Gravitation & Cosmology, Vol. 9 (2003), No. 3 (35), pp.

176182
c 2003 Russian Gravitational Society
MINIMALLY COUPLED BRANE WORLDS AND SCALAR FIELDS
K.A. Bronnikov
a,b,1
, S.B. Fadeev
a
and A.V. Michtchenko
c,2
a
VNIIMS, 3-1 M. Ulyanovoy St., Moscow 117313, Russia
b
Institute of Gravitation and Cosmology, PFUR, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
c
SEPIESIME, IPN, Zacatenco, Mexico, D.F., CP07738, Mexico
Received 23 June 2003
In the RS2 brane world concept, in the case of a static, spherically symmetric brane, we study the conditions when
the 4D tensor E

, the 4D projection of the electric part of the 5D Weyl tensor, vanishes in the whole bulk. It is
a sucient (but not necessary) condition under which the equations of gravity on the brane, derived by Shiromizu
et al., decouple from the bulk geometry and form a closed set of equations (the so-called minimally coupled brane
world, MCBW). The 5D Einstein equations G
AB
+
5
g
AB
= 0, combined with the condition E

= 0, completely
determine the metric dependence on the fth coordinate but give rise to an overdetermined set of equations for
functions of the radial coordinate. Some special solutions have been found, among which are the well-known black
string solution with the Schwarzschild metric on the brane and its generalizations with Schwarzschild(A)dS on-
brane metrics. It is concluded that a MCBW should be embedded, in general, in a bulk where E

is not identically
zero but only vanishes on the brane. As an application, we also describe some previously found general properties
of scalar elds in a static, spherically symmetric MCBW.
mIR NA BRANE S MINIMALXNOJ SWQZX@ I SKALQRNYE POLQ
k.a. bRONNIKOW, s.b. fADEEW, a.w. mI]ENKO
w RAMKAH RS2-KONCEPCII MIRA NA BRANE, W SLUAE STATIESKOJ SFERIESKI-SIMMETRINOJ BRANY, ISSLEDU@TSQ
USLOWIQ, PRI KOTORYH ETYREHMERNYJ TENZOR E

ETYREHMERNAQ PROEKCIQ LEKTRIESKOJ ASTI PQTIMER-

NOGO TENZORA wEJLQ OBRA]AETSQ W NULX WO WSEM 5-OBEME. TO QWLQETSQ DOSTATONYM (NO NE NEOBHODIMYM)
USLOWIEM TOGO, TO URAWNENIQ GRAWITACII NA BRANE, POLUENNYE sIROMIDZU I DR., SWOBODNY OT SWQZI S 5-
GEOMETRIEJ I OBRAZU@T ZAMKNUTU@ SISTEMU (T.N. MINIMALXNO-SWQZANNYJ MIR NA BRANE, msmb). pQTIMERNYE
URAWNENIQ JN[TEJNA G
AB
+
5
g
AB
= 0 SOWMESTNO S USLOWIEM E

= 0 POLNOSTX@ OPREDELQ@T ZAWISIMOSTX

METRIKI OT PQTOJ KOORDINATY, NO PRIWODQT K PEREOPREDELENNOJ SISTEME URAWNENIJ DLQ FUNKCIJ RADIALXNOJ
KOORDINATY. pOLUENY NEKOTORYE ASTNYE RE[ENIQ, SREDI KOTORYH IZWESTNAQ ERNAQ STRUNA S METRIKOJ
WARC[ILXDA NA BRANE I EE OBOB]ENIQ S METRIKAMI WARC[ILXDA(ANTI-)DE sITTERA NA BRANE. sDELAN
WYWOD, TO msmb W OB]EM SLUAE MOVET BYTX POGRUVEN W PQTIMERNOE PROSTRANSTWO-WREMQ, GDE E

