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I1 N = I2 N
2 1
APPLICATION
Current transformers (CT,s) are instrument transformers that are used to supply a reduced value of current to protective relays , meters and other instruments. CT,s provide isolation from the high voltage primary , permit grounding of the secondary windings for safety , and step down the magnitude of the measured current to a value that can be safely handled by the instruments
RATIO
The most common CT secondary full load current is 1A or 5A. CT ratio are expressed as a ratio of rated primary current to the rated secondary current . Example a 1000/1 A CT will produce 1A of secondary current when 1000 A flows through the primary . As the primary current changes the secondary current will vary accordingly.
POLARITY
All CT,s are subtractive polarity . Polarity refers to the instantaneous direction of the primary current with respect to the secondary current and is determined by the way the transformer leads are brought out of the case . On subtractive polarity transformers the H1 primary lead and the X1 secondary lead will be on the same side of the transformer.
CT POLARITY
P1
S1
Terminal markings
GENERAL RULES The terminal markings shall identify: the primary and secondary windings; the winding sections, if any; the relative polarities of windings and winding sections; the intermediate tapings, if any
CT RING TYPE
CT
SUMMATION CT
CT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
EXCITATION CURVE
TEST RESULT
current(I) 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.30 0.40 40.0 voltage(V) 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
A C.T consists essentially of an iron core with two windings. One winding is connected in the circuit whose current is to be measured.
The flow of current in the primary winding produces an alternating flux in the core and this flux induces an e.m.f in the secondary winding which results in the flow of secondary current when this winding is connected to an external closed circuit . The magnetic effect of the secondary current , in accordance with fundamental principles , is in opposition to that of the primary and the value of the secondary current automatically adjust itself to such a value , that the resultant magnetic effect of the primary and secondary currents , produce a flux required to induce the e.m.f. necessary to drive the secondary current through the impedance of the secondary.
3 * 380
+ ) = Ik (1 0.05(50/60
= 2.5 Ith
Dynamic current rating I dyn I dyn is the h ighest amplitude of current whose mechanical effects the CT can withstand , with the secondary winding short circuited , without damage (peak value in KA) I dyn = 2.5 3 I th
Burden Burden = The impedance of the secondary circuit in ohms and power factor. The burden is usually expressed as the apparent power (S) in volt-amperes absorbed at a specified power-factor at the rated secondary current.
EXTERNAL BURDEN
BURDEN = VA / I
RB LB
To protect instrument and meters from high fault currents the metering cores must be saturated 10-40 times the rated current depending of the type of burden.
Pn + Pi n= * Fs Pb + Pi
Lower accuracy than for measuring transformer . High saturation voltage. Little , or no turn correction at all.
5P and 10P The error is then 5 and 10 at the specified ALF and at rated burden.
The Accuracy Limit Factor indicates the over current as a multiple times the rated current , up to which the rated accuracy (5P or 10P) is fulfilled (with the rated burden connected).
Pn + Pi n= * ALF p b + Pi
= 1 turn
No. of secondary turns = N turn Ip = N * Is Ideal transformer for (Is) to flow through R there must be some potential Es = The E.M.F Es = Is * R Es is produced by an alternating flux in the core.
d dt
Es = I s * RCT + I s * z B
Flux required to produce Es
= B* A
Where B = Flux density in the core A = cross-sectional area of core
Ek = 4.44*B* f * A*N
Equ. 1
Es = Is (zB + zCT + zL )
Equ. 2
Required
Ek f E s
CT 2000/5 , Rs =0.31, Imax =40 KA , MaX Flux density =1.6 Tesla Find maximum secondary burden permissible if no saturation is to occur. Solution N=2000/5 = 400Turns Is max = 40000/400 = 100Amps From Equ.1 Vk = 4.44*1.6*20*60*(400/10000) = 340 Volt Max burden = 340/100 = 3.4 ohms Max connected burden = 3.4 - 0.31 = 3.09
i.e. the maximum design load current should not exceed the CT rated current.
