E M L - M: Lectrical Achines AB Anual

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Sultan Qaboos University

College of Engineering Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB. MANUAL
ELEC4356 Semester 7 2005

Sultan Qaboos University College of Engineering Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
www.onlinepanorama.blogspot.com
ECCE4356 LAB. MANUAL
AUTHORS
This manual is the result of the contribution of the following SQU-EE faculty members:
Dr. M. M. El-Attar Dr. M. M. Ahmed Dr. M. A. El-Khazendar Dr. A. Gastli Dr. A. Adly
(1987-1992) (1988-1994) (1989-1995) (1995-1998) (Fall 2005)
This manual has been continuously revised to match the modifications made on the contents of the Electrical Machines Courses. Dr. A. Gastli is responsible for changes made on the 1998 edition of this manual. During the Fall of 2005, Dr. A. Adly has applied some re-arrangements, as well as omissions, to make the manual in agreement with the ECCE4356 course material.
II
PREFACE
The electrical machine laboratory is intended specifically to meet the needs of modern courses in electrical machines. It is used at undergraduate level for studying the characteristics and operation of dc, induction, synchronous and special machines using state of the art teaching modules. The subjects that are covered in this manual include: characteristics of dc motors and dc generators (separate, series, shunt and compound), determining the parameters and performance characteristics of transformers, and finally the starting methods, speed control and performance of 3-phase induction motors.
III
CONTENTS
EM-I. EM-I.1 EM-I.2 EM-I.3 EM-I.4 EM-I.5 EM-I.5.1 EM-I.5.2 EM-I.5.3 EM-II. EM-II.1 EM-II.2 EM-II.3 EM-II.4 EM-II.4.1 EM-II.4.2 EM-III. INTRODUCTION TO TERCO ELECTRICAL MACHINE TEACHING UNIT AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: CONNECTION DIAGRAM INTRODUCTION CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT POWER PACK SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTORS TORQUE METER DC GENERATORS AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: CONNECTION DIAGRAM CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS LOAD CHARACTERISTICS (VT-IL) DC MOTORS I-1 I-1 I-1 I-1 I-2 I-2 I-2 I-3 I-4 II-5 II-5 II-5 II-5 II-6 II-6 II-7 III-10 III-10 III-10 III-10 III-10 III-11 IV-13 IV-13 IV-13 IV-13 IV-14 V-19 V-19 V-19 V-19 V-20 V-20 V-21 V-21
IV
EM-III.1 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EM-III.2 EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: EM-III.3 CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT EM-III.3.1 MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC (SERIES MOTOR) EM-III.3.2 LOAD TESTS EM-IV. EM-IV.1 EM-IV.2 EM-IV.3 EM-IV.4 EM-V. SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS: OVERVIEW CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT THE 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS CONNECTION DIAGRAM CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT NO-LOAD TEST BLOCKED-ROTOR TEST AND STANDSTILL TEST
EM-V.1 EM-V.2 EM-V.3 EM-V.4 EM-V.4.1 EM-V.4.2 EM-V.4.3
EM-V.4.4 EM-V.4.5 EM-V.4.6
LOADING WITHOUT 3-PHASE ROTOR RESISTANCE LOADING TEST WITH A 3-PHASE ROTOR RESISTANCE IN CIRCUIT DETERMINATION OF STARTING TORQUE AND CURRENT
V-22 V-23 V-24
EM-I. Introduction to Terco Electrical Machine Teaching Unit
EM-I.1 Aim of the experiment:

The object of this experiment is to: 1. Study the different output power available and the constraints imposed upon the different switches of the power pack unit. Understand and use the torque meter unit.
2.
EM-I.2 Equipment and components:

M Electric torque meter MV 1036 G DC machine MV 1006
TG Tachometer MV 1025 S F V Switch MV 1500 Power pack MV 1300 Voltmeter 300V MV 1926
EM-I.3 Connection Diagram

