Chapter 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

INTRO y The goals after 1850 were not achieved by the nationalists or the liberalists, but rather by a new generation of conservative leaders who were practitioners of Realpolitik, politics of reality. New conservative leaders used armies and power politics to achieve their foreign political goals and manipulated liberal means to achieve conservative ends at home Nationalism also prevailed during this time,ie.prussian Otto von Bismarck

THE FRANCE OF NAPOLEON III y Napoleon III was foremost among the conservative leaders who taught contemporaries how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power A. Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire 1. Contemporaries brushed napoleons success as victory due to his name; believed he was a nonentity 2. He was very patient; for 3 yrs he gained the support of the people while using governmental factors to gain loyalty of the army and the catholic church 3. National assembly opposed of napoleon; he gained even more support when he opposed the national assembly plan to deprive 3 million men of the right to vote 4. Louis napoleon lead a coup dtat against the assembly when they opposed of his reelection and his desire to revise the constitution; on Dec. troops loyal to president seized major admin. buildings and arrested opposition leaders 5. Napoleon then elected president for another 10 yrs 6. A yr later was approved of a restoration of the empire and received the title of Napoleon III B. The Second Napoleonic Empire I. Stimulating the Economy 1. As chief of state, Napoleon III controlled the armed forces, police , and civil services; only he could produce legislation and declare war 2. Ministers had no collective responsibility and were only answerable to the emperor 3. Legislative corps gave appearance of representation in government since they were elected by the universal male suffrage, but in reality they could neither initiate legislative or change budget 4. Only government candidates were allowed free campaign

5. His first five yrs were a success; diverted the people attention from politics to economics 6. encourage industrial growth, promoted expansion of credit by banking the formation of new investment banks, which provided long term loans for industrial, commercial, and agriculture expansions; railroads, harbors, canals and roads 7. Tripling of iron production 8. Hospitals and free medicine for the workers and advocated better housing for the working class II. Rebuilding Paris 1. Under direction of Baron Haussmann, the medieval Paris of narrow streets and old city walls were destroyed and replaced with a modern Paris of broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares, and an underground sewage system, a new public water supply, and gaslights. 2. Military plus aesthetic purposes; easy for troops to move III. Limiting Freedoms 1. Freedom of speech was not permitted in the authoritarian empire; freedom of assembly limited and newspapers regularly censored 2. In the 1860s there was some opposition on the policies of Napoleon, his sensitivity to the publics mood led him to take new policies liberalizing his regime IV. Napoleons Opponents 1. His attempts to reduce trade tariffs on foreign esp. British goods made French manufacturers angry 2. Silkworm disease and devastation of vineyards by plant lice damaged economy severely 3. Retrenchment in govt proved unpopular 4. Napoleon reached out to the middle class by legalizing trade unions and granting them the right to strike; began to liberalize political process 5. Opposition candidates allowed greater freedom in the Legislative Corps in the 1860s; more say in the affairs of the state and debate over budget V. Foreign Policy and the Crimean War 1. Foreign policy failures led to growing criticism, and the war with Prussia in 1870 turned out to be the death blow for Napoleon IIIs regime 2. Napoleon was motivated by the desire to free France from the restrictions of the peace settlements of 1814-1815 and to make France the chief arbiter of Europe 3. Although his foreign policies led to disaster he had initial success in the Crimean War 4. The fall of the Ottoman empire led to a dispute bet./ france and Russia

5. Russia believed that they should be responsible of the Christians of the ottoman empire, really they only wanted land; but it was already issued to France 6. Russia invaded Moldavia and Walachia and so Ottoman empire declared war on Russia since negotiation did not helpful 7. France then declared war on Russia, since they felt insulted by Russia and the British were fearful that Russia would upset the balance of power and would prove to be a threat to the British naval power 8. Austria did not ally with Russia, though the Russians helped them in 1849; they were left enemies 9. The war was poorly fought and planned 10. 250000 deaths altogether; 60% due to disease(esp. cholera); Florence Nightingale revolutionized modern nurse professions for trained, middle class women and prevented even more British deaths due to her strict hygiene code 11. Sevastopol fell after Nicholas Is death and Russia faced a humiliating defeat; Alexander II sued for peace and was forced to give up Bessarabia and accept neutrality of the Black Sea; Moldavia and Walachia were placed under the protection of all the great powers 12. The Crimean war broke the long-standing European power relationships and destroyed the Concert of Europe