= 0
TOLXKO NA BRANE, A NE WO WSEM OBEME. w KAESTWE PRILOVENIQ OPISYWA@TSQ NEKOTORYE RANEE POLUENNYE
OB]IE SWOJSTWA SKALQRNYH POLEJ W STATIESKOM SFERIESKI-SIMMETRINOM msmb.
1. Introduction
The brane world concept, a subject of active studies
in modern theoretical physics and cosmology, describes
our four-dimensional world as a surface (brane), sup-
porting all or almost all matter elds and embedded
in a higher-dimensional space-time (bulk). This con-
cept leads to a great variety of specic models both in
the cosmological context and in the description of local
self-gravitating objects (see, e.g., [1, 2] for reviews and
further references). Most of the models involve various
scalar elds interacting in dierent ways with gravity
and with each other.
In this paper, our interest will be in the properties of
static, spherically symmetric congurations in the sim-
1
e-mail: kb@rgs.mccme.ru
2
e-mail: mial@maya.esimez.ipn.mx
plest class of brane-world models, a single brane in a
Z
2
-symmetric 5-dimensional bulk, with all elds except
gravity conned on the brane. It is the so-called RS2
framework, generalizing the second model suggested by
Randall and Sundrum, where a single Minkowski brane
was placed in an anti-de Sitter bulk [3]. We will discuss,
in particular, on-brane congurations of minimally cou-
pled scalar elds with arbitrary potentials.
The gravitational eld on the brane is described by
the modied Einstein equations [4]
3
:
G

=
4

2
4
T

4
5

, (1)
where G

= R

1
2

R is the 4D Einstein tensor,

4
3
Our sign conventions are as follows: the metric signature (+
) ; the curvature tensor R

. . . , so that, e.g., the

Ricci scalar R > 0 for de Sitter space-time, and the stress-energy
tensor (SET) such that T
t
t
is the energy density.
Minimally coupled brane worlds and scalar elds 177
is the 4D cosmological constant expressed in terms of
the 5D cosmological constant
5
and the brane tension
:

4
=
1
2

2
5
_

5
+
1
6

2
5

2
_
; (2)

2
4
= 8G
N
=
4
5
/(6) is the 4D gravitational con-
stant (G
N
is Newtons constant of gravity); T

is the
SET of matter conned on the brane;

is a tensor
quadratic in T

, obtained from matching the 5D metric

across the brane:

=
1
4
T

1
2
TT

1
8

_
T

1
3
T
2
_
(3)
where T = T

; lastly, E

is the electric part of the

5D Weyl tensor projected onto the brane: in proper 5D
coordinates,
E

=
A

(5)
C
ABCD
n
B
n
D
(4)
where A, B, . . . are 5D indices and n
A
is the unit nor-
mal to the brane. By construction, E

is traceless,
E

= 0 [4].
Other characteristics of E

are unknown without

specifying the 5D metric, hence the set of equations
(1) is not closed. In isotropic cosmology this leads to
an additional arbitrary constant in the eld equations,
connected with the density of dark radiation [2]. For
static, spherically symmetric systems to be discussed
here, this freedom is expressed in the existence of one
arbitrary function of the radial coordinate.
We thus have two additions in the eective 4D grav-
ity equations as compared to general relativity (GR):
the quadratic tensor

and the tidal contribution

E

which bears information on the bulk gravity. It is

natural to try to study their eects separately; more-
over, the case E

0 (referred to as a minimally cou-

pled brane world [5]) is the simplest, and the 4D equa-
tions then form a closed set. This approach is often
used in cosmology where many authors discuss models
with and without dark radiation [2, 6].
Static, spherically symmetric scalar elds in a min-
imally coupled brane world were studied in our recent
paper [5], and it was shown that their most general
qualitative features are almost the same as in GR, un-
less enormous matter densities, many orders of mag-
nitude greater than the nuclear density, are achieved.
In Sec. 2 of the present paper we will briey reproduce
these results. Let us also mention that an alternative
approach, namely, to try to extract as much as possible
from Eqs. (1) without specifying E

