution of ioilide of silver
of bromide of silver "
^
131
135
1S2
1S3
IS-l
'
1S5
1S6 157
95 212
Ammonia-nitrate of
Acetic aeid
its
Alcohol
213
Ill"
183 134
236
Bath,
"
'
INDEX.
PAGE
niti'ate of silver, to test tlie
'
'
to neutralize
adding acid to
" "
gutta-percha, arrangement of
flowing
tlie
"
'
" "
sodium papers
,
for toning
and coloring
93,
59 94
93 64
"
"
chloride of gold
Backgrounds for Ainbrotypes Black and white specks on plates Bromide of silver, alcoholic solution of
Bronio-iodide, alcoholic solution of
Bromide of potassium, saturated solution of Bromine its nature anil properties Bromide of potassium its properties
46 70 125 82 82 82
83
"
" "
" "
84
106 106
146
ICl
Amhrotype, preparation of
to iodize, for to
A inbrotypes
tests of
recipes for
Ambrotypes
209
82 82-83
mode
first
146
" "
"
used
signification of
to preserve
27 27
fur
use
ixDEX.
237
PAGE
155
&c
2P2 204
12()
Ambrotypcs
"
"
for negatives
41, liiO
132 200
danger of using
T
Chloride of gold
Carbonate of soda
218 217
Daguerreotypes
"
to
'
copy
life size
69-70
171 175
in
Amlirotype
for negatives
for iron for
Photographs
89 74
141 143
" "
"
Ambrotypes
Double Drying
"
glass process
positive prints
89 104 153 67
150
the picture
Enlarging pictures to life size Kngraving name on negatives Engravings, to copy, in Ambrotype
69 113
173
2-30
Ether its
"
properties
caution in using
to
form collodion
203 160
Failure, causes of
Filtering process
Fixing solutions, preparations Fixing bath for negatives " for positive paper Fixing solution
"
for negatives
of,
for
Ambrotypes
for positives
94
114, 195 114, 196
238
German
INDEX.
PAGE
Gum
process for negatives Arabic paste for positives " " varnish for nesativcs
S5, 86,
cleaning
new
cleaning old
cleaning, tliat have been varnisheil
"
"
130 47
41
"
"
45
15S
159
for
Gun-cotton, discovery of
'
preparation of
test of acids
"
employed
160
"
*'
to
caution in preparing
160 203
Hints and suggestions on positives and negatives " ' ' " on paper " " on negatives
112, 200
117
112
19
1^7
13(i
219
219
107
Iodine
" "
"
'
its
Iodide of
preparation and properties preparation and properties of potassium " alcoholic solution of prcpar:ition and properties of silver
ammonia
its
its
S3
223 163 73
101
"
alcoholic solution of
114
120
108
Lampratype process
Light, to arrange, for
" "
for
210
Ambrotypes
negatives
174
45
INDEX.
239
PAGE
176 225
Light
oil
I.itiii.us
^riifeilals for
Ainbrotypes,
in finisliing
132 173
146, 147, 14S, 140, 150
41
Mounting I'hntograplis
Melainotype p!ates
G7
1C9
32
39 40
Negatives on glass
definition of
40
41
4-3
"
'
" "
develop
to hold
...
"
"
'
frames
the color of
silvery appearance of
44 43 45 54
IIG
51
<
Negative bath, the practice of the " " changes of the collodions, to prepare silver bath for negatives Nitrate of
" "
SI, S2,
4S,
53 S3
49 49
preparation
to iodize
of,
for
Auibrotypes
" "
49
"
to neutralize
Nitric acid
137 225
Nitrate of silver
it*
226 226
106
Old collodion,
"
to purify
to
Pearl Ainbrotypes, to
Plates, to clean,
make
board
on
flat
147-14S
125
155
Patent-leather process
Patent, Fo.\ Talbofs, notice of
Plate-bloclis for bidding glasses
22
126 126
117
2-10
INDKX.
