Chapter 8: The Legal System 1 Which of the following types of legal cases does NOT fall under civil

law? P198: Civil law involves non-criminal claims for compensation (often financial) by individuals (or groups) who have allegedly suffered loss or damage through the acts of others. Legal cases: Domestic actions (divorce, children and custody) Automobile accidents Personal injury cases Corporate matters Libel 2 Which of the following cultural beliefs of US citizens does NOT help explain why the legal system plays a central role* in their lives? P198/199: The legal system plays a central role in public and private levels of American society. The law is regarded very much as part of daily life an legal issues are matters widespread interest, concern and comment. There are several reasons for the cultural behaviour of US citizens: Active participation derives from a colonial and frontier tradition of individualism in which Americans defended their own interests and rights. Public and private life is influenced by a constitutionalism, which stems from the Declaration of Independence (1776), the US Constitution (1787) and the Bill of Rights (1789). A tradition of legalism, civil disputes between citizens institutions and groups, as well as criminal cases, have to be legally decided by the federal and state court systems. *Central role because: the law is regarded as a part of daily life, legal issues and court decisions are matters of widespread interest and are also closely intertwined with the nations political, social and economic life. 3 Which of the following does NOT bring the US legal system into disrepute? P199/200 The law can be be brought into disrepute by: Corrupt criminal and civil systems and some police forces Disadvantaged and poor do not receive satisfaction despite legal aid (aid as provided by federal or state) The legal system is biased towards the powerful and the wealthy High legal costs are an obstacle to litigants seeking help The system is not living up to its founding ideals Dubious or inadequate defense procedures by trial lawyers in criminal and civil cases Prosecution conduct and incompetence Plea-bargaining (allows an accused person to avoid the heaviest penalties Contingency fees (specify a percentage payment to lawyers on the basis of results) Biased judges (on racial, social or political grounds) Tampering with fabrication of evidence Police procedures and conduct Lawyers who are accused of driving up costs Prejudiced judges 4 Which element of the US legal system came from the English colonists? P200 English elements:

Common law Parliamentary/royal statutes and judges

5 When did the first constitution become law? P201 in 1788 6 Which of the following is not statutory law? P203 Statutory law consists of laws that have been passed by state or federal legislatures. State government level: Social, economic and family matters Federal government level: Constitution Treaties Acts of Congress Presidential proclamations Executive orders and rules of federal departments 7 What does DC stand for in "Washington, DC"? Wiki: District of Columbia 8 Which of the following does NOT apply to the US Supreme Court? P205/206 The US Supreme Court Is the apex of the federal court system Comprises a chief justice and eight associate justices, assisted by law clerks Has jurisdiction in national and federal matters Main role= appeal court Hears cases from lower federal and state courts Appeals usually involve constitutional issues, questions of federal law and conflicts between two or more of the sates Authority to review any executive and legislative action or law passed by any level of government and declare it unconstitutional Has given protection and rights to African Americans and other minorities Produced influential decisions on education and religion Affected the death penalty and abortion issues Their decisions can be overturned by the court itself, a constitutional amendment, or by Congress introducing legislation to override Court decisions. Does not have the power to make laws 9 What is the correct order of courts, from lowest to highest, in the US state court system? P207 Local courts Trial courts (may consist of: district, county or municipal courts; juvenile or family courts; probate courts; criminal courts) (Intermediate appeal courts, 75% of states have these) State Supreme Court 10 What created the judiciary branch of government in the US? P201 Article III of the Constitution created a third branch of government, the independent federal judiciary. 11 Which of the following is NOT a right an accused person has? P208 accused individuals:

Shall not be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law Should be given a speedy and public trial Can question witnesses and compel most witnesses to appear on their behalf Have the right to a lawyer for their defense Have the right to remain silent Have a right against self-incrimination