, was employed in
Refs. [7] and [8]. It turned out that the trace of Eqs. (1)
(which is then the only unambiguous 4D gravity equa-
tion) may be integrated in a general form [7, 10] and
leads to large classes of wormhole [7] and black hole [8]
solutions.
Any solutions to the 4D equations on the brane, evi-
dently, do not give a full 5D picture needed in the brane-
world framework: they only provide initial data for the
bulk Einstein equations. Dierent approaches to evolv-
ingthe on-brane eld into the bulk have been discussed
in Refs. [912]. Such attempts are supported mathemat-
ically by the Campbell-Magaard theorems [13] (recently
discussed in Refs. [14, 15]), which guarantee the possi-
bility of embedding (at least locally) a given pseudo-
Riemannian 4D space (brane) in a 5D Einstein space.
We here (in Sec. 3 and 4) apply another approach
and try to nd the simplest form of the 5D bulk metrics
compatible with a minimally coupled brane world, as-
suming that E

= 0 in the whole bulk.

4
Our conclusion
will be that this condition leads to a very narrow class of
brane metrics, which includes the Schwarzschild-(A)dS
metrics with arbitrary values of mass and
4
. It cer-
tainly does not rule out any other 4D solution obtained
with E

= 0: it only means that, in general, such a

brane should be embedded in a bulk where E

is not
identically zero but only vanishes on the brane.
2. No-go theorems for scalar elds in a
minimally coupled brane world
2.1. 4D eld equations
Assuming the conservation law

= 0 for mat-
ter, the contracted Bianchi identities

= 0 and
Eqs. (1) lead to the condition

+E

) = 0, (5)
but

and E

, taken separately, are not necessarily

divergence-free: there is, in general, stress-energy ex-
change between brane matter and bulk gravity, and the
brane world cannot be minimally coupled in the above
sense.
Consider now a scalar eld conned on the brane,
with the 4D Lagrangian
L
s
=
1
2
()
2
V (), (6)
where (
2
) = g

,
. The eld equation and the
tensor T

have the conventional form

+dV/d = 0, (7)
T

=
,

1
2

(
2
) +

V. (8)
The tensor T

is conservative, while the corresponding

, given by

=
,

,
_
5
12
(
2
)
7
6
V

1
16
(
2
)
2

5
12
(
2
)V +
17
12
V
2

, (9)
4
The recent paper by Anderson and Tavakol [16] shows that,
even in the RS2 framework, dierent characterizations of the bulk
lead to dierent forms of the eective 4D equations, though all
characterizations are equivalent if one considers the entire brane-
bulk system. In our view, the 4D gravity equations on the brane,
which determine the observable picture of the Universe, must also
be unique in a given bulk-brane system, and their formulation
(1) seems to be preferable due to a clear distinction of the bulk
Weyl tensor contribution E

and the tensor

quadratic in
T

, important in strong elds. Other formulations [16] probably

mix these contributions. The problem evidently needs a further
study.
178 K.A. Bronnikov, S.B. Fadeev and A.V. Michtchenko
is, in general, not.
For static, spherically symmetric congurations, the
brane metric can be written as
ds
2
= A()dt
2

d
2
A()
r
2
()d
2
, (10)
where d
2
= d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
and is the radial
coordinate under the convenient quasiglobal gauge
g
00
g
11
= 1. The scalar eld () then has the SET
T

=
1
2
diag(f, f, f, f) +

V (), f := A()
2
,
(11)
where the prime denotes d/d. The quadratic tensor

has the nonzero components

0
0
=
2
2
=
3
3
=
1
48
(4V
2
+ 4fV 3f
2
);

1
1
=
1
48
(4V
2
4fV +f
2
), (12)
and a direct inspection shows that

= 0.
It is this circumstance that, combined with Eq. (5),
makes it possible to suppose E

= 0 in accordance with
the eld equations. Then Eqs. (1) and (7) comprise a
closed set of equations which can be written as follows:
(Ar
2

= r
2
dV/d; (13)
1
2r
2
(A

r
2
)