PAGB
5S 89
liil
1
"
frames
09 C2
Prints, to restore faded " from nei^atives " positives with chloride of sodium paper " ' with ammonia-nitrate of silver
102
and pure
silver
29
Photocrraphic printing
views
" "
process, theory of the
53 56 T9-S0 30
Go
Photographs, to wash
to
mount
67
" "
"
to varnish
to print
positive,
on glass
67 56 29
19
in
Photogi-aphy
"
its
its
"
chemicals
employed
2S 20
31
^ .".
.
...
82 63 65 67
67
"
" " " "
fixing the
washing the
drying the
mounting the
printing the
62-63
88
Protosulphate of iron
its
224
93
87, 90,
92
113
views
112
1
positives on paper
stains
19
Eemovlng
'
"
for
Eehn's recipe
Ambrotypc
collodion
Statuary, to copy, in
Ambrotype
"
to
INDEX.
241
PAGE
bath
o'2
59 95
103
65
75, 76, 7",
57 78
70
arrangement of
1-11,
of bromide of pot.ssium
of iodide of silver of bromide of silver
1ST
153 154 155
"
"
"
"
"
"
of bromo-iodide of silver
Sulphuric acid
" "
"
its
223
239
impurities of
test of
"
229
153 193
63
93,
Treble glass process Transparent and opaque spots Toning or fixing the print " bath for positives on paper " " for iron Photographs
Transferring Ambrotypes on paper Uncertainties of the art
94 74
70
55
152
169
102
44
Iti2
new,
"
to
for
Photographs
remove superfluous
15!j
" "
191
155
"
" " " "
1S9
>
gum-dernar
black asphaltum
IPO
190
19U
191
211
21
2i2
"Washing positive prints
"
'
I^-DIx.
PAGE
65, 66,
118
65 231 231
Water, properties of
imparities of
distilled
"
231
233, 234
"R'eiglits
47
"WHOLESALE
and PvETAIL.
Consisting of
CHEl^ZCAZiS
Of the
PUREST QUALIXr,
of
all
rrLLV waeeanted.
Also,
APPAiLa.TIIS,
CASES, MATTINGS, PRESERVERS, and GILT FRAMES, Of every known pattern and finish. Together with all kinds of
Of White,
qualities, in large
varieties.
Particular attention
is
called to the
designed expressly for layins; over Ambkotypes and Daguerreotypes, imparting to the Ambrotype a high artistic finish, even without the application of the white varnish. The utility of this Glass is pronounced unsurpassed by the most successful Artists, and it is sold as low as the ordinary Plate Glass.
Also, a
New
BLACK
CS^ZiASS,
Gun
Cotton, &c.,
operators in the country.
on which .\mbrotype3 are taken, snpersedins the necessity of using black varnish. This needs only to be known to be adopted.
Agents for Barrison's Improved Cameras, Tagliahue'a CoUodiomeUrs, and Actino- nydrometera for testing Chemicals, d-c, dtc.
Address
SCOVILL MANUFACTURING
57
CO.,
n.MDEx
I,A^-E,
New York.
Tifj^^^^WM
M,
& dm
sm^ff
DAGUERREOTYPE,
AMD
PlOf O&MiPHie
OF THE
fiOODS,
CAMERAS,
From
} to
mammoth
size,
warranted.
37
Pill iiiiieiii
FOR THE
AMBROTVPE, PHOTOGRAPHIC,
AND
DEPOT FOK
inthony's Celebrated Iodized Collodion
brotypes,
for
Am-
Anthony's Iodized Collodion for Negatives, " Diamond Varnish for Ambrotypes, " Negative Varnish, " Photographic Varnish, " ~ Black Varnish,
Pure IVeutral iHitratc of Silver, Pure Iodides of Potassium, Cadmium, & Ammonium, " " " " Bromides And Pure Chemicals of all kinds used in the Art.
Plate Glass
for
Ambrotypes,
in great
quantities,
and
of every quality.
An experience of seventeen years in the business gives us confidence in offering our goods. Catalogues furnished on
application.
E.
ANTHONY,
Ca^'cs
and Apparatus,
308 Broadway,
New York.
;5g3aiU-A?y