18 Arabic Grammar

3
APPENDIX B: A BRIEF JOURNEY
THROUGH ARABIC GRAMMAR

You will cover the basics of the following topics in this Part.

1. Subject and Predicate………………………… 19

2. Masculine and Feminine Genders…………… 20
3. Numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural……… 22
4. Adjective and its Noun………………………… 23
5. The Possessive Case or Genitive………………24
6. Interrogatives ………………………… ……… 26
7. Pronouns………………………………………… 26
8. The Prepositions…………………………………29
9. Subject, Verb, and Object………………………30
10. The Tense…………………………………………31
10a. Past Tense ………………………………… 31
10b. Imperfect Tense ………………… ……… 34
10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative…… 37
10d. Derived Forms of the verb ……………… 42

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 19 Arabic Grammar

1. Subject and Predicate ¦»Â¦¾¬¦÷

Allah is creator.
Muhammad (peace be upon him, pbuh) is prophet.
Tariq is Mujahid (one who struggles)

The sentences like these are composed of a subject and a predicate which are called ¦¾¬¦÷ and ¦»
in Arabic. To translate such sentences into Arabic, just put Tanveen ( Æ ) on each of these

words (in case they are singular masculine). Tanveen ( Æ ) is also known as double pesh or
double dhammah.
Allah is creator. ê ó¢»É …Ȧ
Muhammad (pbuh) is Prophet. Ž¦û¾ø¸÷
Tariq is a Mujahid. ¾ ÿ¢´÷Ƽʰ¢Š×
************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 1 ************************

creator ê ó¢» big ZŽ¦Šï religion úÊ®

prophet Ž¦û mg. slave ¾¦ß one ¾· ¦ÈÂ
one who ¾ ÿ¢´÷ pious ¶ ó¢Ï scholar ö ó¢ß
struggles
truthful Ƽʮ¢Ï
house ª ¥
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 1 =======================

Using the words and their meanings given above, translate the following sentences into English.
The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.

The house is big. ZŽ¦Šïª ¦’óȦ Islam is a religion. úʮɿ¢ŠôÇ ¢’óȦ

The slave is pious. ¶ ó¢Ï¾¦à’ó¦ Allah is one. ¾ ·¦ÈÂɅȦ
The Muslim is truthful. Ƽʮ¢Ïöô Èø’óȦ Javeed is a scholar ö ó¢ß¾Ê¢³

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 20 Arabic Grammar

2. Masculine and Feminine Genders ®ûš÷ÈÂÂMïÀŠ ÷

You must have heard the Arabic names, for e.g., ˆò ø³ for a boy and ˆ¨Šô ø³ for a girl. There

lies the rule. Just put ¨ at the end of a masculine (singular) word to make it feminine (singular).
For example,

 ˆ¨ ïȯ  ïȯ ˆ¨¸ ó¢Ï ¶ ó¢Ï Æ̈¾ ˦Ȱ ¾ ˦Ȱ
ˆ¨ü÷ š÷ ú ÷š÷ Æ̈¾Ž¥¢ß ¾Ž¥¢ß ¨¾ ó¢» ¾ ó¢»
Notes:
1. Arabic has two genders, i.e., masculine gender and feminine gender. There is no common
gender in Arabic.
2. A common sign of a feminine word is ¨ (in general) as the last letter of the word.

3. To make a specific reference, we put ̾Ȧ in front of a common noun in Arabic just as we put
"the" in front of a common noun in English. When ̾Ȧ is attached to an Arabic word, we

remove one of É (dhamma or pesh) from the two Æ (Tanveen or double pesh). For
example,

 ɾÇÂóȦ ƾÇÈ° ÉÀŠ¢Èû ¢’óȦ ÆÀ¢Èûʦ ¾ø¸’óȦ ¾ø·

4. Occasionally, the prefix ̾Ȧ is used to imply generality also. For e.g., À¢Èû ¢’óȦ (the human
being).
5. If the ¦¾º¬¦÷ (subject) is feminine, then its ¦º» (predicate) will also be feminine.

For example, ¶ ó¢ÏɧŠ¢’óȦ ˆ¨¸ ó¢ÏN¿Œ¢’óȦ

Additional rules for making feminine gender of dual and plural nouns are given in the following
lesson.

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 21 Arabic Grammar

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 2 ************************

mg. small Z äÏ uncle (mother's brother) ƾ¢» mg. beautiful ˆò ø³
fg. small Æ̈Z äÏ aunt (mother's sister) ˆ¨Šó¢» fg. beautiful ˆ¨Šô ø³
mg. big ZŽ¦Šï mg. truthful Ƽʮ¢Ï son ú¥Ê¦
fg. big Æ̈ZŽ¦Šï brother ƭȦ daughter ªüŽ¥
mg. intelligent  ïȯ mg. worshipper ¾Ž¥¢ß father ƧȦ
uncle (father's brother) ö ß fg. worshipper Æ̈¾Ž¥¢ß mother K¿É¦
aunt (father's sister) ˆ¨øß sister ª»É¦

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 2 =======================

Find out the masculine and feminine words in the following sentences and translate them into
English. The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.

