SONET/SDH

Chung-Min Chen

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SONET/SDH History Hi t
Sta da d o digital opt ca transmission Standard for d g ta optical t a s ss o SONET developed originally by Bellcore in 1985 and standardized by ANSI US standard SDH later standardized by ITU-T international standard SONET/SDH is designed to multiplex and transmit DS/PDH signals optically between equipment made by different vendors reduce cost/Mbps of copper wires/coaxial cables allow mid-span meet between carriers (initially MCI and AT&T)

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Transmission: PDH or SDH systems

PSTN Switching in exchanges Transmission (PDH, SDH)

Subscriber signalling (analog or ISDN=DSS1)

Networkinternal signalling g g (SS7)

Databases in the network (HLR)

source: www.scribd.com
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64 kbit/s channel (or TDM time slot)

This is the basic transport unit in both PDH and SDH transport systems. Note that switching in exchanges in the PSTN is also based on 64 kbit/s TDM time slots. When used for voice transport, a 64 kbit/s channel contains PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) speech, generated according to ( ) p ,g g ITU-T specification G.711. Analog speech signal (3003400 Hz) Sampling produces 8000 samples/s Each sample is encoded into an 8 b PCM code word 8-bit C d d (e.g. 01100101)
time

=> 8000 x 8 bit/s

source: www.scribd.com
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Message T k (Voice) M Trunk (V i )

Central offices or tandems are connected via TDM ( (time division multiplexing) links g)
PDH (T1, E1, T3, E3, ) electrical SONET/SDH optical

T1
uni-directional 8 bit per ti bits time slot (channel) l t( h l) 24 slots per frame 8000 frames per second (1 frame per 125 sec) Channel bit rate: 8bit*8000 = 64kbps Each channel carries a single voice call g

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DS (Digital Signal l (Di it l Si l level) l)

North American standard specifying how to multiplex voice calls A hierarchy of different data rates DS0 single voice channel (64kbps) DS1 multiplex 24 voice channel (24x64kps+1bit sync per frame x 8000frames/s)=1.544Mbps DSn DS multiples of DS1 b t not n ti lti l f DS1, but t times DSnc double of DSn T Carrier System
T1 carries DS1 T2 carries DS2
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DS Level DS0 DS1 DS1c DS1 DS2 DS3 DS3c DS4

6

voice channels 1 24 48 96 672 1344 4032

Data rate (Mbps) 0.064 1.544 3.152 3 152 6.312 44.736 91.053 274.176

E1
ITU standard
E1 carries Level 1 signal E2 carries level 2 signal

ITU-T Hierarchy voice channels 1 30 120 480 1920 7680 Data rate (Mbps) 0.064 2.048 8.448 8 448 34.368 139.264 565.148

Level 0 1 2 3 4 5
7

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SONET/SDH Hierarchy Hi h
Basic rate
SONET: 51.84 Mbps SDH: 155.52 SDH 155 52 Mbps

Equipment receives/transmits optical signal and converts into electrical signal for frame processing
Optical Carrier level: OC-N Equivalent Electrical Signal Level : STS-n (SONET), STM-n (SDH)

Commercial products only exist for certain levels (OC-3, 12, 48, 192)
Optical Level OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC192 OC-N
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SONET level (electrical) STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS 192 STS-192 STS-N

SDH level (electrical) STM-1 STM-4 STM-48 STM 192 STM-192 STM-N/3
8

Data rate (Mbps) 51.840 155.520 622.080 2488.320 9953.280 9953 280 N*51.840

SONET Frame Structure F St t

STS-1 frame
9 rows x 90 columns (810 bytes) Transport Overhead (TOH): columns 1-3 (270 bytes) Payload: columns 4-90 (540bytes) carrying SPE (synchronous payload envelop)

8,000 frames transmitted per second

Data rate = 8,000 x 810x 8 = 51.84Mbps
TOH
1 91 2 3 4 5 6

SPE
89 90

721

722

723

724

725

726

809

810

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SPE
SPE carries user data May sit cross frames (as user data usually not aligned with the STS-1 frames) TOH contains a pointer that points to the beginning of SPE First l Fi column contains a P h i Path Overhead (POH)
1 91 2 3 4 5 6 89 90