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 1.
rpm
MV 1036 F2 A M F1 A1 V S A A2 G F1 F2
TG
- +
- +
MV 1300 220V = 0-220V = F
Figure 1. Circuit Diagram
I-1
EM-I.4 Introduction
The power pack contains a three-phase transformer, rectifier, and variable voltage transformer connected so that fixed and variable DC and AC voltages can be supplied. The torque meter can be used to drive or brake an electric machine in order to measure its characteristics. It consists of a DC machine, the stator of which is mounted in bearings so that its torque reaction is transmitted to a pressure sensor. The range of the torque meter is 25 Nm. The reaction between the shaft torque, electromagnetic torque and losses torque, for both motoring and generating, is given in Fig. 2. The dynamometer reading is the net coupling torque (shaft torque).
Te
STATOR ROTOR Air gap m
Force Reaction on balance on Stator Torque-arm length
Bearing friction force opposing rotation Reaction on stator due to oil loss forces; for anti-clockwise rotation.
(b) Loss forces
(a) Air-gap forces
Te Tr Tsh m m
Tloss Tsh Te (c) Generating
Tsh=Te+Tloss Tr=-Tsh
Tr
Tloss
Tsh=Te-Tloss Tr=-Tsh
(d) Motoring
Figure 2. Dynamometer for loading and torque measurement: (a) air gap forces; (b) loss forces.
EM-I.5 Conducting the experiment

EM-I.5.1 Power Pack
1. Find the main switch Sm and study the different voltage output terminals. From left to right these are: a) b) c) d) 2. Fixed DC voltage, 220V, with switch S1. Variable DC voltage, can be varied using the central knob VVC. Its range is 0-220V, with switch S2. 3-phase AC voltage which can also be varied using VVC. Its range is 3x0-220V, and its switch is S3. Fixed 3-phase AC voltage, 220/127V, with switch S4.
Make sure that all switches are off and the variable voltage controller (VVC) is set to minimum.
I-2
3.
Switch on the different switches in the sequence mentioned in the following tables and measure the specified DC and AC voltages.
Table 1. DC Supply Voltages Initial Position of VVC 0 0 0 100 0 Sequence of Closing Switches SmS1S2 SmS1S2 SmS1S2 SmS1S2 Sm S2 VVC rotated to Position 0 50 100 100 100 Fixed DC Voltage (V) Variable DC Voltage (V)
Table 2. AC Supply Voltages Initial Position of VVC Sequence of Closing Switches VVC rotated to Position Fixed AC Voltage (V) Variable AC Voltage (V)
RS
ST
TR
R0
S0
T0
RS
ST
TR
R0
S0
T0
0 0 0 100 Question 1
SmS3S4 SmS3S4 SmS3 SmS3S4
0 100 100 100
Based on the previous results, guess what are the limitations imposed upon the different switches ? Why this machine was designed with such limitations ?
EM-I.5.2 Speed Control of DC Motors

1. Connect up the torque meter in accordance with the connection diagram, without exciting the coupled DC generator (switch S should be off). Set the VVC to zero. Turn on Sm, S1, and S2 in sequence. Adjust the field rheostat such that the motor excitation current is 0.7 A. Carefully increase the variable DC voltage up to 120V. The motor should rotate. Note the speed n and the field current If. Reduce the field current to 0.3A in steps of 0.1A, and record the corresponding speed n. Table 3. Variation of speed as a function of field current at constant armature voltage Vt=120V. Field Current If (A) Speed n (rpm) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
2. 3. 4.
5.
I-3
6.
Turn back the field rheostat to get If =0.7A. Increase the terminal voltage from 60V to 210V in steps of 30V and record the corresponding speed n. Table 3. Variation of speed as a function of armature voltage at constant field current If=0.7A. Armature Voltage Vt (V) Speed n (rpm) 60 90 120 150 180 210
Question 2 Draw the relation between speed n and field current If at constant armature voltage. Comment on this method of speed control. Question 3 Draw the relation between speed n and armature voltage Vt at constant field current. Comment on this method of speed control.
EM-I.5.3 Torque Meter

1. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1 with switch S is opened. Adjust the field current to 0.7A. Increase the armature voltage gradually to increase motor speed from 500rpm to 1500rpm in steps of 250rpm, and record the corresponding torque (Tsh). Close the switch S and notice the change in torque reading. Give the reason. Reduce the speed from 1500rpm to 500rpm in steps of 250rpm and record the corresponding torque (Tsh). Table 5. Variation of Torque as a Function of Speed at constant field current If =0.7A. Speed n Torque Tsh (Nm) (rpm) S: opened S: closed 500 750 1000 1250 1500
3. 4.
Question 4 Draw the relation between torque and speed for the two cases. Explain the action of the dynamometer and comment on the difference between the torque speed curves.
I-4
EM-II. DC Generators
EM-II.1 Aim of the experiment:

The object of this experiment is to: measure the following characteristics of DC generators. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. No-load characteristics (Ea-Im). The load characteristics (Vt-IL) of : Separately excited DC generators. Shunt generators. Compound generators.
EM-II.2 Equipment and components:

Electric torque meter MV 1036 DC machine MV 1006 Tachometer MV 1025 Power pack MV 1300 Switch MV 1500 Shunt rheostat MV 1962 or MV1961 Load resistor MV 1100 DC Voltmeter 300V DC Ammeter 12A DC Ammeter 1A
EM-II.3 Connection Diagram

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 1.
II-5
rpm
MV 1036 F2 A M F1 A1 A A2 IL
TG
A2 G A1
F2
Im
V S
F1
R my + + - + RL 220V = 0-220V = MV 1300 F
Figure 1. Circuit Diagram
EM-II.4 Conducting the experiment

EM-II.4.1 No-Load Characteristics
1. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1 with switch S open. Take note of the ratings of the DC generator and torque meter. The ratings are shown on their rating plate. Theses ratings must not be exceeded at any time. Generator Rating Torque Meter Rating
3.
Turn on the fixed DC voltage switch and adjust the field current of the torque meter to maximum excitation value. Adjust the DC generator field current to obtain minimum excitation current. Set the variable DC voltage to zero and turn on its switch. Then, increase the armature voltage up to 220V. The machine then rotates at about 1500 rev/min in the direction of the arrow (see above the shaft of the DC generator). Adjust the speed to 1400rev/min. It should be maintained constant throughout the experiment. Vary Im in steps of 0.1A from zero to maximum and take the corresponding reading (Ea) of the voltmeter V. Fill results in Table 1.
4. 5.
6. 7.
II-6
Table 1. DC Supply Voltages 1400 r. p. m. Increasing Im Ea (V) Im (A) Decreasing Im Ea (V) Im (A) Increasing Im Ea (V) Im (A) 1200 r. p. m. Decreasing Im Ea (V) Im (A)
8. 9.
Vary Im in steps from maximum value to zero at constant speed 1400 rev/min. Fill the results in Table 1. Repeat steps 7 and 8 at speed of 1200 rev/min and fill results in Table 1.
10. Draw on the same graph with a common Im axis the no-load characteristics for increasing and decreasing Im at both 1400 rev/min and 1200 rev/min. Question 1 Why does the no-load characteristics differ fot the increasing and decreasing Im ? Question 2 How the reduction in the speed from 1400 rev/min to 1200 rev/min has affected Ea at the same field current.
EM-II.4.2 Load Characteristics (Vt-IL)

EM-II.4.2.1 A. Separately Excited Generator
1. Adjust the speed of the torque meter to 1400 rev/min and maintain it constant during the entire experiment. Adjust Im to bring Vt to 220V with S still open. Record the value of Im in Table 2. Keep Im at this value during the rest of the experiment. Adjust RL to maximum resistance (minimum current).
II-7
2.
3.
4.
Turn S on and vary RL such that IL varies in steps of 1A up to the rated current. Record the corresponding reading Vt and fill the results in Table 2. Stop the machines and turn off all switches and supplies.
5.
EM-II.4.2.2 Shunt Generator

1. 2. 3. Connect the DC generator with shunt excitation as shown in Fig. 2. Start the torque meter as mentioned before in Part 1 (3-5) with S open. Adjust the speed to 1400 rev/min. Adjust Rmy of the generator so that the voltage becomes 220V. The setting of Rmy must not be changed during this experiment. Turn on S with RL set to maximum resistance (minimum current). Using RL vary IL in steps of 1A up to the rated current. Record for each step IL and voltage Vt and fill the results in Table 2. Make sure that the speed is kept constant at 1400 rev/min before each reading. Stop the machine.
A2 G Vt S Rmy A1 F1 F2 Im
4.
5.
6.
IL
RL
Figure 2. Shunt Generator Connection Diagram.
EM-II.4.2.3 Shunt Generator