=
4

2
4
V +

4
5
48
(4V
2
f
2
); (14)
2
r

r
=
2
4

2
_
1 +

4
5
12
2
4
(2V f)
_
; (15)
A(r
2
)

r
2
A

= 2. (16)
1
r
2
(1 +A

rr

+Ar
2
) =
4
+
1
2

2
4
(f 2V )

4
5
48
(f 2V )
2
. (17)
Only three of them are independent, in particular, (17)
is a rst integral of (14)(16). Given a potential V (),
this is a determined set of equations for the unknowns
r, A, . The scalar-vacuum equations of GR are re-
stored in case
5
= 0.
2.2. No-go theorems
Eqs. (13)(17) are rather complex, and it is reasonable
to try to nd their consequences of physical interest
without solving them. For the eld (6) in GR, among
such consequences are:
A. The no-hair theorem [17, 18] claiming that asymp-
totically at black holes cannot have nontrivial
external scalar elds with V () 0;
B. The generalized Rosen theorem [19, 20] asserting
that an asymptotically at solution with a regular
centre cannot be obtained with V 0;
C. The nonexistence theorem for regular solutions
without a centre (e.g., wormholes) [21];
D. The causal structure theorem [21], asserting that
the list of possible types of global causal struc-
tures (and the corresponding Carter-Penrose di-
agrams) for congurations with any potentials
V () and any spatial asymptotics is the same as
the one for = const, namely: Minkowski (or
AdS), Schwarzschild, de Sitter and Schwarzschild
de Sitter.
These results will be referred to as Statements A, B,
C, D, respectively. Their extensions to scalar-tensor and
Kaluza-Klein type theories were considered previously
[20, 22, 23, 24]. Let us now look what changes in a
minimally coupled brane world compared to GR due to
the terms quadratic in f and V in the eld equations.
1. We begin with Statement D, concerning a possible
number and order of Killing horizons, which coincides
with the number and order of zeros of A() at nite
r. A simple (rst-order) or any odd-order horizon sep-
arates a static region, A > 0 (also called an R region),
from a nonstatic region, A < 0, where (10) is a homoge-
neous cosmological metric of Kantowski-Sachs type (a T
region). A horizon of even order separates regions with
the same sign of A(). Our gauge g
00
g
11
= 1 makes
it possible to jointly consider regions on both sides of
a horizon since, as is directly veried, behaves in its
neighbourhood like a manifestly regular Kruskal-like co-
ordinate.
The disposition of horizons determines the global
causal structure of space-time, up to identication
of isometric surfaces, if any. The following theorem
severely restricts such possible dispositions.
Theorem 1. Consider solutions to Eqs. (13)(17). Let
there be a static region a < < b . Then:
(i) all horizons are simple;
(ii) no horizons exist at < a and at > b.
Its proof is the same as in Ref. [21] and rests on
Eq. (16) which leads to r
4
B

+ 4r
3
r

= 2 where
B() = A/r
2
. At points where B

= 0, we have B

<
0, therefore B() cannot have a regular minimum. So,
having once become negative while moving to the left
or to the right along the axis, B() (and hence A())
cannot return to zero or positive values.
By Theorem 1, there can be at most two simple
horizons around a static region. A second-order horizon
can appear between two T regions, but then there is no
other horizon and no static region.
As a result, the list of possible global causal struc-
tures (and Carter-Penrose diagrams) for solutions to
Eqs. (13)(17) is exhausted by the structures and di-
agrams of dierent cases of the Schwarzschildde Sit-
ter solution, described by the metric (10) with r
and A = 1 2m/r
4
r
2
/3. The only structure
types are Minkowski, Schwarzschild, de Sitter, AdS,
Minimally coupled brane worlds and scalar elds 179
and Schwarzschild-(A)dS, see Refs. [2224] for more de-
tail. Asymptotically at black holes, if any, have the
Schwarzschild structure.
Theorem 1 is independent of any assumptions on the
shape of the potential and on the spatial asymptotics.
2. The absence of wormhole throats (i.e., regular min-
ima of r) for scalar-vacuum congurations in GR fol-
lows from Eq. (15) with
5
= 0, since then r