12 Which of the following is FALSE about federal judges? Federal judges are: P205 NOT the ultimate authority P211 nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate Their authority is generally supported by the public Vary in their political inclinations from liberal to conservative and this may be reflected in their decisions 13 Which of the following is NOT a valid reason for calling the judiciary above politics? P211 Judiciary is theoretically above politics because judicial review gives the judiciary a crucial authority and judges freedom from control by the other branches of government. 14 How many of Washington DCs adult citizens are lawyers? P211 One in 440 adult Americans 15 Which of the following is FALSE about US crime rates? P213 US crime rates Are not exceptional in all cases, rates for some crimes are lower than other countries High crime rates are associated with professional crime organizations, local street gangs, drug-dealing and usage and low-level offences Have declined since the mid-1990s 16 Which of the following did NOT contribute to lower crime rates in the past decade? P213 Increased jobs, prosperity and tough police policies in the 1990s reduced the crime statistics. P217/218 tough policies from American administrations including: The death penalty Putting more police on the streets Building more prisons Allowing some prisons to be run by private firms Stressing punishment above rehabilitation Reducing parole Giving longer and tougher sentences for serious crimes and imposing immediate custodial sentences on criminals who repeat serious crimes 17 The Second Amendment to the US Constitution states: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. What does it mean to have a collectivist position toward this amendment? P218 Only Americans who serve in a militia may own guns (individual gun ownership is not tolerated) 18 Which of the following is typical of liberal Americans attitudes toward the legal system? P221/222 Attitudes to the criminal-justice system vary between liberals and conservatives. Liberals tend to be suspicious of the police and law-enforcement

agencies, are against what they see a tough criminal legislation and penalties and favor extended civil rights for individuals. 19 Which of the following is FALSE about state law? P203 Much state law is now common law Consists of laws passed by state or federal legislatures Different in every state 20 Which of the following procedures of criminal cases does NOT occur during the trial in court? P209 see Trial procdure in court

Chapter 11: Education

1. Which change in American education did NOT take place around the turn of the 21st
century? P279 In the early 2000s most people supported the establishment of national standards for knowledge in specific subjects, large majorities supported using yearly standardized tests to measure students progress and the quality of schools. 2. Which of the following is characteristic of education in colonial times? P279 Local control over education Authorities did not provide money for education, so the first schools varied according to the interest local settlers had in education Parents were responsible for childrens education (Southern colony people often had private tutors) A skill in reading was highly valued Nine colleges prepared a small elite of men for the ministry and leadership in public life 3. Which of the following was NOT an underlying reasyon why only a small minority of children attended when free public schooling first became available? P280 Only a small minority attended because: Attendance was not mandatory Most parents needed their childrens work or wages to make ends meet (in the South it was illegal to give slaves schooling) 4. Which of the following is NOT true about American public school teachers around 1900? P282 Around 1900 Public-school teaching was not considered a profession The average annual salary for teachers was lower than that of an unskilled worker Many teachers had no more than a high-school education themselves 5. Which of the following is a fair comparison between the improving positions in education of African Americans and women? P282 During the Civil War co-educational higher education became the norm in the mid-west because most men were necessary for the war. By 1920 half of American college students were women. Racial segregation extended to higher education when colleges for African Americans were founded in the south after the Civil War. Both women and African American (higher) education was facilitated by the Civil War. 6. Which of the following was the main effect of the Second World War and the Cold War on public education in America? P283 The Second World War was a watershed in American higher education, federal government paid tuition and living costs for veterans in higher education and directly funded the expansion of study programs. The Cold War enlisted schools and called on to meet the challenge of Soviet technology. The National Defence Education Act provided federal money for research and university programs in science and technology as well as loans to college students. Increase in the federal governments role in public education.

7. What was the main reason why bussing* failed? P284 Parents, school authorities and politicians of both races protested and resisted, but the Court held firm, with the result that whites fled to the suburbs in greater numbers and the small percentage who could afford it sent their children to private schools. Federal authorities decided that bussing plans could produce integrated school only if they included the lily-white suburban schools around major cities. After such plans began transporting white pupils into city schools, the public outcry grew louder. By 1974 the nations mood had become strongly anti-bussing and the Supreme Court backed down. *Supreme Court decided to bus students to other districts until racial balance resulted. 8. Which of the following measures was NOT taken to improve equality in education after the Higher Education Act of 1965? P284-285 The Higher Education Act of 1965 helped minority and disadvantaged students get college loans. State and federal grants to poorer public schools generally came in two ways. First, laws made the income levels in local districts the basis for distributing public funds. Low-income areas qualified for extra grants and special programs to attract good teachers. Second, governments more than tripled their contribution to the general budgets of cities with social and educational problems. 9. Which of the following has proved to be a successful affirmative-action programme? P285 On the primary level sof public education, affirmative action first led to a redesigning of teaching programs and textbooks. Discriminatory references to women and minorities were replaced with even-handed treatments, or more often, with positive role models and examples of how women and minorities contributed to American history and culture. History and literature books, especially, changed as a result of this effort. 10. Which of the following is NOT a common overview of the educational history of an American student who has just turned 19? P287 Educational history of a standard student: kindergarten, age 5 elementary school, age 6-12 middle school (junior high), age 13-15 high school, age 16-18 11. Which of the following is a CORRECT linking of age to educational grade? P288 Correct links: Age 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Higher Ed.

12. Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the state Board of Education? P287 The state Board of Education commonly sets only general minimum standards. It determines the number of days in the school year, the procedures for licensing teachers and administrators, the school-leaving age, the core curriculum that pupils must complete at each level of school and minimum requirements for academic progress at different grade levels.

13. Which of the following is a fair statement about the No Child Left Behind Act? P287 They increased federal government funding for public primary and secondary schools.

P289 NCLB appropriated more federal money for public education than any such legislation in decades. It involved an unprecedented degree of top-down federal intrusion into state and local control over public schools. It required the formulation of national and state standards of achievement in core curriculum subjects, greatly increased use of standardized testing of pupils and teachers to hold individual schools accountable to these standards, and set up a system of sanctions against public schools that do not meet annual targets for improvement. 14. In what way does financial localism cause variations in the quality of American public schools? P290 Forty-three percent in a rich LED (local school district) with valuable homes and businesses represents the resources for better teaching salaries, buildings and equipment than those in most other districts. In the smaller school budget of a poor LED, 43 percent represents less money, and that has a proportional effect on resources for its schools. Each district is free to decide how high it wants to set property taxes for education. But even when poor LEDs approve higher tax rates than those of wealthy districts, they raise less money for schools because local property has so little value. Thus, financial localism (in combination with the causes of the great economic differences between school districts) is still the reason for wide variations in the quality of American public schools. 15. Which of the following is the main difference between the LED board and the PTSA in a school district? P291 The LED has the legal ability to make school policy while the PTSA does not. 16. In what way has pluralism affected the influence of social localism on education? P292 (pluralism = the belief in allowing several alternatives) Pluralism in the public schools has also meant debate over the core curriculum. Led by scholars in college education departments who question the traditional content of required subjects, districts, states and even the federal government have tried to redefine common standards and the canon of subjects in recent decades. Committees of recognized experts in many fields have met to develop national standards for subjects and a national curriculum. a national curriculum, even if its only acting as a guideline, would overrule many of the added courses as determined by the local boards. 17. Which of the following is NOT a fair comparison between public and private schools in America? P293 18. Which of the following is NOT a testing method used by institutions of higher education to ensure the quality of their student bodies? P294 Used testing methods: - College-entrance examinations: SAT (Scholastic Achievement Test) & other national tests - Institutions have admissions departments that visit and evaluate secondary schools, interview applicants and review pupils application forms 19. Which of the following is NOT a fair statement regarding public and private higher education? P295-296 True: - Majority of colleges and universities are private but 4/5 of high-school graduates choose public institutions (private section educates a fifth of university-level students)

- Tuition of public institutions is only a fraction of the tuition charged by private institutions. - Public systems have open admission policies and minimal acceptance requirements for area residents while private universities have a more selective acceptance. - Private higher education in the USA is typical of American pluralism - Private institutions remain small because of their concept of a quality education - Some institutions are common to both public and private higher education (liberal arts college)

20. Which of the following is NOT a fair statement regarding school choice* in recent decades? P299-300 *school choice= what subjects a school decides to offer in their curriculum. True: - In increasingly large areas, universal choice completely breaks the connection between a place of residence and the public school a pupil attends. - School choice advocates say the increased number of high-quality programs made available through choice gives students more chances to develop their abilities and point to reductions in racial segregation. - Opponents argue that school choice relegates most staff and pupils to institutions that are weaker than ever before because they lack leadership and positive role models. - Opponents also criticize the concentration of the best faculty and pupils in magnet schools as an elitist approach that contradicts the ideals of American democracy.

