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Geodesic Structure of the Schwarzschild Black Hole in Rainbow Gravity
Carlos Leiva

Departamento de Fsica, Universidad de Tarapaca, Casilla 7-D, Arica, Chile

Joel Saavedra

Instituto de Fsica, Ponticia Universidad de Catolica de Valparaso, Casilla 4950, Valparaso, Chile
Jose Villanueva

Instituto de Fsica, Ponticia Universidad de Catolica de Valparaso, Casilla 4950, Valparaso , Chile
(Dated: December 9, 2008)
In this paper we study the geodesic structure of the Schwarzschild black hole in rainbow gravity
analyzing the behavior of null and time-like geodesic. We nd that the structure of the geodesics
essentially does not change when the semi-classical eects are included. However, we can distinguish
dierent scenarios if we take into account the eects of rainbow gravity. Depending on the type of
rainbow functions under consideration, inertial and external observers see very dierent situations
in radial and non radial motion of a test particles.
PACS numbers: 04.20.-q, 04.70.Bw
Keywords: Black Holes; Geodesics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays one of the most challenging tasks in Theoretical Physics is to combine quantum theory and general
relativity. Several lines of research have been developed but none of them is completely successful in obtaining a
complete description of the quantum gravity realm. Meanwhile, some phenomenological approaches have been put
on the table. One of them is the modication of the dispersion relation E
2
p
2
= m
2
[1], with a non linear version
instead. After all life is not linear at all, so it is very probable that the linear version of the relation linking energy
and momenta is just a rst approximation to a real non lineal one. This assumption is a base of quantum gravity
models, that suggests that it could be desirable to review the Lorentz invariance relations and the very structure of
the space time at high energy scales, and not wipe Lorentz symmetry out, but just to modify it to have a non linear
version that ts with the usual one at low energies.
On the other hand, some data seem to invite to introduce a minimal length in physical theories. Indeed, there
already exist well established theories, such as String Theory or Loop Quantum Gravity, that have some fundamental
quantities: the Planck longitude l
p
=
_
G/c
3
, the associated time scale t
p
= l
p
/c and the Planck energy E
p
= /t
p
.
All of them suppose that beyond these thresholds, the physics should change dramatically. However, even discreteness
is, in some models, coherent with Lorentz symmetry, since these absolute values of longitude, time or energy are not
in total agreement with the Lorentz transformations and this fact is additional motivation to modify the Lorentz
boosts.
In fact, among all proposals to deepen our understanding of the nature of spacetime by changing some apparently
well settled ideas in Physics, we can nd a very interesting one that is to modify the Lorentz boosts through the Double
Special relativity (DSR) proposals [2, 3, 4]. These theories are based on a generalization of Lorentz transformations
through a more broad point of view of conformal transformations, where there exist two observer independent scales,
velocity of light and Planck length. These theories are rather polemical, but are of increasing interest too because
they can be useful as eective new tools in gravity theories for example, in Cosmology as an alternative to ination
[5, 6], or in other elds like propagation of light [8], that are related, for instance, to cosmic microwave background
radiation.
Finally, it is worthy to study an eect of having a modied dispersion relation (that we expect represents quantum
eects), in a strong gravitational eld, such as a black hole. In this approach, there are several works about called
rainbow gravity, whose history begins more or less with a treatment done in Ref.[9]. In particular, it could be