Frame i

POH
721 1 91 722 2 723 3 724 4 725 5 726 6 809 89 810 90

Frame i+1

721

722

723

724

725

726

809

810

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SONET Links Li k
Devices
Ai (Bi ): end devices that transmit (receive) OC-1 signal A: m ltiple er A multiplexer from 12 OC-1 inp t onto 1 OC-12 o tp t OC 1 input OC 12 output B: de-multiplexer from 1 OC-12 input to 12 OC-1 output Regenerator: optical in electrical, processed optical out

Links
Section: one hop link between ANY two devices Line: link between two SONET devices (note regenerator is not considered a SONET device) Path: connection between two end points where SPE originates and terminates

A1

...
A12

B1

Regenerator

Regenerator

...
B12

section line path

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SONET Stack St k
The SONET physical layer contains
Photonic layer: optical signal transmission Section layer: transport of STS frames over photonic layer
error monitoring, framing, signal scrambling

Line layer: t Li l transport of SPE over a line t f li

mux, sync, line overhead

Path layer: end-to-end transmission between originating and y g g termination points

path line
section photonic

path line
section photonic section photonic section photonic

line
section photonic

line
section photonic

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SONET Stack St k
STE (section terminating equipment)
Device that can process section overhead

LTE (line terminating equipment)

Device that can process line overhead

PTE (path terminating equipment)

Devices that can process path overhead

STE LTE PTE A1

STE LTE

STE
B1 Regenerator Regenerator

...
A12

...
B12

section ti line path

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Overhead (headers) O h d (h d )
SOH

TOH (Transport overhead)

SOH (section overhead)
E1: a 64Kbps channel for voice communications by field engineers D1, D2, D3: 192Kbps data channel for network mgt operation
D1 H1 E1 D2 H2 D3

C2

LOH

D4 D7 D10

D5 D8 D11

D6 D9 D12 E2 724 4 725 5 726 6 809 89 810 90

Frame i

LOH (line overhead)

H1, H1 H2: pointer pointing to beginning of SPE D4-D12: 576Kbps data channel for network mgt operation E2: similar to E1 in SOH

POH

1 91

POH (Path overhead)

C2 (path signal label): indicates type of information carried in SPE, such as virtual tributaries, asynchronous DS3, ATM cells, ..

Frame i+1

721

722

723

724

725

726

809

810

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STS-1 Payloads STS 1 P l d

Four types of payload
Virtual tributaries Asynchronous DS3 ATM cells Packet over SONET

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STS-1 Payload Virtual Tributary STS 1 P l d Vi t l T ib t

Carry sub-rate streams (e.g. DS1, DS2, E1) lower than STS-1 rate (51Mbps) SPE divided into
7 VTG (virtual tributary group): 12 columns each 1 column for POH 2 columns for future use

Each VTG may contain

Four VT1.5 (DS1 signal): 3 columns per VT1.5 Three VT2 (E1 signal): Two VT3 (unchannelized DS1): One VT6 (DS2 signal): 12 columns

Homework Draw a figure mapping VT1.5, VT6 to STS-1 frame

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STS-1 Payload DS3, STS 1 P l d DS3 ATM

Asynchronous DS3
DS3 multiplexes 672 voice channels, transmission rate of 44.736Mbps DS3 signal i carried on th STS 1 SPE payload i l is i d the STS-1 l d

ATM Cells
ATM cells are directly mapped to bytes in SPE Each SPE can carry (86x9 )/53 = 14.6 ATM cells The last cell may cross SPE boundary

SPE
cell 1 cell 3 cell 4 POH cell 2

Mapping ATM cells onto STS-1 SPE

cell 14

cell 15

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STS-1 Payload PoS STS 1 P l d P S

Packet over SONET
IP packets can be encapsulated in HDLC or PPP frames and them mapped, row by row, into SPE payload. row payload A frame can straddle over two adjacent SPEs

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STS-3 Frame St t STS 3 F Structure

STS-3 frame:
9 rows x 270 columns (2430 bytes) 8,000 frames transmitted per second Data rate = 8,000 x 2430 x 8 = 155.52Mbps Interleaving of three STS-1 frames

STS-n STS n is constructed in the same manner as STS 3 by STS-3 multiplexing n STS-1 frames