The son is beautiful. ˆò ø³ú¥ ¢’óȦ The brother is intelligent.  ï¯É­Š¢’óȦ
The daughter is beautiful.ˆ¨Šô ø³ªüŽ¦’óȦ The sister is intelligent. ˆ¨ ïȯª»Œ¢’óȦ
The father is pious. ¶ ó¢ÏɧŠ¢’óȦ The uncle is truthful. Ƽʮ¢Ïɾ¢¼’óȦ
The mother is pious. ˆ¨¸ ó¢ÏN¿Œ¢’óȦ The aunt is truthful. ˆ¨ŠëÊ®¢ÏŒ¨óŠ¢¼’óȦ
The uncle is big. ZŽ¦Šïöà’óȦ The son is small. Z äÏú¥Žœ’óȦ
The aunt is big. Æ̈ZŽ¦ŠïŒ¨øà ’óȦ The daughter is small. Æ̈Z äϪüŽ¦’óȦ

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 22 Arabic Grammar

3. Numbers: Singular, Dual and Plural Þø³¨üŽ’°«¾ ·¦ÈÂ

There are specific rules in Arabic for making singular, dual, and plural forms of a word. (Yes,
dual is a separate and distinct Number in Arabic). There are two types of plurals in Arabic.
Solid Plural (ö ó¢ºÇÞf ) and Broken Plural ( ZÊȒð«Þf ). The plural form depends upon the
context in which it is used, as shown below (for the Solid Plural case only):

'Aaraab forms ↓ Plural Dual Singular Gender

¸ŒçÂ÷ with Dhamma ( É- );  ÈÀøô È÷ ÊÀ¢ø ôÈ÷ ö ôÈ÷ mg.

when used as subject

Ç©¢øô È  ÷ ÀÊ ¢¬ø ô È
 ÷ ¨ˆ ø ô È
 ÷ fg.

§Ðü÷ with Fatha (È- );  [

Ž ø ô È÷ úŽ  ø ô È÷ ö ô È÷ mg.

when used as object

Ç©¢øô È  ÷ úŽ ¬ø ô È  ÷ ¨† ø ô È
 ÷ fg.

°Ì´÷ with Kasra ( Ê- ); [

Ž ø ô È÷ úŽ  ø ô È÷ ö‰ ô È÷ mg.

when the noun is

used with preposition
©
Ç ¢øô È  ÷ úŽ ¬ø ô È  ÷ ¨
ø ô È
 ÷ fg.

******************* Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 3 *******************

Try to practice the rules of making dual and plural by reproducing the above table for the
following words (both for masculine and feminine case):

hypocrite ê ç¢ü÷ believer ú ÷š÷ disbeliever  碊ï

patient Ž¥¢Ï helper  Ϣû worshipper ¾Ž¥¢ß
scholar ö ó¢ß one who struggles ¾ ÿ¢´÷ one who  ï¦È¯
remembers
pious ¶ ó¢Ï killer ˆò «¢Šë truthful Ƽʮ¢Ï
protector ˆÚ 碷 one who prostrates ¾Ž³¢Ç prophet Ž¦û

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 23 Arabic Grammar

4. Adjective and its Noun»Ï ÷¨ŠèÏ

Look at the following phrases and their translations:

a true Muslim
Ƽʮ¢Ïö ôÈ÷ a pious person
¶ ó¢Ïˆò³È°
a small book
Z äÏƧ¢¬ ï a trustworthy uncle
[ ÷Ȧƾ¢»
a big mosque
ZŽ¦Šï¾Ž´È÷ a beautiful house
ˆò ø³ª ¥
These phrases are said to be composed of ¨ººŠè Ï (adjective) and »Ï ÷ (the noun of the
adjective). To translate these into Arabic, just reverse the order of the words (Muslim ö ôÈ÷ and

then true ¼Ê®¢º

ºÏ) and put tanveen ( Æ ) on each of them. The tanveen could be Å or Ç or Æ
depending upon the context in which this phrase is used.
The rules are similar to those of ¦»¦¾¬¦÷ (subject and predicate) except that in case of ¨Šè Ï
»Ï÷ :
1: The order of the words is reversed; and
2: If the first word is attached with ¾Ì ¦È , then the second will also have ¾Ì ¦È attached to it.
For e.g., using the same phrases given above, we will have:

the true Muslim

ɼ®Ê ¢Вó¦öô Èø’óȦ the pious person
¶ó ¢Вó¦Œò³’óȦ
the small book
Zä Вó¦ɧ¢¬ ð’óȦ the trustworthy uncle
[÷ ¢Š’ó¦ɾ¢¼’óȦ
the big mosque
Z¦ŽðŠ ’󦾴
Ž Èø ’óȦ the beautiful house
Œò ø´’ó¦ª ¦’óȦ
And remember, as in case of ¦»¦¾¬¦÷ (subject and predicate), if the first word is feminine,
the second should also be feminine. Further, if the first word is dual or plural, the second should
also be dual or plural in number, i.e, the two words should agree in gender and number with
respect to each other. For example:

the true Muslim

man
ɼ®Ê ¢Вó¦öô Èø’óȦ the true Muslim
woman
Œ¨ëŠ Ê®¢В󦌨ø ô Èø’óȦ
the true
Muslim men
ÈÀŒëÊ®¢Вó¦ÈÀøô Èø’óȦ the true
Muslim
É©¢ŠëÊ®¢Вó¦É©¢ø ôÈø’óȦ
women