Electronic address: cleivas@uta.cl

Electronic address: Joel.Saavedra@ucv.cl

Electronic address: jose.villanueva.l@mail.ucv.cl

2
interesting in near future, study about the eects of this quantum corrections here proposed, on the Schwarzchild
black hole lensing features that were well reviewed on [10] and [11], in the standard case, in order to verify the real
existence of the deformations predicted from rainbow gravity formalism.
In this paper we review the structure of geodesics near a Schwarzschild black hole, motivated by the fact that black
holes provide gravity conditions to test quantum eects due to the discrete nature of spacetime or the existence of
a limit in the energy that a particle can bear. If a testable eect is encountered, we could have a reliable way to
examine an underlying hypothesis of a modied dispersion relation.
The paper is organized as follows: In the next section we introduce the rainbow gravity that is a modied version
of the Schwarzschild solution of Einstein equation due to generalized dispersion relations above mentioned. In the
third section we analyze the geodesic structure, and in the fourth one we discuss conclusions.
II. RAINBOW GRAVITY
Rainbow gravity was proposed in Ref.[9] and it is based on two principles. The rst one is the correspondence
principle that provides validity of standard general relativity in the limit of low energies relative to the Planck Energy.
Then, when E/E
pl
<< 1, rainbow gravity becomes the standard general relativity. The other one is the Modied
Equivalence Principle, that ensures to have a freely falling observer that measures the same laws of physics as in
modied special relativity. Therefore, we can construct an energy dependent orthonormal frames locally given by
g(E) =
ab
e
a
(E)e
b
(E), (1)
where the correspondence principle is established through the explicit expression for the orthonormal base
e
0
(E) =
1
f(E/E
pl
)
e
0
, (2)
e
i
(E) =
1
g(E/E
pl
)
e
i
.
Having Minkowski space in the low energy limit E/E
pl
0 implies the following relation between the arbitrary
functions f(E/E
pl
) and g(E/E
pl
)
lim
E/E
pl
0
f(E/E
pl
) = lim
E/E
pl
0
g(E/E
pl
) = 1. (3)
On the other hand, arbitrary energy dependent function originates in the modication of Lorentz dispersion relation
E
2
f (E/E
pl
) p
2
h(E/E
pl
) = m
2
0
, (4)
that explicitly shows a deformed nature, or doubly special relativity, as a class of theories that implement a changed
set of principles to special relativity. From the above equations we see that the metric (1) that describes a at rainbow
space, can be generalized to a curve rainbow space. Similarly as in the at case, it corresponds to a one-parameter
family of metrics given in terms of one-parameter family of orthonormal frame elds (2), whose energy-dependent
metric must satisfy a modied version of Einstein Equations given by
G

(E) = 8G
N
(E)T

(E) + g

(E)(E). (5)
Here, the Newton constant G
N
(E) and the cosmological constant (for asymptotically Anti de Sitter or de Sitter space)
(E) are allowed to be energy-dependent, and they satisfy the correspondence principle.
In this approach in Ref. [9], it was presented a modied general spherically symmetric solution to equations (5),
known as Schwarzschild modied Black Hole, described by the metric
ds
2
Schw
=
(1
2G(0)M
e r
)
f
2
(E/E
pl
)
d

t
2
+
1
(1
2G(0)M
e r
)g
2
(E/E
pl
)
d r
2
+
r
2
g
2
(E/E
pl
)
d

2
, (6)
where the quantities (

t, r,

) are independent energy variables. The metric also depends on the energy of a particle
moving in it. That is, two dierent test particles observe dierent eective space-time geometries. As a consequence,
the present space-time is endowed with a Plank-scale modication that carries some quantum eects. We are interested
in studying a behavior of a test particle under the inuence of this geometry with quantum corrections. This point
will be analyzed in next section.
3
III. GEODESICS
Using the variational principle [12, 13], the metric (6) is associated with a Lagrangian density L given by
2L =
F(r)
f
2
E

t
2
+
1
g
2
E
F(r)
r
2
+
r
2
g
2
E

2
, (7)
where f
E
f(E) and g
E
g(E), whereas F(r) is the usual lapses function of the Schwarzschild spacetime
1
F(r) = 1
r
+
r
, (8)
and

2
=

2
+sin
2

. In this notation dot represents a derivative with respect to proper time, (ane parameter along
a geodesic). Since the Lagrangian does not depend on (t, ), the corresponding conjugate momenta are conserved,
therefore in the invariant plane = /2 we have

t
=
F(r)
f
2
E

t = E, (9)
and

=
r
2
g
2
E

= L, (10)
where E and L are constants of motion. From the last two equations, and taking = g
E
, E = f
E
E and L = g
E
L,
the Lagrangian (7) can be written in the following form
2L m =
E
2
F(r)
+

r
2
F(r)
+
L
2
r
2
, (11)
where, by normalization, m = 1 for massive particles (time-like geodesics) and m = 0 for massless particles (null
geodesics), and