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SONET Devices D i
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
(de-)multiplexes between multiple low-speed signals and a high-speed signal i l

Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Receives OC-n signal, converts to electrical signal OC n De-multiplexes and terminates any number of DSn and OC-m signals, m<n Multiplexes and adds new DSn and OC m signals OC-m Convert to OC-n optical signal and transmits out

DSn OC-n DSn OC-n OC-n

TM

ADM
DSn
20

OC-m OC m

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SONET Devices D i
SONET Ring
Consider a path from A to B Path set up manually by configuration the SONET devices using network mgt software Permanent, circuit-switching connection

TM OC-3 1 A

OC-12 OC 12

ADM 1

ADM 2

ADM 4

ADM 3

TM 2 B

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SONET Device D i
Digital Cross Connect Systems (DCS)
Connected to multiple incoming and outgoing OC interfaces Performs all functions of a ADM Switch DSn or OC-m from any incoming to any outgoing interfaces

Metro edge ring

Transfers traffic between customers (DSL networks, cable networks, PBXs) and a networks networks hub, which connects to a metro core ring

Metro core ring

Interconnects metro edge rings ISPs PSTN switches regional or long haul rings, ISPs, switches, long-haul networks

ADM

ADM

ADM

Ring 1

DCS CS

Ring 2 g

ADM

ADM

ADM

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Self-Healing S lf H li
99.999% availability Fail-over time < 50 msec.
Through APS (Automatic P Th h (A i Protection S i hi ) protocol i Switching) l

1+1 scheme
Two fibers
Working fiber Protection fiber

Diversely routed use separate conduits and different physical routes Structurally diverse use separate conduits but same physical routes Signal is split and transmitted over both fibers Destination node take the one with better signal quality

ADM

Working Protection

ADM

The 1+1 protection scheme

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SONET Rings Ri
Classified by
Number of fibers Transmission direction p g Line or path switching

Three existing architectures

2F UPSR: Two Fiber 2F-UPSR: Two-Fiber Unidirectional Path Switched Ring 2F-BLSR: Two-Fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring 4F BLSR: Four Fiber 4F-BLSR: Four-Fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring

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2F-UPSR 2F UPSR
1 working ring + 1 protection ring Signal split and transmitted over both rings Destination receives both signals and take the one with better quality If one link on the working ring fails, the traffic that crosses the failed link will continue to be sent through the protection ring Used in metro edge ring Typically OC 3 o OC yp ca y OC-3 or OC-12 transmission rate (pe interface) a s ss o a e (per e ace)

TM 1 A

ADM 1

ADM 2

TM 2 B

Working ring Protection ring

ADM 4

ADM 3

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2F-BLSR 2F BLSR
Each ring has both working and protection parts (on same direction) A node can transmits to the other node on either direction, depending which path is shorter (transmits on the working part of the selected ring) orking Protection parts can carry low-priority traffic If a link fails (e.g. link between ADM 2 and 3), all traffic will be re-directed to the protection part of the other ring (blue dash line) Note the line switched nature Used in metro core ring

TM 1 A

ADM 1

ADM 2
p path when link 2-3 fails

ADM 3

ADM 6

ADM 5

ADM 4

TM 2 B

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4F-BLSR 4F BLSR
Two working rings (opposite directions), two protection rings g g protected by the p y protection ring in the g Each working ring is p same direction Protection ring carry low-priority traffic but pre-emptied in case of working link failure f f Can suffer multiple failures Used in U d i regional or l i l long-haul networks h l t k

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Generic Framing Procedure G i F i P d

Allows multiple payload types to be aggregated in one SONET/SDH path and delivered separately at dest.

Source: Raj Jain, Nayna Networks

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Virtual Concatenation Vi t l C t ti
Maps an incoming stream into individual subrate payloads GbE
OC-48 (2.48Gbps) waste of bandwidth OC-12 (622Mbps) speed reducing OC-21 (1.08Gbps) no commercial products 7 independent OC-3 (7x155Mbps) forming a VC

The Th concatenated channels can travel different paths t t d h l t l diff t th Need buffering at the ends to equalize delay All channels are administered together Common processing together. only at end-points.

Source: Raj Jain, Nayna Networks

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