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 24 Arabic Grammar

==================== Exercises for Lesson No. 4 ====================

Try to translate the following sentences and phrases. Notice the difference in Arabic construction
for a simple sentence ( ¦» Ȧ¾¬¦÷ ) and for adjective and its

noun ( »Ï
 ÷ ȨŠèÏ
).
The house is big.
Z¦ŽïŠ ª¦’ó¦È the big house
Z¦ŽðŠ ’󦪦’ó¦È
The slave is
pious.
¶ó ¢Ï¾¦à ’ó¦È the pious slave
¶ó ¢Ðó¦¾¦à ’ó¦È
The Muslim is
truthful.
Ƽ®Ê ¢Ïöô Èø’ó¦È the truthful
Muslim
ɼ®Ê ¢Ðó¦öô Èø’ó¦È
The path is
straight.
ö ì¬È÷ɶ¦ÂÐóȦ the straight path
ö  ì¬Èø’ó¦ɶ¦ÂÐóȦ
The uncle is
pious.
¶ó ¢Ïöà ’ó¦È the pious uncle
¶ó ¢Ðó¦öà óȦ
The aunt is pious.
ˆ¨¸
 ó ¢ÏŒ¨óŠ¢¼’ó¦È the pious aunt
Œ¨¸
 ó ¢Ð󦌨󊢼’ó¦È

5. The Possessive Case or Genitive þŠó¤»¢Ô÷»¢Ô÷

Look at the following phrases and their translations:

the creation of Allah

ʅ¦ê’ô» the house of Allah
ʅ¦ª ¥
the nation of Hud
Ç®ÿÉ¿Šë the call of the prophet
ʾÇÂó¦É̈ßÈ®
the command of the
Qur'an
ÊÀ¡ÂŒì’ó¦ö’ð· the creation of Allah
ʅ¦ê’ô»
Notes:
1. To convey the meanings of "of," we place Dhammah or pesh ( É- ) on the first word and

double kasra ( Ç- ) on the second word.

2. As usual, if the second word has ¾È¢ attached with it, then instead of double kasra

( Ç- ), we will have single kasra ( Ê- ) on the second word.

3. The first noun 꺒ô» in the sentence ʅ¦ê’ô» is called »¢Ô÷. The second noun ʅ¦ is

called þ󤻢Ô÷ , which should always be a proper noun.

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 25 Arabic Grammar

4. In Arabic the construction of »¢Ô÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically takes care of the " 's "
or "of" (Allah's creation OR the creation of Allah) as shown in the above examples.
5. The construction of »¢ººÔ÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically implies specific person or
thing. Therefore, 'the' is always added in English translation of this phrase.

*********************** Vocabulary for Lesson No. 5 ***********************

grance ˆòÔçŠ day Æ¿ words Æ¿¢ŠôŠï

rebellion ÆÀ¢äŒ× judgement úÊ® way, system ˆ¨üÇ
the people ɲ¢üóȦ to establish ˆ¨÷¢Šëʤ messenger ƾÇÈ°
house Æ°¦È® the prayer É̈¢ŠôÐóȦ doubt ¤È°
hereafter Æ̈ »¡ to obey ˆ¨ߢŠ×ʤ human being ÆÀ¢Èûʦ

food Æ¿¢àŠ× parents Žú¾ ó¦Ê remembrance ’ïʯ

sinner ö ¯È¦ earth Ƶ̰Ȧ the most úø·È°
beneficent

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 5 =======================

Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
the establishment of
prayer
Ê̈¢ŠôÐ󦌨÷ ¢Šëʤ the words of Allah ʅ¦É¿¢ŠôŠï
the obedience to
parents
Žú¾ ó¦’ó¦Œ¨ß ¢Š×ʤ the book of Allah ʅ¦ɧŠ¢¬ ï
the earth of Allah
ʅ¦ɵ̰Ȣ the way of the
messenger
ʾÇÂ󦌨üÇ
the rebellion of the
people
ʲ¢üó¦ÉÀ¢äŒ× the doubt of the
human being
ÊÀ¢ÈûŽœ’ó¦¤È°
the house of the
hereafter
Ê̈ »–’ó¦É°¦È® the remembrance of
the most Beneficent.
úø·Âó¦’ïʯ
the food of the
sinner
Žö ¯Š˜’ó¦É¿¢àŠ× the grace of Allah ʅ¦ŒòÔçŠ
the house of Hamid

¾ ÷¢·ª ¥the day of judgement
Žú¾ó¦É¿

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 26 Arabic Grammar

6. Interrogatives ¿¢ è¬Ç¦©¦Â®¢

When
¦
U÷ Who ú÷
Where úȦ What ¢÷¦È¯¢÷
Why ¦È¯¢ø ó Which (masculine) NÄȦ
How much, How many öŠï Which (feminine) ˆ¨Ȧ
Is? Am? Are? Do? È¢òÿ How æ Šï
Have?

7. Pronouns Ÿ ¢øÓ

7a. Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Num- Gen-

¾Ïø ó’¦öÇ ¦Ê ¨È°¢Ë¢ ó’¦öÇ ¦Ê ber der

(The one)
who Ä ÀóM¦È That î
 ó ¯
¦

This ¦Àÿ sr.

ÀÊ ¦ŠÀóM¦È î
 ûŽ ¯ ÀÊ ¦ŠÀÿ
(The two) Those ¦ These dl. mg.
who (two) (two)

ú  ÀóM¦È î
   óÂɦ   šÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)
(The one)
who  ¬óM¦È That î
 ô’ « This ÁÊ À ÿ sr.