Chapter 12: The Media 1. Which of the following is TRUE about American media-consumption? P304 - The average full-time worker is exposed at home and at work to various forms of the media for nine hours a day - Average entertainment and news viewing time for television is 4.5 hours per day and 26 hours per month for the Internet. - Polls suggest that Americans are losing interest in broad current affairs and instead are concentrating on specific concerns. - Media consumption is a mixture of network and local television. 2. Which of the following is TRUE concerning American newspapers and the War of Independence? P305-6 - Papers were a unifying force in the fight for independence from the British and communicated news of east-coast revolt to western settlers. - After the War for Independence, newspapers declined in quality, they became abusive and biased propaganda tools of political parties and vested interests with vehement editorials in support of special causes and political programs. 3. What can be said of novels in the nineteenth century? P306 There was also a strong demand for novels, which sold in large numbers, and many were written by women. Novelists were aided by the introduction of paperback books in 1842. 4. Who of the following people was an important figure in the newspaper business and for what reason? P306-7James Gordon Bennett founded the first modern, forward-looking American newspaper, the New York Herald in 1835. He employed reporters to gather news, appointed the first foreign correspondents, developed a Washington press corps and delivered the news before his competitors by using the telegraph and fast transportation. Horace Greeley (New York Tribune, 1841); had a very influential editorial page. He and others improved newsgathering methods and developed innovative newspaper structures. 5. Which of the following does NOT describe the relationship between American media and social structures? P307 - Different types of newspapers appeared, which reflected varied life-styles, social status, education, political ideologies and consumption levels 6. Which of the following does NOT reflect the predominant public opinion on freedom of speech in the media? P308-9Opinions on the freedom of the press are divided: - 59 percent thought that the government should not have the right to control what information the news media can report. - In war-time situations, 60 percent argued that the priority was the governments need to keep military secrets, 56 percent thought that the media should support the government (rather than questioning it), 66 percent felt that the government should have the right to prohibit the media from reporting sensitive military information. - 66 percent thought that freedom of the press was very important to ensure a fair society - Majority of respondents strongly believe in press freedom, but are critical of the medias honesty and accuracy. - 51 percent of students thought that the press should be able to publish freely

7. What change did newspapers NOT go through in recent decades? P311-12 Newspapers have experienced fundamental changes and developments in recent decades: - News competition has brought about a continuous decline in the sales of most papers. - The number of papers has also declined due to mergers, conversions and closures, resulting in a lack of competition. - Readers have developed new media habits - Circulation battles between different print formats have increased - Some smaller dailies and weeklies have increased in number and circulation in local areas - Concentrated ownership (leading to economies of size, efficiency and rationalization and gives greater profitability but also monopolistic conditions, a similarity in content and format and raised questions about objectivity and accuracy) - Significant technological changes - Competition with television has led to new emphases in newspapers, particularly investigative journalism 8. Which of the following is NOT true concerning different types of magazines? P314 True: - General magazines are an important element of American cultural life. - More specialised magazines are targeted at people with particular professional occupations and interests and sever as an important means of communication among them. - US news magazines are very successful when compared with those of other countries in this field - Some influential periodicals specialise in coverage of educational, political and cultural topics 9. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the popularity of books in the USA? P315 - Between 1982 and 2002 there was a decline in literary readers - The USA led the world in the number of books read per head of population 10. Which of the following is NOT used by commercial and non-commercial sectors to finance radio and television stations? P316 - The commercial sector is largely financed by money from advertising or by subscriptions form cable and satellite users. - The non-commercial sector is funded by individual subscriptions, corporate sponsorship and grants from foundations, private bodies, educational sources and the government. 11. Which of the following is NOT true of the FCC? P316 FCC (Federal Communications Commission): - is an independent federal agency, financed by Congress, whose members are appointed by the President. - controls station by granting limited-period licenses to applicants and has a supervisory and regulatory role. 12. Which of the following is TRUE concerning popular television networks? P317 - There are four big production companies (NBC, CBS, ABC and Fox Broadcasting Company) - The networks compete against each other to attract the highest audience ratings and advertising revenues. 13. Which of the following is NOT true concerning cable companies?

P317-18 - Top networks: Discovery Channel, ESPN, CNN and TNT - Charge a fee to subscribers for the cable service and are financed through this revenue and advertising - Viewers may also pay additional sums for specialist channels and special live broadcasts - Big increase in religious cable stations and ethnic cable channels nationwide 14. Which of the following have NOT posed a threat to popular television networks? P317-18 - Satellite television threatens their dominance. - home-video market /DVD market - new challenges came from independent television stations - cable