0,
and a regular minimum of r() is impossible. However,
in case
5
= 0 the r.h.s. of Eq. (15) can become posi-
tive in a strong-eld region, therefore wormhole throats
and wormholes as global scalar-vacuum solutions on the
brane are not excluded.
3. Consider now asymptotically at solutions to
Eqs. (13)(17) in case
4
= 0. A at asymptotic
is characterized by
r , A = 1 2G
N
m/ +o(
1
),
= o(
3/2
), V () = o(
3
), (18)
where m is the Schwarzschild mass.
In GR, for any static, spherically symmetric parti-
clelike solution (i.e., asymptotically at solution with a
regular centre), comparing two expressions for the mass
m (the standard integral m = 4G
_
T
0
0
r
2
dr and Tol-
mans well-known formula), one arrives at the universal
identity [20]
_

c
_
(r

1)T
0
0
+T
1
1
+T
2
2
+T
3
3

r
2
d = 0, (19)
where
c
is the value of at the centre. The same is
true on the brane, but now T

is replaced by T

,
and using Eqs. (11) and (12), we obtain
_

c
_

2
4
[f + 2V (2 +r

+
1
24

4
5
_
(f 2V )
2
r

+ 8V
2
2f
2
]
_
r
2
d = 0. (20)
In GR we have
5
= 0 and also r

() 1, hence a
nontrivial solution can satisfy (20) only if V < 0 in
some range of (Statement B). In a brane world, how-
ever, we cannot exclude r

< 0 and even r

< 2 in a
certain region of space; moreover, the integrand in (20)
contains the term 2f
2
. Thus Eq. (20) can hold with
nonnegative V .
4. The no-scalar-hair theorems known in GR can
be extended to a minimally coupled brane world. In
particular, Bekensteins theorem [17] rests on the scalar
eld equation only and, since Eq. (13) is the same as in
GR, the theorem holds here without change:
Theorem 2. Given a potential V = V (
2
) such that
dV/d(
2
) 0, the only asymptotically at black hole
solution to Eqs. (13)(16) is characterized by V 0,
= const and the Schwarzschild metric in the whole
domain of outer communication.
Note that Theorem 2 does not need the condition
V 0, but only dV/d(
2
) 0, and even holds for some
partly negative potentials. A good example is V =
K(
2

2
)
3
with positive constants K and . Indeed,
both V and dV/d vanish at = , making V ()
compatible with a at asymptotic; dV/d(
2
) = 3K(
2

2
)
2
0, the condition of Theorem 2 is satised; and
V < 0 at < < .
Another theorem, assuming a general nonnegative
potential, is proved [5] using an argument somewhat
similar to that of Adler and Pearson [18].
Theorem 3. Given a potential V () 0, the only
asymptotically at black hole solution to Eqs. (13)(16),
such that r

> 0 at and outside the event horizon, is

characterized by = const and the Schwarzschild met-
ric in the whole domain of outer communication.
The proof fails if we admit r

0 at some h.
As a result, a non-Schwarzschild black hole with scalar
hair and V 0, whose horizon is located beyond a
wormhole throat, is not excluded in a brane world.
2.3. Density estimates
The known observational restriction on the bulk en-
ergy scale m
5
and the 4D Planck energy, m
4
=
1
4
=
8G
N
3.710
18
GeV, make it possible to estimate the
density scale of brane matter (scalar eld in our case)
which can lead to a geometry drastically dierent from
GR predictions.
Namely, consider the conditions on a wormhole
throat: r > 0, r

= 0 and r

0. It is this phe-
nomenon that restricts the validity of Theorem 3, to
say nothing on the possible existence of wormholes. As
follows from Eq. (15), the quantity A
2
2V > 0 at
the throat (we suppose