ÀÊ ¢¬óM¦È î
 ûŽ¢« ÀÊ ¢«¢ÿ
(The two) Those These dl. fg.
who (two) (two)

 «¢Mó¦È î
   óÂɦ   šÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)

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 27 Arabic Grammar

7b. Personal and Possessive Pronouns

Examples Possessive Personal No. Gen- Per-

on pronouns Pronouns Pronouns der son
his
book

þ¥¢¬ïŠ his Á he ÿ sr.

their
house ¢ø ¬¥ their
(of ¢øÿ they
two ¢øÿ dl. mg.
two)
their
belief ö  û¢{¦Ê their ö ÿ they ö ÿ pl.
3rd
her
mother ¢ ÷ ¦É her ¢ÿ she ÿ sr. person

their
house ¢ø ¬¥ their
(of ¢øÿ they
two ¢øÿ dl. fg.
two)
their
house ú  ¬¥ their ú ÿ they ú ÿ pl.

your
book î
 ¥¢¬ï your ½È you ª
 û¦È sr.

your
house ¢øðŒ ¬¥ your
(of ¢øïŒ you ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.
two
two)
your
me- ö ðŒ óŒÇ °È you ö ïŒ you all ö ¬û¦È pl  2nd
ssenger
your
house î
¬¥ your ½Ê you ª
û¦È sr. person

your
book ¢øðŒ ¥¢¬ï your
(of ¢øïŒ you ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.
two
two)
your
house ú ðŒ ¬¥ your ú ïŒ you all ú ¬û¦È pl.

my
Ž¥¢¬ï my Ä
book I
¢û¦È sr.
mg.
fg.
gave me
rizq
Žü늱Ȱ Žû 1st
me
our
book ¢ü¥¢¬ï our ¢û we ú¸
 û dl.,
pl.
mg.,
fg.
person

NOTE: Memorize these pronouns thoroughly because they occur quite often in the Qur'an.

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 28 Arabic Grammar

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 7 ************************

Companions Ƨ¢¸ÏȦ hearing ÞøÇ and ÈÂ

Shop ÆÀ¢MïÉ® relatives ˆòÿȦ for ¾È ʾ
from ú ÷ I helped É©ÂÐû Verily MÀʦ
son ú¥¦ Sustainer, Lord K§È° tongue À¢È ó

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 7 =======================

He is a Muslim.
ö ôÈ÷ÿ You are a scholar.
ö ó¢ßªûȦ
I am a believer.
ú ÷š÷¢ûȦ She is righteous.
ˆ¨¸ ó¢Ï ÿ
your tongue
öŒðû¢È ó for him 
þŠó
my son
Žü¥Ê¦ towards me
Šóʦ
I helped him 
þ«ÂÐû towards them
(females)
úŽ Šóʦ
from you
îü ÷ for us
¢üŠó
towards us
¢ü óʦ verily you (males)
öŒðûʦ
towards them
(males)
öŽ Šóʦ your hearing
öŒðàøÇ
from you
îü ÷ verily we
¢üûʦ
our Lord
¢ü¥È° my house
 ¬ ¥
your Lord
öŒð¥È° for them
¢ø Šó
our messenger
¢üŒó ÇÈ° my relatives
 ôÿȦ

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 29 Arabic Grammar

8. The Preposition ³»Â·

Prepositions Examples of Prepositions / usage

in  ç in a house ª¥ ç
from ú ÷ We read from the Qur'an. ÊÀ¡Œì’ó¦ú ÷¢ûÌ¢Šë
on Šôß
¦
on a mountain ‰ò¦³Šôß
like Ƚ like a man ò‰ ³Â ïŠ
about úß I heard ¾Ž´Èø’ó¦ çÊ̈ŠôÐó¦Žúߪàø Ç
about Prayer in the Masjid
with ʧ I enetered with security Ç¿¢ŠôȎ¥ª’ô» È®
for ʾ for people ʲ¢üô ó
towards Šóʦ
¦
towards a city
¾Šô¥Šóʦ
until ¬·
¦
until the day-break ŽÂ´Šè’ó¦ŽÞŠô’Ø÷¬·
by (of oath) È By Allah ʅ¦ÈÂ

Rules of using Prepositions:

1. These words are used as connectors.
2. When these words are used with a proper noun, then a double kasrah ( -Ç ), is placed on the

last letter of word (or a single kasra, -Ê in case ¾È¦ is attached with it).

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 30 Arabic Grammar

9. Subject ’òß ¢Šç , Verb òàçŠ , and Object ¾à’è÷

In general, in an Arabic sentence, the verb comes first, followed by the subject and the object. A
Double Dhammah or tanveen ( -Æ ) is placed on the subject and double fathah ( -Å ) is placed on
the object. Look at the following examples:

Hameed read the Qur'an. ¢û ¢Œë¾ ø·È¢Šë

¦

Iqbal wrote a book. ¢¥¢¬ ïƾ¢¦’ëʦ¤¬Šï

In the first sentence, read is the verb, Hameed is the subject, and the Qur'an is the object. In the
second one, wrote is the verb, Iqbal is the subject, and a book is the object.

************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 9 *************************

read È¢Šë made Šòà³ created êŠô»
wrote ¤¬Šï separated ȼŠç collected Þø³
cheated ȸ¾» water Æ ¢÷ wealth, means ƾ¢÷
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 9 =======================

Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
Allah made Muhammad
(pbuh) a messenger.
¢†óÇM°¦¾ø¸
 ÷Ʌ¦Šòà³
Allah created the people.
Ȳ¢üó¦Ʌ¦êŠô»
Allah revealed the book.
¢¥¢¬ ïɅ¦ȾÄûȦ
The Satan cheacter the
man.
ÈÀ¢Èû ¢’ó¦ÉÀ¢ŠØ Ìó¦ȸ¾»
We parted the sea.
¸¦’ó¦¢ü’ëŠç
Note: When a word is attached with ¾Ì ¢È then one of two fathah ( -È ) , kasrah ( -Ê ) or dhammah (
-É ) in a tanveen ( -Å -Ç or -Æ ) are dropped. For example, as shown in the above sentences,

¼
Æ °ÊºŠ
¢× has double dhammah, whereas À
É ¢ŠØÌ
 óȦ has one dhammah since ¾Ì ¦È is attached with ÀÆ ¢ŠØË
. Similarly, ¢†óÇ°È has double fathah, whereas  ¸
 ¦ó’¦È has only one fathah.