15. Which of the following aspects of American commercial television has NOT been commonly criticised? P319 Commonly criticised: - Bias towards commercial and mass-entertainment programmes. - Portrayal of gratuitous violence and for the alleged impact of violence, explicit sex and bad language upon both children and adults. - Representation of ethnic and gender stereotypes. 16. Which of the following best describes the role of radio in American society? P320 Radio helped to unify the population of the cities and the countryside, increased the national and world awareness of Americans and informed them about events of the Second World War. 17. Which of the following is NOT true concerning commercial radio? P320 - There were 10,755 commercial radio stations nationwide in 2007 - Ownership is concentrated in the hands of a relatively few conglomerates. - Funding is mainly obtained from advertising on programs 18. Bias in the US media P321 Some American research has suggested that theres a clear positive bias towards established institutions and values in the US media, although not much partiality for particular political candidates and specific political policies. It is argued that there is therefore a general media bias or scepticism aimed at all politicians and policies. The tendency is towards negativism rather than positivism. Television is seen as more critical than newspapers and magazines, and the national media are more critical than local media. 19. What can NOT be concluded from the citation of Welch et al.? P322 Welch citation, I suggest you just read the thing. 20. Which of the following can NOT be concluded from polls examining American public opinion on the medias role in American society? P322 1999: respondents thought that the media was second only to special-interest groups in being most responsible for what was wrong in government. 48 percent of respondents thought the media were out of touch with average Americans, 50%: in touch - Polls reveal that many consumers feel that a laissez-faire attitude to the media is inadequate. They believe that current efforts to control violent entertainment are not enough and that media portrayals of violence are causes of real-life violence.

Chapter 13: Religion 1. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect American attitudes to religion in recent surveys? P326 American attitudes to religion: 64 percent of respondents believed that religion was under attack and 53 percent felt that religion was losing its influence in American life. Other polls have noted that a majority of people say they are very interested in spiritual matters, but feel that beliefs are increasingly treated as arbitrary and unimportant. 2. Which of the following is true about religious adherence across regions in the US? P326 Southerners appear to be the most observant, followed by mid-westerners, easterners and westerners. 3. Which of the following is NOT true about early religious colonists? P327 Early religious colonists: - Most early colonists were Christian Protestants whose faiths influenced future US society. - There were conflicts of denominations, Virginias population largely consisted of members of the established Anglican church of England and werent tolerant of all other religions. In New England two groups of Calvinist (separatists and Puritans) settlers found their own churches, not religiously tolerant at all. P328 - Religious diversity was most obvious in the middle colonies. 4. Which of the following is true about early colonists religious motivations? P327-28 Calvinists: -Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England -Separatists had left the church because they disapproved of its doctrines and because they had suffered persecution. Some colonists practised faiths that were based on different types of established European Christianity. Dissenters from such traditions wished to create communities where they could practice their won religions without persecution and create an ideal city upon a hill. 5. Which of the following is a belief about American materialist ambitions? P328 The majority of immigrants now travelled to the USA for material advancement, free land or commercial adventure. There was a decline in religious influence and observation and it is estimated that in 1750 only 17 percent of the population formally belonged to a religious group.

6. Which of the following did NOT contribute to US religious developments in the 18th

Century? P329-30 Contributed: - the Great Awakening (religious revival), forerunner of modern evangelical activities. - the American War for Independence, time of conflict for American religion, divided loyalties among churches.. 7. Which of the following most accurately describes the religious landscape after the American Independence War? P330 Religiosity at the end of the eighteenth century was weak and most Americans were not active church members. The Great Awakening did not have a lasting or deep effect, the new Episcopal Church was largely inactive and other religious groups became austere and intellectual or departed from their original religious doctrines. Protestant Christianity appeared to be declining with the abolition of most established churches after the War for Independence.

8. Which of the following is NOT true about the first Great Awakening? P329-30 True: affected the colonies in the 1730s and the 1740s and was the forerunner of modern evangelical activities. It was an emotional reaction to the formalistic unappealing nature of most religious practices. It began in Massachusetts among the Congregationalists and spread along the east coast from Maine to Georgia and along the western frontier to include Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. Revivalist preachers tried to convert people to their religions by stressing the need for repentance, rebirth and a personal experience of salvation. The Great Awakening created friction, and churches were split as ministers and congregations either supported the revivalists or opposed their emotionalism and conversion practices. The radicalism of the Great Awakening influenced revolutionary sentiment and the coming War for Independence. The Great Awakening did not have a lasting or deep effect.

9. In what way did the Catholic demographic develop in the early 19th Century?
P331

The Roman Catholic Church was greatly strengthened by Irish, French and German immigration from 1830 `and by immigrants from eastern and southern Europe later in the century. The church, after earlier internal conflict, was eventually controlled by its hierarchy of bishops. It proved attractive to the new immigrants, and Irish settlers in particular were to influence the church in future years. Catholic newcomers suffered considerable prejudice and hostility from the dominant Protestant groups.