The CT ratio should be large enough so that the CT secondary current does not exceed 20 times rated current under the maximum symmetrical primary fault current.
It is customary to place CT,s on both sides of the breaker. So that the protection zones will overlap.
The protection Engineer can determine which side of the breaker is best for CT location . All possibilities of fault position should be considered .
The overlap should occur across a C.B, so the C.B lies in both zones for this arrangement it is necessary to install C.Ts on both sides of the C.B.
No region un protected
Current transformers mounted on C.B side only of breaker fault shown not cleared by bus bar protection.
Current transformers mounted on bus bar side only of breaker fault shown not cleared circuit protection.
CT class X
THE FOLLOWING INFRMATION IS REQUIRED
Turns Ratio Knee Point Voltage Maximum Excitation Current Secondary Circuit Resistance
TPX
High remanence type CT The high remanence type has no limit for the remanence flux. This CT has a magnetic core without any air gap and a remanence flux might remain for almost infinite time. In this type of transformers the remanence flux can be up to 70-80% of the saturation flux. Typical examples of high remanence type CT are class P, TPS, TPX according to IEC,class P, X according to BS (British Standard) and non gapped class C, K according to ANSI/IEEE.
TPY
Low remanence type CT The low remanence type has a specified limit for the remanence flux. This CT is made with a small air gap to reduce the remanence flux to a level that does not exceed 10% of the saturation flux. The small air gap has only very limited influence on the other properties of the CT. Class TPY according to IEC is a low remanence type CT.
TPZ
Non remanence type CT The non remanence type CT has practically negligible level of remanence flux. This type of CT has relatively big air gaps in order to reduce the remanence flux to practically zero level. At the same time, these air gaps minimize the influence of the DC-component from the primary fault current. The air gaps will also reduce the measuring accuracy in the non-saturated region of operation. Class TPZ according to IEC is a non remanence type CT.
As a matter of safety, the secondary circuits of a current transformer should never be opened under load, because these would then be no secondary mmf to oppose the primary mmf, and all the primary current would become exciting current and thus might induce a very high voltage in the secondary.
General As a matter of safety, the secondary circuits of a current transformer should never be opened under load, because these would then be no secondary mmf to oppose the primary mmf, and all the primary current would become exciting current and thus might induce a very high voltage in the secondary.
EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ip c Pri d f Ie Ze Sec h Rp Xp e Rs Is g
Excitation Volts
45 LINE
RATIO
CONSIDERATIONS
CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE DELTA CONNECTD CTs PRODUCE CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE SECONDARY CURRENTS
RATIO
CONSIDERATIONS
SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER THAN THE MAXIMUM DESIGN CURRENT RATINGS OF THE ASSOCIATED BREAKERS AND TRANSFORMERS.
RATIO
CONSIDERATIONS
RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO HIGH AS TO REDUCE RELAY SENSITIVITY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AVAILABLE RANGES.
RATIO
CONSIDERATIONS
THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20 TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100 A FOR 5A RATED SECONDARY)
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND PERFORMANCE.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
FULL WINDING OF MULTI-RATIO CTs SHOULD BE SELECTED WHENEVER POSSIBLE TO AVOID LOWERING OF THE EFFECTIVE ACCURACY CLASS.
Core Demagnetizing
The core should be demagnetized as the final test before the equipment is put in service. Using the Saturation test circuit, apply enough voltage to the secondary of the CT to saturate the core and produce a cecondary current of 3-5 amps. Slowly reduce the voltage to zero before turning off the variac.
TESTING
Saturation
The saturation point is reached when there is a rise in the test current but not the voltage.
Burden
TESTING
Flashing
This test checks the polarity of the CT
SATURATION
Abnormal high primary current High secondary burden Combination of the above two factors will result in the creation of high flux density in the current transformer iron core. When this density reaches or exceeds the design limit of the core , saturation results.
SATURATION
The accuracy of the CT becomes very poor. The output wave form distorted. The result secondary current lower in magnitude. The greatest dangerous is loss of protective device coordination
SATURATION
THANKS
Yehia Tag ELdin