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 31 Arabic Grammar

10. Tense
10a. The Past Tense  Ó¢÷òàç
Past Tense
 Ó¢÷ Possessive
Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
No. Gen-
der
Per-
son

he did ŠòàŠç 
Á ÿ sr.
they two
did ŠàŠç ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.
they all
did ¦Œôà çŠ öÿ öÿ pl.
3rd
ªŠôàŠç ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
she did
sr.
they two
did ¢¬ŠôàŠç ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.
they all
did ú’ôàŠç úÿ úÿ pl.

you did ª’ôàŠç Ƚ ªûȦ sr.

you two
did ¢ø¬’ôàŠç ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.
you all
did ö¬’ôàŠç öŒï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd
ª’ôàŠç ʽ ªûȦ
person
you did
sr.
you two
did ¢ø¬’ôàŠç ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.
you all
did ú¬’ôàŠç úïŒ ú¬ûȦ pl.

I did ª’ôàŠç Ä ¢ûȦ sr. mg. 1st

fg.

We did ¢ü’ôàŠç ¢û ú¸û dl., mg., person

pl. fg.
Gender: mg.: Masculine gender; fg.: Feminine gender
Number: sr.: Singular; dl..: Dual; pl.: Plural (n)

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 32 Arabic Grammar

Try to practice the pronouns and past tense by repeating the conjugation table using the following
words. This will greatly help you in getting yourself familiarized with the verb forms. Is it not
worth repeating it 10 to 15 times so that you can remember it for the rest of your life? It certainly
is! Learning and practicing them for the sake of understanding Qur'an is one of the best worship
for which you will be abundantly rewarded by Allah, inshaAllah.

************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a *************************

he did ŠòàŠç he went ¤ÿȯ he found ¾³ÈÂ
he wrote ¤¬Šï he killed Šò¬Šë he refused ŠèŠï
he read È¢Šë he made Šòà³ he joined ŠòÏÈÂ
he helped ÂÐû he opened ¶¬Šç he created êŠô»
he hit, ȧÂÓ he entered Šò»È® he sent Š®à¥
gave example
he drank ȧŽÂË he provided rizq ȼȱȰ
he demanded ¤ŠôŠ×
====================== Exercises for Lesson No. 10a =======================

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The English translation is provided for you to check your
answers.
mg. dl. they opened ¢¸¬Šç mg. pl. they wrote ¦¦¬Šï
mg. pl. you did ö¬’ôàŠç mg. you helped È©ÂÐû
mg. pl. they did ¦Œôà çŠ mg./fg. dl. you two opened
¢ø¬¸¬Šç
mg./fg. dl. you two did ¢ø¬’ôàŠç
mg. pl. you demanded ö¬¦ŠôŠ×
mg. dl. they two did ¢ŠôàŠç
mg. dl. they two wrote ¢¦¬Šï
mg. you did ª’ôàŠç
mg. pl. they demanded ¦¦ŠôŠ×
fg. she did ªŠôàŠç
mg. you went ª¦ÿȯ
fg. pl. they did ú’ôàŠç
mg./fg. dl. they two ¢ø¬¦ŠôŠ×
mg. pl. you went ö¬¦ÿȯ demanded
mg./fg. dl. you two helped ¢ø«ÂÐû mg. pl. you wrote ö¬¦¬Šï

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 33 Arabic Grammar

mg. you demanded ª¦ŠôŠ× fg. dl. they two hit ¢¬¥ÂÓ
fg. dl. they two helped ¢«ÂÐû mg. pl. they went ¦¦ÿȯ
mg./fg. dl. you two went ¢ø¬¦ÿȯ mg. you opened ª¸¬Šç
mg. pl. you helped ö«ÂÐû mg./fg. dl. you two wrote
¢ø¬¦¬Šï
fg. you wrote ª¦¬Šï
mg. pl. they opened ¦¸¬Šç
mg. he wrote ¤¬Šï
mg. you demanded ª¦ŠôŠ×
mg. pl. you opened ö¬¸¬Šç
mg. dl. they two went ¢¦ÿȯ
mg. pl. they hit ¦¥ÂÓ

Active and Passive Voices ¾ ´÷ »ÂÂà÷

You already know that ŠòàŠç means (he) did. To make passive voice of this, you have to write it

as òŠ à Œç which means (it) is done. Further examples are given below.

mg. pl. you created ö¬’ìŠô» mg. pl. you were created ö¬’ì ô»
mg. he killed Šò¬Šë mg. he was killed òŠ ¬ Œë
Mg. pl. they demanded ¦¦ŠôŠ× mg. pl. they were demanded ¦¦ ôŒ×

mg. he sent Š®à¥ mg. he was sent ®

Š à ¥
I sent ª’°à¥ I was sent ª’° à¥
we provided ¢ü’ëȱȰ we were provided ¢ü’ë±Ê É°
mg. pl. they provided ¦ŒëȱȰ mg. pl. they were provided ¦Œë±Ê É°
Important Note: Always be careful in placing A'araab (fathah, kasrah, or dhammah) on different
parts of a sentence. A little change in these A'araab may lead to a completely different message.
The tense may change from active to passive or the object may be changed to subject. In some
cases, the sentence may not make any sense at all.