10.

Which of the following is NOT true about 19th Century Protestants? P331 True: - Catholic newcomers suffered considerable prejudice and hostility from the dominant Protestant groups. - Some of the more extreme Protestants attempted to maintain strict Puritan traditions. - Jews experienced anti-Semitism and discrimination in society, particularly from Protestants.

11.
P331

Which of the following is NOT true of the 19th Century Christians view on slavery? True: slavery and the civil War were divisive threats to religion. The anti-slavery position was based on biblical, humanitarian and democratic impulses, but there were conflicting interpretations of slavery from both anti- and pro-slavery camps. Some churches, such as the Episcopal Church, tried to be neutral, while others were divided. Which of the following is NOT true about Jewish immigrants in the 19th Century? True: between 1840 and 1880 the Jewish population expanded from 15,000 to 225,000 because of repression and persecution in Germany and central Europe. Some Jews were Orthodox, but many became members of the new Reform movement. This adapted traditional practices to modern conditions and helped Jews to assimilate more easily to American life. Jews experienced anti-Semitism and discrimination in society, particularly from Protestants.

12.
P331

13. Which of the following is NOT true about Protestantism in modern-day America? P336 True: Protestantism is the largest and most diverse of the US faiths. Although a majority of Americans consider themselves as Protestants, they are divided into at least 220 churches can sects, with conservative, mainstream and liberal outlooks. There is no one denomination for all Protestants. Each church is independent,

supports itself financially, employs its own ministers, constructs its own buildings and follows its own beliefs and practices. Protestantism is divided between mainstream churches and fundamentalist or evangelical churches with conservative beliefs. Mainstream churches also have different emphases. 14. Which of the following is a trend concerning opinion on religion in recent years? P343 61 percent of Americans considered themselves to be religious, they though they were less religious than in the 1950s and the 1960s; that religion was more important to older than younger Americans; and more important to women than men. ? 15. Which of the following does NOT reflect recent polls on the teaching of creationism in schools? P344 True: 2001 Gallup poll: - 68 percent supported teaching creationism together with evolution in public schools - 40 percent favoured teaching only creationism (opposed by 55 percent) 2005 ADL poll: - 56 percent of respondents favoured the teaching of creationism alongside evolution in public schools s equally valid explanations for the origins of human life(opposed by 39 percent) - Among fundamentalist/evangelical/charismatic Christians, 70 percent favoured teaching creationism. 16. Which of the following statements does NOT describe poll results on American attitudes towards religion? P345 True: A poll in September 2003 reported that 69 percent of respondents though that religion played too small a role in most peoples lives today. Other polls have suggested that a majority of respondents do not think that the ethical and moral standards of Americans are as high as they should be; that morals are on of the top problems facing the country; and that the countrys moral and cultural values have changed fro the worse since the 1960s because the USA has become too permissive. 17. A 1962 Supreme Court ruling on religious practices in schools P342 In 1962, the Supreme Court ruled that laws requiring the reciting of the Lords Prayer, Bible verses or prayers in public schools were unconstitutional because they violated the principle of separation between church and state by fostering or promoting religion. 18. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the role of religion in American symbolism and tradition? P341 True: A religious sensibility is also reflected in national symbols and emblems such as the US seal, the currency and the pledge of allegiance to the American flag. US residents often belong to a religious group and politicians frequently refer to God and the Bible in their speeches. US Presidents swear the inaugural oath of office on the Bible, sessions of Congress commence with prayers and both Houses of Congress have official chaplains.

