STOCHIOMETRY General Chemistry Part 1 Lecture

STOICHIOMETRY:

AVOGADRO S NUMBER: A mole of a substance is the amount of the substance containing the same number of atoms as there are carbons in exactly 12 grams of pure C-12 isotope. This represents the amount of the substance that contains 6.022 x 1023 particles (atoms, ions or molecules) Meaning: 1 mole of C contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms of carbon 1 mole of Na+ contains 6.022 x 1023 ions of sodium 1 mole of H2O contains 6.022 x 1023 molecule of water Example: In 1.2 moles of calcium sulfate, calculate the number of atoms of each element present. What is the number of molecules of calcium sulfate?

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION FROM FORMULA: Weight of the element in the compound % composition by wt =
__________________________________________________

x 100%

Weight of one mole of the compound Examples: Calculate the % composition of the following compounds. 1. NaCl 2. AgNO3 3. (NH4)2SO4 4. HC2H3O2

DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA: Empirical Formula compound. Molecular Formula compounds. the simplest formula of a compound. It contains the simplest ratio of atoms in the whole number multiple of its empirical formula. This is the true formula of the

Examples: 1. Compound X was found to contain 85.69% C and 14.31% H. The molecular weight was determined to be 55.9 a.m.u. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas. 2. A compound of nitrogen and oxygen is found to be 30% N and 70% O. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound if the molecular weight is 91 a.m.u. 3. Determine the molecular formula of the following compounds given the corresponding percent composition of each element. Compound Percent Composition Molecular Weights A Li, 18.8; C, 16.2; O, 65 73.8 B K, 26.6; Cr, 35.3; O, 38.1 294.2

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STOCHIOMETRY General Chemistry Part 1 Lecture

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION: Chemical Reaction A(s) + B(l) representation of a chemical reaction C(g) + D(aq) a type of reaction in which 2 or more reactants forming a single

1. Combination / Synthesis product. A + B AB Ex.

C + O2 CO2 Mg + O2 MgO H2 + O2 H2O CO2 + H2O H2CO3 MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 2. Decomposition type of reaction in which a single reactant undergoes to a reaction forming 2 or more products that is due to breaking down of chemical bonding. AB A + B Ex. H2O H2 + O2 KClO3 KCl + O2 NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + H2O

3. Single Displacement - a free element replaces another element that is found in a compound; therefore, forming a new element and a new compound. A + BC AC + B Ex. Mg + HCl Na + H2O CaCl2 + Na Zn + H2SO4 Mg + FeSO4 Fe + MgSO4 BaCl2 + F2 MgCl2 + H2 NaOH + H2 NaCl + Ca ZnSO4 + H2 MgSO4 + Fe no reaction BaF2 + Cl2

4. Double Displacement / Metathesis - This happens when the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds. AB + CD AD + CB Ex. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H2SO4 + Al(OH)3 Al2(SO4)3 + H2O Ca3(PO4)2 + NH4C2H3O2 Ca(C2H3O2)2 + (NH4)3PO4 K2Cr2O3 + Pb(NO3)2 KNO3 + PbCr2O7

5. Combustion Ex.

it is an oxidation process that liberates heat and emits light.

C12H22O11 + O2 CO2 + H2O C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

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STOCHIOMETRY General Chemistry Part 1 Lecture

ACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS: METAL Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum Manganese Zinc Chromium Iron Nickle Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Bismuth Antimony Mercury Silver Platinum Gold SYMBOL K Na Ca Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Bi Sb Hg Ag Pt Au CODE NAME Peter Saw Carl Make A Mangy Zebra Carry Iron Nails To Liverpool He Caught Ben A Mexican Silver Plated Goat

ACTIVITY SERIES OF NON-METALS: F, O, Cl, Br, I, S

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STOCHIOMETRY General Chemistry Part 1 Lecture

WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS: MOLE-MOLE REATIONSHIP: Sample Problems: 1. How many moles of water produced from the combustion of 1 mole of C2H2? How many moles of oxygen needed? 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O 2. From the balanced equation: 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O How many moles of O2 are necessary to react with 1.75 moles H2S? How many moles each of SO2 and H2O will be produced? WEIGHT-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP: Sample Problems: 1. Based on the balanced equation: 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O How many grams of NH3 will be required to produce 200 grams of H2O? 2. What is the weight in grams of H3PO4 is produced from 250 grams of P4O10? Calculate the mass of water needed? P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4

LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS: Limiting Reactant totally consumed in the process Excess Reactant a certain amount of this substance will be left unreacted after a complete reaction Sample Problems: 1. Fluorine reacts with iron to produce iron (III) fluoride. If 5 grams of fluorine is added to 10 grams of iron: a. Determine the limiting and excess reactants. b. Calculate the weight of iron (III) fluoride obtained from reaction. c. How much of the excess will be left unreacted? 2. What is the weight of B2H6 that can be prepared from 10 grams of NaBH4 and 4.56 grams of BF3? The equation for the reaction is: 3NaBH4 + 4BF3 3NaBF4 + 2B2H6 THEORETICAL YIELD VS ACTUAL YIELD: Theoretical Yield is the amount of products obtained if the reaction goes to completion Actual Yield the actual amount of product obtained Actual yield % yield = X 100% Theoretical Yield Sample Problems: 1. When 100 grams of water is electrolyzed, 76 grams of oxygen is obtained. Calculate the % yield. 2. Phthalic anhydride, C8H4O3, is made by the controlled oxidation of naphthalene, C10H8, by the reaction: 2C10H8 + 9O2 2C8H4O3 + 4CO2 + 4H2O Since some naphthalene is oxidized to other products, only 65% of the maximum yield was obtained. How much phthalic acid anhydride would be produced from the oxidation of 600 kg of C10H8?

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STOCHIOMETRY General Chemistry Part 1 Lecture

PERCENT PURITY: Wt of pure compound in a mixture % purity = Total weight of the mixture

X 100%

Sample Problems: 1. Limestone, a mineral containing CaCO3 is 75% pure. What is mass of CO2 produced from the decomposition of 100 kg of limestone? CaCO3 CaO + CO2 2. What is the weight of 95% pure NaCl that is needed to produce 2309 lbs of Na2SO4 according to the reaction? 2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl

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