1. Connect the DC generator to compound excitation by passing the armature current through the series winding D2-D3 as shown in Fig. 3. Repeat steps 2 to 6 of Part B. Connect the entire winding (D1-D2) and repeat steps 2 to 6 of Part B. Draw the external voltage characteristics (Vt-IL) for separate, shunt and compound excitation in the same diagram with common IL axis (x-axis).
2. 3. 4.
II-8
D2 D3 G D1 Vt S R my A1 F1 A2 F2 Im
IL
RL
Figure 3. Compound Generator Connection Diagram. Table 2. External Characteristic for Separate, Shunt and Compound Generators. Separate: Im=const. Shunt Compound D2-D3 Compound D1-D2 Vt (V) IL (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Vt (V) IL (A)
Question 3 Explain why does Vt decrease with increasing IL with separate excitation. Question 4 Explain why does Vt decrease more with shunt excitation than with separate excitation. Question 5 What would happen to Vt if the connection of the series winding were reversed in Part C section 2 ? What is this connection called ? Explain one application for that kind of excitation. Question 6 Why doesn't the generator take up voltage in Part B section 2 (shunt excitation) if the field is wrongly connected. Explain the necessary conditions for successful build up of the terminal voltage.
II-9
EM-III. DC Motors
EM-III.1 Aim of the experiment:

The object of this experiment is to examine the load characteristics of DC motors when the field windings are connected: Shunt Series Compound
EM-III.2 Equipment and components:

DC shunt/series machine (Nickerson) DC dynamometer machine Voltmeters, Ammeters Resistors
EM-III.3 Conducting the experiment

EM-III.3.1 Magnetization Characteristic (Series Motor)
Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
Vt Ia
300V
1A
-15A/0/15A
A1
250V
A1
10A
D1 D2
F1 F2
Dynam.
A2
M
A2
500 25 500W
0-240V DC
0-50V DC
Figure 1. Circuit Diagram I
Take note of the ratings of the Dynamometer and the DC motor. The ratings are shown on their rating plate. Theses ratings must not be exceeded at any time unless when it is specified by the manual.
III-10
Dynamometer Rating
DC Motor Rating
1.
Make sure that field current of the dynamometer is set to maximum value (500 variable resistance set to minimum). Switch ON the 0-240V DC supply and gradually increase it until the speed reaches 1300rpm. Adjust the field current and set the speed to 1400rpm. Make sure that the speed is kept constant during this experiment. Take readings of Vt and Ia when the conditions have settled. Switch ON the 0-50V DC supply and increase it gradually up to a maximum field current value of 10A. Record the field current Isr and the voltage Vt for each step and fill in Table 1. Use both the variable DC supply and the variable resistance 25W in order to adjust the field current to the values given in Table 2. Switch off the 0-50V DC supply.. Reduce the 0-240V DC supply and switch OFF. Plot the magnetizing characteristic Ef/Isr of the series DC motor. Table 1. Magnetization Characteristic of the Series Motor. Vt(=Ef) (V) Isr (A) 0 1 3 5 7 8 9 10
2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
EM-III.3.2 Load Tests

Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
Vt If Ia
1A
-15A/0/15A
A1
3x60
250V
0.5A
A1
10A
D1
1 2 1
D2
2
F1 F2
Dynam.
A2
30
F1 F2
M
A2
S1
500
500
S2
200V DC
0-240V DC
Figure 2. Circuit Diagram II.
III-11
EM-III.3.2.1 Series Motor

1. 2. S1 should be in position (1) and S2 should be in position (OFF). Switch ON the 0-240V DC supply. Increase the voltage up to 60V and keep it constant throughout this test. Switch ON the 200V DC supply. Vary the dynamometer field resistance to apply more torque to lower speed successively in steps of about 100 rev/min. Each time adjust the voltage to be 60V. Take the readings of armature current Ia, torque Te, and speed n at each setting until the series motor armature current reaches 10A. Fill in Table 3.
3.
4.
EM-III.3.2.2 Shunt Motor

1. 2. S1 should be in position (2) and S2 should be in position (1). Switch ON the 0-240V DC supply. Increase the voltage gradually until the motor starts rotating. Check that the rotation is in the forward direction (in this case shunt field is said to be cumulative). If rotation is backward, switch OFF and reverse the shunt field connection. Switch ON the 0-240V DC supply. Increase the voltage up to 180V and keep it constant throughout this test. Set the field current to 400mA. Make sure that the voltage and the filed current are kept constant before each reading. Repeat steps 3 and 4 in EM-IV3.2.1 (speed step of 10rev/min), to get the shunt motor characteristics.
3.
4.
EM-III.3.2.3 Compound Motor