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 34 Arabic Grammar

10b. The Present (and Future) Tense ̸°Ê ¢Ô÷ òàç

Present Tense ¸°¢Ô÷ Possessive

Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
No. Gen-
der
Per-
son
he does
Œòà ’è 
Á ÿ sr.
they do.
ÊÀŠà’è ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.
they do
ÈÀŒôà ’è öÿ öÿ pl.
3rd
Œòà ’è« ¢ÿ  ÿ
she does. person
sr.
they do.
ÊÀŠà’è« ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.
they do.
ú’ôà’è úÿ úÿ pl.
you do
òŒ à è’ « Ƚ ªûȦ sr.
you do
ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.
you do
ÀÈ Œôà è’ « öŒï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd
[
 ô à è’ « ʽ ªûȦ
you do person
sr.
you do
ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.
you do
ú ô’ à è’ « úïŒ ú¬ûȦ pl.
I do
Œòà ’çȦ Ä ¢ûȦ sr. mg. 1st
fg.
We do
Œòà ’èû ¢û ú¸û dl., mg., person
pl. fg.

Gender: mg: Masculine gender; fg: Feminine gender

Number: sr.: Singular; dl.: Dual; pl: Plural (n)

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 35 Arabic Grammar

IMPORTANT NOTE: ¸°¢Ô÷ actually is the Imperfect Tense and refers to an action which
is incomplete at the time to which reference is being made. It refers to the present tense in
general. It becomes Future tense by addition of the prefix Ȳ or the particle È»Ç before the

¸°¢Ô÷ forms.

****************** Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 10b ******************

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.

mg. dl. they two drink ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ fg. pl. you make ú’ôà´«
mg. he collects Þø´ mg. dl. you two drink ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ«
I know öŠôßȦ fg. dl. they two drink ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ«
I open ¶¬’çȦ mg. dl. you two make ÊÀ¢Šôà´«
fg. sr. you collect Þø´« fg. dl. they two make ÊÀ¢Šôà´«
mg. pl. they thank ÈÀÂŒðÌ pl. we worship ¾¦àû
mg. pl. they disbelieve ÈÀÂŒè’ð mg. pl. they recite ÈÀŒô¬
I worship ¾¦ßȦ mg. pl. you recite ÈÀŒô¬«
mg. you know öŠôà« mg. they don't know ÈÀøŠôࢊó
we don't hear ÞøÈû¢Šó I don't disbelieve Œè’ïȦ¢Šó
And they will not grieve.
ÈÀûÄ ¸öÿ¢ŠóÈÂ
They hear the words of Allah.
ʅ¦È¿¢ŠôŠïÈÀàøÈ
I do not worhsip what you worship.
ÈÀ¾¦à«¢÷¾¦ßȦ¢Šó
We do not worship except Allah.
ȅ¦¢Móʦ¾¦àû¢Šó
 þ óÇÈ°ÈÂʅ¢¥ÈÀü ÷š
They believe in Allah and His
messenger. ¦

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 36 Arabic Grammar

Active and Passive Voice:

As you have seen earlier, ŠòàŠç is made passive by writing òŠ à Œç for verbs in past tense. However,

in case of present tense, Œòà ’è is made passive by writing it as Œòà ’è , i.e., first letter will have

dhammah / pesh ( É- ) and the third letter will have fathah ( È- ). The remaining letters will have
the same A'araab as in the case of active voice.

Concentrate on the following examples:

he drinks ɧÂÌ he is made / given to drinkɧÂÌ

they (all, mg) help ÈÀÂÂÐü they (all, mg) are helped ÈÀÂÂÐü

you (mg) ask ɾŠ˜È« you (mg) are asked ɾ˜ŠÈ«

************************* Vocabulary & Exercises ****************************

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.

they understand
ÈÀ Šì’è they cut
ÈÀàŠØ’ì
they (women) are
asked
ú’ôŠ È they will not
asked
ÈÀŒó˜Š È«¢Šó
they do not fear
ÈÀŒç¢¼¢Šó they
ÈÀŒô ´
(it) is opened.
¶¬’è they are killed
ÈÀŒô¬’ì
they do not cut
ÈÀàŠØ’좊ó you understand
ö ’è«
you are provided.
ÈÀŒëȱ« you are helped
ÈÀÂÂÐü«
you are provided.
ÈÀŒëȱ« you are helped
ÈÀÂÂÐü«

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 37 Arabic Grammar

10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative  ûÂÂ÷¢È

You can order only to the person in front of you (2nd person). Therefore, the imperative and
negative forms for only the 2nd person are provided below.

Negative
Imperative  û Imperative
Â÷Ȧ
Poss.
Prns.
Pers.
Prns.
No. Gen- Per-
der son

Don't
do (it). ò’ à è’ «¢Šó Do (it). ò’ à ç’ ¦Ê Ƚ ªûȦ sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢Šôà è’ «¢Šó (you two)
Do (it). Šà ç’ ¦Ê ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.
Don't
do (it). ¦Œôà è’ «¢Šó (you all)
Do (it). ¦Œôà ç’ ¦Ê öŒï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd
 ôà è’ «¢Šó  ôà ç’ ¦Ê ʽ ªûȦ
Don't do person
(it). Do (it).
sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢Šôà è’ «¢Šó (you two)
Do (it). Šà ç’ ¦Ê ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.
Don't do
(it). ú ô’ à è’ «¢Šó (you all)
Do (it). ú ô’ à ç’ ¦Ê úï
Œ ú¬ûȦ pl.