r = dr/d . Thus, our equation of motion becomes

r
2
= E
2
V
G
(r; m, L), (12)
where V
G
(r; m, L) is the generalized eective potential, which is given by
V
G
(r; 0, L) V
N
(r; L) = F(r)
L
2
r
2
, (13)
for null geodesics, and
V
G
(r; 1, L) V
T
(r; L) = F(r)
_
1 +
L
2
r
2
_
, (14)
for time-like geodesics. In what follows, we use obtained results to discuss two families of functions, say, DSR1 with
f
E
= 1 and g
E
= 1 +
1
2
l
p
E; and DSR2 with f
E
= g
E
(= 1 +
1
2
l
p
E) [7].
A. Null Geodesics
Related to the equation of motion for massless particle, we start from Eqs. (12) and (13), and we study independently
the radial and non-radial motion.
(a.i).- Radial Null Geodesics
1
This treatment is valid for the Kottler spacetime if cosmological constant does not depend on the constant of motion E, in which case a
complete analytic solution of the geodesic structure of the Schwarzschild anti-de Sitter was done in [13], with the lapses function given
by F(r) = 1
r
+
r
+
r
2

2
, where

3
=
1

2
.
4
In this case we have V
N
(r; L) = 0 and the radial motion is governed by

r
2
= E
2
, (15)
therefore
=
(r/E)

1
=

Schw

1
, (16)
where
1
= g
E
f
E
. We see that the radial motion of massless particle shows the same behavior as standard
Schwarzschild geometry, with the only dierence that its proper time is rescaled by a factor
1
.
Furthermore, from Eqs. (9) and (15), we nd an expression for the coordinate time, t,
dt
dr
=

2
F(r)
, (17)
in which case we obtain
t =
2
t
Schw
=
2
_
(r
i
r) + r
+
log
_
r
r+
1
ri
r+
1
__
, (18)
where
2
=
g
3
E
fE
. This situation is showed in Fig. 1 in case of DSR1 and DSR2, in the limit E E
p
(= l
1
p
), together
with the semi-classical limit (Schwarzschild case).
DSR1
DSR2
r r
+ i
t
(
r
)
r
FIG. 1: This plot shows the coordinate time t versus the radial distance from the black hole, r, for massless particles falling
in radial motion. The solid curve represents the semi-classical limit (Schwarzschild case). The dashed curves represents the
modications DSR1 and DSR2 in the limit E Ep(= l
1
p
).
(a.ii).- Non-Radial Null Geodesics
Returning to the equation of motion (12-13), it is convenient to rewrite it in terms of the new variable u = 1/r,
and using (10) it can be put in the form analog to the one shown in Ref.[12]
_

du
d
_
2
= r
+
u
3
u
2
+
1

b
2
. (19)
Here

b =

3
b denotes the generalized impact parameter for the orbital motion of the massless particles, and

3
=
2
/
1
= g
2
E
/f
2
E
. Note that, from the equation (19), the non-radial motion is identical to the one corresponding
to the Schwarzschild black hole when the DSR2 deformation is considered.
5
B. Time-Like Geodesics
The motion of a massive particle is described by Eqs. (12-14)

r
2
= E
2
F(r)
_
1 +
L
2
r
2
_
, (20)
(b.i).- Radial Time-Like Geodesics
In this case, the equation of motion (20) can be written as
_
dr
d
_
2
=
r
+
r
(1 E
2
). (21)
Making the usual substitution
R =
r
r
i
= cos
2

2
, (22)
where (R
+
=
r+
ri
< u 1), we obtain for the proper time and coordinate time respectively
=
r
i
g
E

l1
, (23)
t = r
i
f
E
E
g
E

l2
, (24)
where we introduce the functions

l1
=
1
_
R
+
_
arccos

R +
_
R R
2
_
, (25)
and

l2
=
1
_
R
+
_
_
_
R R
2
+ (2R
+
+ 1) arccos

R +
2R
2
+
_
R
+
R
2
+
arctanh

R
+
(1 R)
R(1 R
+
)
_
_
. (26)
The returning point r
i
=
r+
1E
2
was chosen as the starting point, r
0
= r
i
. To have positive r
i
, we have to impose
E
2
< 1, and we shall assume that E 1 (Schwarzschild case E < 1). This means that energies are low E E
p
and
the corrections from the rainbow gravity are negligible.
Consider now a sector out of the capture zone, i.e, where E
2
> 1. In this case, the change of radial variable suggested
by (21) is
R =
r
r
e
= sinh
2