1. 2. 3. S1 should be in position (1) and S2 should be in position (1). Repeat steps 2 to 4 above (in EM-IV3.2.2) to get the compound motor characteristics. Plot for each motor type the following curves: Torque/Speed Torque/Armature current Speed/Armature current (Te/n) (Te/Ia) (n/Ia) Table 2. Load Test Results Shunt Motor Ia (A) n (rpm)
Series Motor Te (Nm) Ia (A) n (rpm)
Compound Motor Te (Nm) Ia (A) n (rpm)
Te (Nm)
III-12
EM-IV. Single Phase Transformers
EM-IV.1 Aim of the experiment:

The objectives of this experiment are to: Carry out open and short circuit tests. Determine the equivalent circuit parameters. Carry out load test. Calculate voltage regulation and efficiency.
EM-IV.2 Equipment and components:

1 U - Core I Yoke 1 Coil 1000 turns 1 Coil 500 turns 1 Variable transformer 2 Voltameters 0 - 50 V 2 Multimeters 1 Rheostat 0 - 30 ohm 1 Variable Capacitor I Variable inductor 1 Wattmeter
EM-IV.3 Overview
A single - phase transformer can be represented by an equivalent circuit. An equivalent circuit can be either referred to primary side or secondary side. Fig. a shows a single - phase two winding transformer. The exact equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to primary side is shown in Fig. b while the approximate equivalent circuit referred to primary side is shown in Fig. c.
IV-13
N R = 1 R2 N 2 2 N X 2/ = 1 X 2 N 2
/ 2
N I 2/ = 2 I 2 N 1 N V2/ = 1 V2 N 2
Re1 = R1 + R2/ X e1 = X 1 + X 2/
Open - circuit and short circuit tests are carried out to determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit. The power losses in the transformer can also be determined from these tests.
EM-IV.4 Conducting the experiment

Part 1: Open Circuit Test (O.C.T.) 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1. 2. Adjust the primary voltage VI On the variable transformer to 22 V. 3. Measure the no-load current Io , no-load power Poc (core loss), primary voltage V1 and secondary voltage V2. 4. Enter the measurements in Table 1.
IV-14
5.
Calculate the no-load power factor cos o using the relation cos o =
Poc and enter the result in V1 I o
6.
Table I. Calculate the magnetizing (reactive) current component Iom and core-loss (active) current component Iol using the following relations;
I o1 = I o cos o I om = I o sin o 7.
and enter the results in Table I.
Calculate the parameters X (magnetizing reactance) and R (Core loss equivalent resistor) of the
X = V1 I om and enter the result in Table 1. equivalent circuit using the following relations R = V1 I ol
8. Repeat; the above steps with an air gap between U-Core and Yoke.
Questions:1. Why is the no-load current Io with air gap greater than that without air-gap? 2. The value of R and X in Table 1 are referred to primary side. Calculate R and X referred to secondary side. R (referred to secondary) = ___________________ X (referred to secondary) = ___________________
IV-15
3.
Calculate the no-load power Poc (core loss) using the following relation
2 Poc = I ol R = ____________________________ W
4. 5.
and compare it with the value of Poc in Table I. Identify the types of the core-loss Poc . If the primary side is opened and the no load current Io is measured from the secondary side1 what would be the value of Io Io = ________________ (without air gap) Io = ________________ (with air gap)
Part 2: Short Circuit Test (S.C.T.) 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Adjust the primary voltage V1 on the Variable transformer so that the short circuit current on primary side Isc1 is 170 mA. Measure the short circuit power Psc (copper losses), short circuit currents Isc1 , Isc2 and short circuit voltage Vsc. Enter the measurements in Table 2. Calculate the short circuit power factor cos sc using the relation cos sc = enter the result in Table 2.
Psc and Vsc I sc1