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a ************************

to act, work ˆòøß asked ŠòŠ Ç
to know ö’ô ß drank ȧŽÂË
to open, expand ƬÂË rode ¤ ïÈ°
(he) separated, divided ȼŠç went ¤ÿȯ
came near ȧŠë

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 38 Arabic Grammar

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 10c =======================

im. mg. sr. (you) Go

¤ÿ̯ʦ im. mg. pl. Know.
¦øŠôßʦ
ni. mg./fg. dl. (You two)
Do not go near (it).
¢¥’ì«¢Šó ni. mg. sr. Do not
do (it).
’òà’è«¢Šó
ni. fg. sr. Do not fear (it).
  碼«¢Šó ni. mg. sr. Do not
go.
 ¤ÿ’À«¢Šó
im. mg. sr. Open.
̬ÂËʦ ni. mg. sr. Do not
make.
’òà´«¢Šó
im. mg. sr. (you) Say
՘Α ni. mg. pl. Do not
say.
¦ŒóŒì«¢Šó
open up for me
 ó̬ÂËʦ (you two) don't
come near
¢¥’ì«¢Šó
(you all) drink
¦¥ŽÂËʦ don't ask me
Žü’óŠ˜È«¢Šó
(you all) ride
 ¦¦Šḭ̈ʦ and (you all)
listen
 ¦àøǦÈÂ
im. mg. sr. (you all) Say
¦ŒóŒë ni. mg. pl. Do not
be divided.
¦ŒëÂèŠ «¢Šó
im. mg. sr. Be.
úŒï ni. mg. pl. Do not
be.
¦ûŒð«¢Šó
IMPORTANT NOTE
All the verb forms of ŠòºàŠç that were taught in the previous lessons along with personal and
possessive pronouns are given in the table on the next page. Try to reproduce this table a couple
of times for different verbs such as:Šò¬ëŠ ¤ÿ
 È̄ ¶¬çŠ ȧŽ Ë ȧ Ó
 êèŠ ûÂèŠ ïŠ öô ß Šòø ß 
¤ôŠ×Š Šò» ®È ¤¬ïŠ Šòà ³ .

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 39 Arabic Grammar

Conjugation table for the verb ò

Š à çŠ
 û Â÷Ȧ ¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Pers. No. Gen- Per-
Prns. Prns. der son

Œòà ’è ŠòàŠç 

Á ÿ sr.

ÊÀŠà’è ŠàŠç ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÈÀŒôà ’è ¦Œôà çŠ öÿ öÿ pl.

3rd
Œòà’è« ªŠôàŠç ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
sr.

ÊÀŠà’è« ¢¬ŠôàŠç ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

ú’ôà’è ú’ôàŠç úÿ úÿ pl.

ò’ à ’è«¢Šó ò’ à ç’ ¦Ê òŒ à è’ « ª’ôàŠç Ƚ ªûȦ sr.

¢Šôà è’ «¢Šó 
Š à ç’ ¦Ê ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢ø¬’ôàŠç ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.

¦Œôà è’ «¢Šó ¦Œôà ç’ ¦Ê ÀÈ Œôà è’ « ö¬’ôàŠç öŒï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd

 ôà è’ «¢Šó  ôà ç’ ¦Ê [
 ô à è’ « ª’ôàŠç ʽ ªûȦ
person
sr.

¢Šôà è’ «¢Šó 
Š à ç’ ¦Ê ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢ø¬’ôàŠç ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.

ú ô’ à è’ «¢Šó ú ô’ à ç’ ¦Ê ú ô’ à è’ « ú¬’ôàŠç úïŒ ú¬ûȦ pl.

Œòà ’çȦ ª’ôàŠç Ä ¢ûȦ sr. mg. 1st

fg.
Œòà ’èû ¢ü’ôàŠç ¢û ú¸û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.

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 40 Arabic Grammar

Conjugation table for the verb ÀÈ ¢Šï

 û Â÷Ȧ ¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Pers. No. Gen- Per-
Prns. Prns. der son

ÉÀŒð ÈÀ¢Šï 
Á ÿ sr.

ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð Š¢û¢Šï ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÈÀûŒð ¦û¢Šï öÿ öÿ pl.

3rd
ÉÀŒð« ªû¢Šï ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
sr.

ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð« ¢¬û¢Šï ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

úŒð úŒï úÿ úÿ pl.

ú ðŒ «¢Šó ú ïŒ ÀÉ Œð« ª
 üŒï Ƚ ªûȦ sr.

¢ŠûŒð«¢Šó ¢ŠûŒï ÀÊ ¢ŠûŒð« ¢ø¬üïŒ ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.

¦ûŒð«¢Šó ¦ûŒï ÀÈ ûŒð« ö ¬üïŒ öŒï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd

ŽûŒð«¢Šó ŽûŒï [
 ûŽŒð« ª
üŒï ʽ ªûȦ
person
sr.

¢Šûð«¢Šó ¢ŠûŒï ÀÊ ¢ŠûŒð« ¢ø¬üïŒ ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.

ú ðŒ «¢Šó ú ïŒ ú ðŒ « ú ¬üïŒ úïŒ ú¬ûȦ pl.

ÉÀŒïȦ ªüŒï Ä ¢ûȦ sr. mg. 1st

fg.
ÉÀŒðû ¢üŒï ¢û ú¸û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.
The verb forms of ÀÈ ¢Šï are extensively used in the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table a couple of
times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.