= 0). Then, the l.h.s. of

Eq. (17) is simply r
2
at the throat, and the con-
dition that the r.h.s. is negative yields (assuming, as
before,
4
= 0)
W := (A
2
2V )

throat
>

= 24m
4
4
_
m
5
m
4
_
6
, (21)
where m
4
4
0.7510
91
g cm
3
is the Planck density.
Note that W/2 = T
1
1
is the radial pressure of the
scalar eld. The energy density is T
0
0
=
1
2
A
2
+ V ,
and T
0
0
> W/2 if V > 0. Then W/2 can be used as a
lower bound for T
0
0
. If we even admit V < 0 such that
T
0
0
W near the throat, the estimate of W will still
be applicable for the radial pressure.
A similar estimate can be obtained for a possible
particlelike solution in case V 0. Indeed, Eq. (20)
can only hold if the integrand is negative in some region.
If there is no wormhole throat (i.e., the above density
estimate does not work) and r

> 0 in the whole space,

this may happen at the expense of the last term 2f
2
which means that, at least, f A
2
> 12
2
4
/
4
5
=
1
2
W

. A particlelike solution with V 0 thus requires

180 K.A. Bronnikov, S.B. Fadeev and A.V. Michtchenko
a suciently high kinetic energy density
1
2
A
2
>
1
4
W

in a certain region of space; due to V 0, the full

density
1
2
f +V will be still larger.
The quantity (21) is extremely sensitive to the val-
ues of m
5
. which are restricted by the recent short-
range Newtonian gravity tests [26], giving the length
scale = (6/|
5
|)
1/2 <

1 mm. Eqs. (2) with

4
= 0
then lead to
m
5
m
4
= (m
4
)
1/3
=
_
l
Planck

_
1/3
(22)
whence (m
5
/m
4
)
3 >

2.610
32
, and W
>

10
29
g cm
3
, an enormous value, many orders of magnitude
over the nuclear density.
We conclude that if the scalar eld density and pres-
sure are much smaller than this value of W , wormhole
throats cannot appear, and all the above no-go theo-
rems, known for a scalar eld in GR, remain valid in a
minimally coupled brane world.
3. Conformally at bulk
Let us try to nd out which bulk geometry admits a
minimally coupled brane world. The simplest choice
leading to E

= 0 on the brane is a conformally at

bulk, for which the Weyl tensor vanishes in the whole
5D space-time. So we try to solve the 5D Einstein equa-
tions
5
G
N
M
+
5

N
M
= 0,
5
< 0, (23)
or equivalently
5
R
N
M
=
2
3

N
M

5
, (24)
for the metric
ds
2
5
= e
2
[dt
2
dr
2
r
2
d
2
dy
2
] (25)
where y R
+
is the fth coordinate and = (r, y).
This form of the metric is chosen to obtain a static,
spherically symmetric brane at y = 0. The brane met-
ric induced by (25) will be conformally at (g

=
e
2(r,0)

where

is the Minkowski metric), so this

is manifestly a restricted problem setting; it, however,
seems to be instructive as the rst step.
The Ricci tensor component
5
R
ry
= 0 due to (23).
This leads to
r

y
=
ry
(where the subscripts denote
derivatives in the respective coordinates), so that
e

= u(r) +v(y). (26)

On the other hand, the vanishing dierence
5
R
r
r

5
R
y
y
gives
3u
rr
+ 2u
r
/r = v
yy
= 2K (27)
where K is a separation constant, whence it follows
u =
1
5
Kr
2
+c
1
r
1/3
+c
2
, v = Ky
2
+c
3
y +c
4
, (28)
with c
14
= const. Substituting (28) into the compo-
nent of Eqs. (24)
5
R
y
y
= e
2
(4
yy
+
rr
+ 3
2
r
) =
2
3