Vsc I sc1
6.
Calculate the short circuit equivalent impedance Zsc using the relation Z sc = Z e1 =
7.
and enter the result in Table 2. Calculate the equivalent resistance and reactance using the following relations Re1 = Z e1 cos sc , X e1 = Z e1 sin sc and enter the results in Table 2.
Questions:1. The value of Zel in Table 2 is referred equivalent impedance referred to secondary side Ze2. Ze2 = ___________________ ohm
to
primary
side.
Calculate
the
IV-16
2.
Calculate the efficiency of the transformer at 125%, 100%,50% and 25% of the full load using the relation: Efficiency =
(nS cos
(nS cos L )
L
+ Poc + n 2 Psc
) , take cos
= 0.8 and S=3.3 VA.
Part 3: Load Test 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3
. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Adjust the voltage V1 on the Variable transformer to 22 V. Vary the current I2 in steps of 100 mA by varying the rheostat (resistive load). Measure (secondary voltage) Voltage V2. Enter the measurements in Table 3. Calculate the voltage regulation of full load using the following relation % Voltage Regulation =
(V
2 , NL
V2,FL )
V2, NL
100 %
/
where, V2, NL = no load (I2 = 0) secondary voltage = V1 = V1
N2 N1
V2, FL = full load (I2 = 300 mA) secondary voltage.

7. 8. Draw the relation between I2 and V2 and from which calculate the voltage regulation at unity power factor (resistive load). Repeat steps 1-7 but with capacitive and inductive loads.
IV-17
Questions:1. Is it possible to get a -ve value for the voltage regulation? Explain. 2. What is the best value of voltage regulation? Is it possible to get it practically? 3. Calculate the power factor which yields the voltage regulation best value.
IV-18
EM-V. The 3-Phase Induction Motor
EM-V.1 Aim of the experiment:

The object of this experiment is to :
Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit per phase. Plot the torque/speed and current/speed relation at different voltages. Study the effect of rotor resistance on the motor performance. Determine the starting torque and current at different voltages.
EM-V.2 Equipment and Components

Scan Drive Unit 3-phase rotor resistance MV 1013 Moving iron ammeter 0 6A Digital Ohmmeter
EM-V.3 Connection Diagram

(see next page)
V-19
OVER TEMP MT1 BR1 SW1 Digital Mechanical Transducer OVER TEMP
cw VV1
OVER TEMP
VV2
F1
F2
A1
A2
ccw
DR1
DR2
L1
L2
L3 MF
0-230V/1A 0-230V/1A 0-30V/5A 0-30V/5A
MA
MS1
MS2
MS3
L1 L1 L2 L3 N
S1 L1 S2
L2
L2 S3 L3
L3
N
IR
Rst
R1
OVER TEMP
EM-V.4 Conducting the Experiment

EM-V.4.1 Resistance Measurement
1. 2. 3. 4. Using a digital ohmmeter measure the resistance between R1 and R2. Measure the resistance between S1 and S2 and fill the results in Table 1. The stator resistance per phase =1.11xRS1S2/2=_____________() The rotor resistance per phase =1.11xRR1R2/2=_____________()
Table 1.
Resistance R1+R2
Rph =
( R1 + R2 ) 111 . 2
Rotor Stator
V-20
EM-V.4.2 No-Load Test

1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1. Short circuit the rotor terminals R1, R2, and R3. Turn off the switch of VV1 and DR1 to make sure there is no load on the induction motor. With the 3-phase voltage supply of 400V and the motor winding connected as star, use the autotransformer to start the motor from zero voltage and up to full voltage. Fill in Table 2. Reduce the voltage back to zero and switch off the 3-phase supply.
5. 6.
Table 2.
VNL (V) INL (A) Pact|NL (kW) Qreact|NL (kVAR) cos nNL (rpm) SlipNL (p.u.)
Question 1
Why is the slip of the motor relatively small at no-load ?
Question 2
What does Pact|NL represents on no-load ? Calculate the resistive and inductive component of the magnetizing branch ?
EM-V.4.3 Blocked-Rotor Test and Standstill Test

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Record the full load value of the current from the nameplate of the motor IFL=______(A). Switch on the 3-phase supply and block the rotor manually to prevent the rotation. Increase the voltage across the motor using the autotransformer until the full load current flows. Fill in the results of Table 3. Reduce the voltage across the motor to zero and switch off the supply.
Table 3.
VBL (V) IBL (A) Pact|BL (kW) Qreact|BL (kVAR) cos
V-21
Question 3
What is the relation between IBL and Istarting ?
Question 4
What does Pact|BL represent ? Calculate leakage impedance of the stator and rotor windings referred to the stator.
EM-V.4.4 Loading Without 3-phase Rotor Resistance