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 41 Arabic Grammar

Conjugation table for the verb ¾

È ¢Šë
 û Â÷Ȧ ¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Pers. No. Gen- Per-
Prns. Prns. der son

ɾŒì Ⱦ¢Šë 
Á ÿ sr.

ÊÀŠŒì Š¢Šë ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÈÀŒóŒì ¦Œó¢Šë öÿ öÿ pl.

3rd
ɾŒì« ªŠó¢Šë ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
sr.

ÊÀŠŒì« ¢¬Šó¢Šë ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

ú ’ôŒì ú ’ôŒë úÿ úÿ pl.

ò’ ìŒ «Š ò’ ëŒ ¾É Œì« ª
 ô’ ëŒ È½ ªûȦ sr.

¢ŠóŒì«Š ¢ŠóŒë ÀÊ ŠŒì« ¢ø¬ô’ ëŒ ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.

¦ŒóŒì«Š ¦ŒóŒë ÀÈ ŒóŒì« ö ¬ô’ ëŒ öŒï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd

 óŒì«Š  óŒë  ó Œì«
[ ª
ô’ ëŒ Ê½ ªûȦ
person
sr.

¢ŠóŒì«Š ¢ŠóŒë ÀÊ ŠŒì« ¢ø¬ô’ ëŒ ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.

ú ô’ ìŒ «Š ú ô’ ëŒ ú ô’ ìŒ « ú ¬ô’ ëŒ úïŒ ú¬ûȦ pl.

ɾŒëȦ ª’ôŒë Ä ¢ûȦ sr. mg. 1st

fg.
ɾŒìû ¢ü’ôŒë ¢û ú¸û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.
Different forms of ¾ÈºŠ
¢ ë are frequently used in the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table a couple of
times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.

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 42 Arabic Grammar

10d. Derived Forms of theVerb ò

Š à çŠ

Verbal Passive Active Present (& Past S.

Noun participle participle future) Tense Tense No.
°¾Ð÷ ¾à’èø’ó¦öÇʦ ò ߢŠè’ó¦öÇʦ ̸ʰ¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷
ˆòà ç ¾à’è÷ ò ߢŠç Œòà ’è ŠòàŠç 1 
ˆò à’è« òàŠè÷ òàŠè÷ Œòà èŠ  ŠòàŠç 2 
ˆ¨ŠôߢŠè÷ òߢŠè÷ ò ߢŠè÷ Œòß ¢Šè ŠòߢŠç 3 
ƾ¢à’çʦ òà’è÷ ò à’è÷ Œòà ’è Šòà’çȦ 4 
ˆòà Šè« òàŠè¬÷ òàŠè¬÷ ŒòàèŠ ¬ ŠòàŠè« 5 
ˆ¨ŠôߢŠè¬÷ òߢŠè¬÷ ò ߢŠè¬÷ Œòß ¢Šè¬ ŠòߢŠè« 6 
ƾ¢à èûʦ òàŠèü÷ ò àŠèü ÷ Œòà èŠ ü ŠòàŠèûʦ 7 
ƾ¢à ¬’çʦ ò଒è÷ ò ଒è÷ Œòà ¬’è Šò଒çʦ 8 
ƾŠà’çʦ òŠôà’è÷ ò ôà’è÷ òN à’è Mòà’çʦ 9 
ƾ¢à’è ¬Çʦ òà’è¬È÷ ò à’è¬È÷ Œòà ’è¬È Šòà’è¬Çʦ 1 0 
Note: It is suggested that you practice on this table after memorizing the meanings of around a
Juz' (parah). Try to repeat this table for a couple of verbs. You will have a much wider
understanding of different verbs and their meanings which occur in the Qur'an. After this
practice, you will be able to remember and connect the derived forms with their root word easily.
For each of the verb, you can repeat the table given under the title "Conjugation table for the verb
ŠòºàŠç " and feel for yourself the power of Arabic language. The following page gives an example

of how the table given under the title "Conjugation table for the verb ŠòàŠç" can be reproduced for

the derived form number 3, Šòà’ç¢ ,. You can reproduce the following for each of the derivatives.

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 43 Arabic Grammar

An Example: Conjugation table for the verb Šòà’çÈ¢

¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Prns. Pers. Prns. No. Gen- Per-
der son

Œòà ’è Šòà’çÈ¢ 

Á ÿ sr.

ÊÀŠ à’è Šà’çÈ¢ ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÈÀŒôà ’è ¦Œôà ’çÈ¢ öÿ öÿ pl.

3rd
Œòà è’ « ªŠôà’çÈ¢ ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
sr.

ÊÀŠ à’è« ¢¬Šôà’çÈ¢ ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

ú’ô à’è ú’ôà’çÈ¢ úÿ úÿ pl.

òŒ à è’ « ª’ôà’çÈ¢ Ƚ ªûȦ sr.

ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢ø¬’ôà’çÈ¢ ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.

ÀÈ Œôà è’ « ö¬’ôà’çÈ¢ öŒï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd

[
 ô à è’ « ª’ôà’çÈ¢ ʽ ªûȦ
person
sr.

ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢ø¬’ôà’çÈ¢ ¢øŒï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.

ú ô’ à è’ « ú¬’ôà’çÈ¢ úïŒ ú¬ûȦ pl.

Œòà ’çɦ ª’ôà’çÈ¢ Ä ¢ûȦ sr. mg. 1st

fg.
Œòà ’èû ¢ü’ôà ’çÈ¢ ¢û ú¸û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.

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