2
, (27)
where r
e
=
r+
E
2
1
is a distance-energy parameter of a falling particle. Therefore, for the particle falling from the
distance r
0
(R
0
= r
0
/r
e
), we have
=
r
e
g
E
[
g1
(R)
g1
(R
0
)] , (28)
and
t = r
e
f
E
E
g
E
[
g2
(R)
g2
(R
0
)] , (29)
where

g1
(R) =
1
_
R
+
_
arcsinh

R
_
R + R
2
_
, (30)
6
and

g2
(R) =
1
_
R
+
_
_
(2R
+
+ 1)arcsinh

R
_
R + R
2
+
4R
2
+
_
R
+
+ R
2
+
arctanh

R
+
(1 R)
R(1 R
+
)
_
_
. (31)
In Fig. 2 we show the proper and coordinate times for radial massive particle freely falling into the black hole.
Remarkable feature is that, in comparison with the null radial motion, the DSR1 and DSR2 modications for time-like
motion coordinate times, both merged in one curve.
r
+
r
+
r
i
r
i
t
(
r
)
r r

(
r
)
DSR1
DSR2
FIG. 2: This plot shows a behavior of a massive particle radially falling into the black hole in the region out of the capture
zone, i.e. when E > 1. Left panel shows the proper time as a function of a distance r, and it has larger value in the DSR1
than DSR2 scenario in the limit E Ep(= l
1
p
). Right panel shows coordinate time t versus radial coordinate r. In the limit
E Ep, both cases of DSR1 and DSR2 scenarios, converge to the same function. This means that an outside observer can
not see dierences between the DSR1 and DSR2 modications.
(b.ii).- Non-Radial Time-Like Geodesics
Using (14) and dening r = 1/u, the motion of a non-radial massive particle is governed by equation
_
du
d
_
2
= r
+
u
3
u
2
+
r
+
L
2
u
1 E
2
L
2
. (32)
Again, if we consider lower energies (E E and L L), we obtain the corrections from rainbow gravity are negligible.
This means that bounded orbits for massive particles are not aected by the eects of rainbow gravity.
IV. DISCUSSION AND OUTLOOK
We study the geodesic structure of Schwarzschild black holes in rainbow gravity, analyzing the behavior of null and
time-like geodesics for DSR1 and DSR2 theories. We found that the structure of geodesics does not change when
semi-classical eects are taken into account. The case of radial null-geodesics shows that the eects of a space-time
endowed with a Planck-scale modication, and therefore including the quantum eects, are of kinematic origin and
the only correction is an adding an another proper time contraction equation (16) . For the coordinate time Eq.(18),
in both theories we found larger values of times than in standard Schwarzschild case. Our results in that case are
summarized in Fig. 1, for both DSR1 and DSR2. The photons with energy of order of the Planck scale exhibit a
modication in the Doppler eect, as seen from outside. For a non radial-null geodesic, the only modication comes
from the impact parameter b =
_
g
2
E
/f
2
E
b
schw
. In the case of a massive particle we found, for radial geodesics, that
the only modication is in a changed returning point, whereas for a non-radial geodesic, the eects depend on the
relation between g(E) and f(E) under consideration.
Therefore, we conclude that dierent test particles (with dierent energies) do not see dierent spacetimes. Based
on our results, dierent test particles have dierent eective descriptions, that means that there are some changes in
their kinematics properties around the same rainbow Schwarzschild black hole when the quantum eects have been
taken in to account.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to O. Miskovic for careful reading of the manuscript. The authors acknowledge the referee for useful
suggestions in order to improve the presentation of the results of this paper. J. S. was supported by COMISION
7
NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS Y TECNOLOGIA through FONDECYT Grant 11060515 and by PUCV Grant N
0
123.789. J. V. was founded by MECESUP FSM 0204 . C.L. was supported by Grant UTA DIPOG N
0
4721-07.
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