5
, (29)
we obtain K = c
1
= 0 and consequently, without loss
of generality,
e
2
= (c
3
y +c
4
)
2
, c
2
3
=
1
6
0, (30)
that is, the Minkowski (c
3
= 0) or AdS (c
3
= 0) metric.
We conclude that a conformally at bulk with the
metric (25) is either at or AdS, and a brane placed
at xed y can be only at. The case of an AdS bulk
corresponds to the original RS2 model [3].
4. Bulk with vanishing E

Let us now make the next step and try to nd possible

spherically symmetric bulk geometries possessing the
property E

= 0. We choose the metric in the form

ds
2
5
= e
2
dt
2
e
2
du
2
e
2
d
2
dz
2
, (31)
with the Gaussian fth coordinate z ; , , are func-
tions of z and the radial coordinate u, so that the
metric is static, spherically symmetric on constant z
hypersurfaces. The metric induced by (31) on the hy-
persurface z = 0 describes the gravitational eld on the
brane.
For the metric (31), the 5D Ricci tensor has the
following nonzero components:

5
R
z
z
=
zz
+
2
z
+ 2
zz
+ 2
2
z
+
zz
+
2
z
;

5
R
t
t
= e
2
[

+
2
+

(2

)]
+
zz
+
2
z
+
z
(
z
+ 2
z
);

5
R
u
u
= e
2
[

+
2
+ 2

+ 2
2

(2

)]
+
zz
+
2
z
+
z
(2
z
+
z
);

5
R

= e
2
+ e
2
[

+
2
+

)]
+
zz
+
2
z
+
z
(
z
+
z
) =
5
R

5
R
uz
=

z
+

+ 2(

z
+

),
(32)
where the prime and the subscript z denote /u and
/z , respectively.
We will try to nd the metric functions , ,
satisfying Eqs. (23) and the condition E

0, where
E

is understood according to Eq. (4), n

A
being the
unit normal to the hypersurfaces z = const: n
A
=
A
z
.
The tensor E

can be expressed in terms of the 5D

Ricci and Riemann tensors [4]; in our case,
E

=
5
R
z
z

1
3
5
R

1
3

_
5
R
z
z

1
4
5
R
_
. (33)
Using (23), it is easy to nd that
E

=
5
R
z
z

1
6

5
. (34)
Minimally coupled brane worlds and scalar elds 181
Substituting the expressions for
5
R
z
z
(
5
R
tz
tz
=

zz

2
z
etc.), we can write the conditions E

= 0
in the form

zz
+
2
z
=
zz
+
2
z
=
zz
+
2
z
=
5
/6, (35)
whence it follows
e

= C
1
(u) e
az
+C
2
(u) e
az
,
e

= C
3
(u) e
az
+C
4
(u) e
az
,
e

= C
5
(u) e
az
+C
6
(u) e
az
, (36)
where a =
_

5
/6.
It now remains to nd the six functions C
16
(or,
more precisely, ve due to the freedom of reparametriza-
tion of u) by solving Eqs. (23). The latter comprise
three independent equations, and one of them, the
_
z
z
_
component of (24), is already solved by the functions
(36). Furthermore, the (uz) component of (23) leads to
the two conditions
C
3
(C
2
C

5
C
1
C

6
) + 2C
5
(C
2
C

3
C
1
C

4
) = 0,
C
4
(C
2
C

5
C
1
C

6
) + 2C
6
(C
2
C

3
C
1
C

4
) = 0.
Four (more cumbersome) conditions of the same nature
for the functions C
16
(u), in general (unless some C
i
identically vanish), follow from any of the remaining
equations, e.g., from the
_
u
u
_
component of (23), the
only component which does not contain second-order
derivatives of C
i
(u). We thus have six rst-order non-
linear dierential equations for six functions C
i
and,
moreover, we can prescribe the form of C
1
(u) or C
2
(u)
by choosing the u coordinate. So, in general, the set
of equations is overdetermined but not inconsistent
since there manifestly exists the solution from the pre-
vious section (a at or AdS bulk). Less trivial solutions
can be obtained under certain simplifying assumptions.
Let us rst discuss an auxiliary problem: suppose
that the 5D metric has the form
ds
2
5
= e
2h(u)
ds
2
4
dz
2
, (37)
ds
2
4
= e

dt
2
e
2
du
2
e
2(u)
d
2
, (38)
that is, the 4D part of (31) depends on z through the
conformal factor e
2h(z)
only. Then the (uz) compo-
nent of Eqs. (24) is satised identically, while the
_
z
z
_
component gives
e
h
( e
h
)
zz
= a
2
e
h
= Ae
az
+Be
az
, (39)
where AB = const and, as before, a =
_