Chapter 14 - The Arts, Sports and Leisure 1. Which of the following does NOT reflect a contradiction in American culture? P348 Contradiction in American culture: there are American aspects in much sport, music, painting and modern dance, which convey a distinctive national identity. However, some activities, such as baseball, country music, painting and the musical, derive from non-American sources. Ethnic and folklorist expressions, such as slave ad settler traditions, Latino music and dance, Jewish and Chinese theatre, NativeAmerican crafts and Asian cinema, reflect their culture of origin rather than a purely American identification? 2. In which of the following examples does the competitiveness in American culture NOT become clear? P348-49 Examples of competitiveness: - Americans who play sports, whether professionally or on an amateur basis, often do so because they are concerned to win. - Holiday and leisure activities for some may have a competitive edge and a deliberately planned and goal-oriented context. - Even simplistic television quiz games may have a vicariously competitive thrill to them 3. Which of the following is NOT true concerning American expenditure on sports, leisure and artistic activities? P349 True: sporting, leisure and artistic activities are important for many people, this is reflected in the large amounts of money spent by Americans on attendance fees, sports equipment, training, musical instruments, electronic equipments, sports stadiums, concert halls, museums and art galleries. A huge advertising expenditure is also devoted to them. Entertainment regularly comes near the top of total advertising fees. The purchase of computers, videos, DVDs, electronic games and software now makes up an increasing share of spending. 4. Racism in American sports P349 has been widespread, so that African Americans, Native Americans, Jews and women, among other minorities, have experienced considerable racism, discrimination and exclusion. This applied not only to performers but also to spectators. While overt racism and discrimination have been reduced, they still influence contemporary pursuits. Stereotyping still exists in sports like golf and tennis. 5. Which of the following is NOT true concerning the history of American arts? P350 True: development of popular arts has often been influenced by both European traditions and the emergence of distinctive domestic cultures. Historically there has been a tension between the two traditions. European sophistication was contrasted with American originality. Gradually, tension decreased and the two coexist and intermix. 6. Which of the following can be said of government support for the arts in America? P351 Cultural development is being carried out with some direct financial support for the arts from federal or state governments. Although their role in supporting, financing and sponsoring the arts increased significantly from 1970, finding and involvement decreased in the 1990s. The NEA, which encourages and develops artistic activities, is an independent federal agency (1965). It receives federal funding and distributes this to the arts, particularly at state and local levels. Its the largest annual funder of arts. 7. Which of the following is NOT true of the American arts since the Second World War?

P352

After the Second World War, new American painters arrived on the traditional scene with revolutionary and distinctively American concepts, such as cityscapes and gritty urban lifestyles. Modernist, cubist and abstract influences then arrived from Europe, from which developed an American abstract expressionism. This was initially begun in New York, whose artist attracted international attention and New York became increasingly the center of the art world.

8. Which of the following is NOT true concerning mixture in American musical traditions? P352-53 True: in the early twentieth century George Gershwin and Aaron Copland incorporated domestic forms of music into European standards. This mixture of old and new styles continued through the century. Orchestra directors and conductors introduced programs of mainstream and new music, making classical music more accessible to greater numbers of people. The more accessible and commercial forms of American music were often mixed with and influenced each other 9. What can NOT be said of the history of African-American music styles? P353 History of African-American music styles: Ragtime was an African-American music that was popularised by Scott Joplin and derived partly from the rural blues tradition of often melancholic and fatalistic folk songs and church music which reflected the lives of poor African Americans. Jazz, arguably Americas most original and native music form, was first played by African-American musicians in the south, it derives mainly from African influences and southern slave culture 10. Which of the following is NOT typical of American country, folk and rock and roll music? P354 - All are very popular in the USA as well as worldwide. - Country & Folk music was based on Scottish, Irish and English folk songs/ballads - Country music is played on the guitar, banjo or fiddle and has typically very mournful or melancholic lyrics which deal with love and poverty and reflected the disadvantaged rural life of poor whites in the south, south-east and Appalachia. Modern country music deals with more contemporary concerns. - American Folk music originally had a working-class, underprivileged and rural emphasis. In the 1960s it developed a wider and more commercial appeal and social and political comments were introduced into the lyrics. - Rock and Roll developed in the 1950s and combines the traditions of AfricanAmerican rhythm and blues and country and western. It became a popular form of music and has influenced other forms of pop music. It has become very commercialised in recent decades. 11. What did a news poll concerning the popularity of American rock and roll music suggest? P354 ABC: Elvis Presley was the greatest rock and rolls tar of all time (91 percent thought he had a lasting impact, 85 percent found this impact positive) NBC: 41 percent thought rock music had a positive impact on American society, culture and values. 34 percent thought this impact negative. The all-time top-selling US rock album is the Eagles/Their Greatest Hits (29 million copies) 12. Which of the following is NOT true of musicals? P355 The modern musical is of American origin and developed in the early twentieth century. Its combination of acting, music and dancing was often allied to escapist plots and exotic shows in glossy theatres. Some later musicals became more serious

and socially aware but the entertainment emphasis continued .The musical had recently fallen on hard times and has to compete with successful foreign imports. 13. Which of the following can NOT be said of Hollywood movies? P356 Hollywood films were originally designed for American audiences and it has reflected American culture in its handling of themes such as the family, romance, individualism, war, heroism, female roles, children an patriotism. These have been used in different film genres in different periods and have reflected changing social conditions and attitudes in the USA. Film-makers also strove for financial profits by making films with mass appeal and repeated successful formulas such as westerns, gangster films, comedies and musicals. The system also produced classic films, whose appeal has endured. During the decades of Hollywoods golden age in the early to mid-twentieth century films were glittering and grandiose. 14. In which way did Hollywood NOT change, compared to its early years? P356 Film industry and the star system have changed over the years. They have had to adapt to changing moral, social, economic and industrial climates. The original studio structure altered as a result of a series of mergers. The major companies were effectively taken over by financiers in the 1930s and eight companies were formed. After a prosperous period during the Second World War, the industry was split up by anti-monopolist legislation. In 2004, Hollywoods last major independent studio, MGM, negotiated a partner-sale with Japans Sony Corporation P357 By mid-century, classical Hollywood of the early twentieth century, with its powerful studios and business tycoons, was largely finished. Fewer expensive films were made and independent production companies increased. Hollywood was moving away from the studio system and its large-scale productions to a culture of accountants and cost considerations. The post-war period saw the making of increasingly different varieties and genres of film and Disney. Gradually from the 1970s and 1980s Hollywood studios were taken over by conglomerates with diverse business interests such as Gulf and Western, and there was increased competition from independent film-production companies. As new technologies such as video developed, media companies and film studios were increasingly owned by multimedia businesses. P358 Hollywood has therefore changed considerably as the film, media and entertainment industries have developed. It is now a multimedia corporate business system, as well as a film industry, with many commercial tie-ins. Production costs have become crucial, and it is difficult to find finance to embark on new film ideas. 15. Which of the following is NOT among the biggest complaints concerning movies today? P360 The biggest complaints: in the scramble for entertainment profits based on established themes and successful formulae, many of Hollywoods commercial films are heavily criticised within the USA for their concentration on gratuitous violence and sexual explicitness. An Associated Press Poll (1999) found that respondents thought that the biggest problem with movies today were too much violence, tickets cost too much, not as good as they used to be and too much sex. 16. Why do Americans generally cherish baseball as a national representative sport? P362 Baseball is said to be the nations premier sport since most Americans have supposedly played it from childhood onwards, whether as the full game, Little League baseball or the softball variant. 17. Which of the following can NOT be said of the combination of sport and television?

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True: there is extensive media coverage of sports by newspapers and television, which reflects the popularity and commercial standing of sports in the USA Sports programs are an integral part of television and radio programming and attract large audience figures as the networks and other stations fight for a market share. Some cable stations are devoted exclusively to sports events, report for 24 hours per day and attract very large audiences. The various media forms, particularly television, have created a profitable, audience-based industry and also made sport accessible for many more people who are unable either to attend or afford live events. The media popularisation of sports has led to increasing commercialisation.

18. Which of the following is NOT true of college sports? P363 True: Increased commercialisation of college sports has also occurred. Schools and colleges provide a variety of sports activities as well as practice and match facilities for their students. These are highly organised and competitive and generally receive substantial local publicity and support. The sports include American football, basketball, baseball, tennis, wrestling, gymnastics, athletics, soccer, swimming, volleyball, fencing and golf. P364 College sports are supposed to be amateur but have become very commercialised and competitive. College sport teams contribute finance to, as well as publicity for, their institutions and are given considerable local community support. Football and basketball are the most financially rewarding college sports. What did Harris Interactive polls in 2007 NOT reveal of the Americans health? P365 It revealed that between 2004 and 2007: - The number of hours that adults worked per week dropped (50 45) - The number of hours worked had not been that low since 1975 - Hours for leisure rose slightly (19 20) 19. Why did an NEA survey raise concern for the status of reading in the USA? P368 But a NEA survey in 2004 suggested that reading was at risk in the USA and documented a decline of 10 percent in literary readers from 1982 to 2002, which represented a loss of 20 million potential readers. According to the survey, the rate of decline is increasing and had nearly tripled in the decade from 1994 to 2004. The decline was common to all demographic groups of Americans, but was greatest in the 18 to 234 group. The survey suggested that if the decline continued literary reading as a leisure activity will virtually disappear within 50 years and argued that American culture was at risk.