5
/6. The
remaining components of (24) lead to
R

=
4

,
4
= 3 e
2h
(h
2
v
a
2
) = 12ABa
2
, (40)
where R

is the Ricci tensor corresponding to the 4D

metric (38). This metric thus satises the vacuum Ein-
stein equations with a cosmological constant.
We now return to the problem of nding C
i
(u).
1. Let us choose in (36) C
1
= C
3
= C
5
= 0. We
then arrive at the 5D metric (37) with h = az , and
Eqs. (40) give R

= 0. Its solution for a spherically

symmetric space-time is the Schwarzschild metric. If
it has a positive mass, the 5D picture reproduces the
black string brane world with a Schwarzschild black
hole on the brane, described in detail in Ref. [27].
Since our equations are invariant under the substitu-
tion z z , a similar solution is obtained by putting
C
2
= C
4
= C
6
= 0.
2. If we choose the functions (36) in the form
e

= e
(u)
cosh[az +b(u)],
e

= e
(u)
cosh[az +b(u)],
e

= e
(u)
cosh[az +b(u)], (41)
then the (uz) component of (23) leads to b(u) = b =
const, and we again arrive at the metric (37), but now
in Eq. (39) we have A = B = 1/2, so that
4
=
3a
2
=
5
/2. Note that the actual 4D metric at xed
z = z
0
, ds
2
4
= e
2h
ds
2
4
, obeys the Einstein equations
with
4
= 3a
2
e
2h(z
0
)
= 3a
2
/ cosh
2
[az + b] . Thus
each constant z section is described by a Schwarzschild
AdS metric, but dierent sections possess dierent val-
ues of the cosmological constant; in particular, for
z = 0,
4
= 2a
2
/ cosh b.
3. A similar situation is obtained if we replace
cosh[az + b(u) in Eqs. (41) with sinh[az + b(u)] . We
again obtain b(u) = b = const, but now a positive cos-
mological constant
4
= 3a
2
in Eqs. (40). The constant
z sections will possess the Schwarzschildde Sitter met-
ric with =
4
= 3a
2
/ sinh
2
(az + b). If the brane is
at z = 0 and the bulk corresponds to z > 0, we should
require b > 0. (The other side of the brane, z < 0, is
obtained by Z
2
symmetry with respect to the brane).
4. Some other special solutions can also be obtained by
turning some of the functions C
i
(u) to zero, but they
seem to be of lesser physical interest. For instance, if
we suppose C
1
= C
3
= 0 and choose the coordinate
u = r by putting C
2
= 1, the following 5D metric can
be obtained:
ds
2
5
= [ e
az
+ (r +c)a
2
e
az
]
2
dt
2
e
2az
[dr
2
+r
2
d
2
] dz
2
, c = const. (42)
A general conclusion is that the bulk metrics, sat-
isfying Eqs. (23) and the condition E

0, only cor-
respond to some special 4D metrics on the brane and
cannot be found for an arbitrary brane metric. Our
particular result is that a brane with the Schwarzschild
(A)dS metric, with arbitrary values of mass and
4
, can
belong to a minimally coupled brane world whose bulk
has the property E

0.
Acknowledgement
KB and SF acknowledge partial nancial support from
the RFBR Grant 01-0217312a, the Russian Ministry of
Education and the Russian Ministry of Industry, Sci-
ence and Technologies.
182 K.A. Bronnikov, S.B. Fadeev and A.V. Michtchenko
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