1. With the switch of VV1 in the off position start the induction motor by increasing the voltage from zero to 80V and fill the results in Table 4. Now, turn the switch VV1 on to provide loading on the motor and take the readings of the digital panel. Fill the results in Table 4 at different values of loadings. You can get more loading by reducing the load resistance R1. Plot the relation T versus slip and current versus slip. Turn the switch of VV1 off and reduce the motor voltage to zero and switch off the supply. Efficiency may be calculated using the relation
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
=
where T is in Nm, n in rpm and Pact in kW.
T n 2 1000 Pact 60
Question 5
Plot the PF and current versus slip on one graph paper all at Vph=80V then plot the current at Vph=230V on the same graph.
Question 6
What is the relation between torque and voltage and the relation between current and voltage ? Plot T versus slip at Vph=230V on the same graph paper and comment.
V-22
Table 4.
Vph (V) IL (A) Ppact (kW) Qreact (kVAR ) cos T (Nm) n (rpm) s (pu) Pout (kW) Effi. (%)
EM-V.4.5 Loading Test With a 3-phase Rotor Resistance in Circuit

1. Include the 3-phase rotor resistance Rst in the rotor circuit and repeat all the steps 1 to 1 in part iv at the same voltage. Fill the results in Table 5. Switch off the main supply and DC supply.
2. 3.
Table 5.
Vph (V) IL (A) Ppact (kW) Qreact (kVAR ) cos T (Nm) n (rpm) s (pu) Pout (kW) Effi. (%)
Question 7
Repeat question 5 with the new results on the same graph paper.
Question 8
Explain with figures the effect of increasing the rotor resistance.
V-23
EM-V.4.6 Determination of starting torque and current

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Short circuit the rotor terminals R1, R2 and R3. Start the motor from zero voltage and set the voltage constant at Vph=50V. Load the motor using the DC generator until the speed reaches zero. Take readings of digital panel and fill the results in Table 6. Switch off the supplies. Repeat the same procedure 2 to 5 but with the 3-phase external resistance Rst in the rotor circuit. Fill the results from the digital panel in Table 6.
Table 6.
IL (A) Without Rst With Rst Pact (kW) Qreact (kVAR) cos Tst (Nm)
Question 9
Calculate the starting torque and current at Vph=230V with and without external rotor resistance and compare the values.
Question 10
Draw the equivalent circuit per phase with values on at a slip of 0.05. What happen to the total impedance of the motor when s is increasing from 0.05 to 0.5 ?
V-24

E M L - M: Lectrical Achines AB Anual

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Sultan Qaboos University

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB. MANUAL

ELEC4356 Semester 7 2005

(1987-1992) (1988-1994) (1989-1995) (1995-1998) (Fall 2005)

EM-V.1 EM-V.2 EM-V.3 EM-V.4 EM-V.4.1 EM-V.4.2 EM-V.4.3

EM-V.4.4 EM-V.4.5 EM-V.4.6

V-22 V-23 V-24

EM-I. Introduction to Terco Electrical Machine Teaching Unit

EM-I.1 Aim of the experiment:

EM-I.2 Equipment and components:

EM-I.3 Connection Diagram

MV 1300 220V = 0-220V = F

Figure 1. Circuit Diagram

STATOR ROTOR Air gap m

Force Reaction on balance on Stator Torque-arm length

(a) Air-gap forces

Tloss Tsh Te (c) Generating

EM-I.5 Conducting the experiment

SmS3S4 SmS3S4 SmS3 SmS3S4

0 100 100 100

EM-I.5.2 Speed Control of DC Motors

EM-I.5.3 Torque Meter

EM-II.1 Aim of the experiment:

EM-II.2 Equipment and components:

EM-II.3 Connection Diagram

R my + + - + RL 220V = 0-220V = MV 1300 F

Figure 1. Circuit Diagram

EM-II.4 Conducting the experiment

EM-II.4.2 Load Characteristics (Vt-IL)

EM-II.4.2.2 Shunt Generator

Figure 2. Shunt Generator Connection Diagram.

EM-II.4.2.3 Shunt Generator

EM-III.1 Aim of the experiment:

EM-III.2 Equipment and components:

EM-III.3 Conducting the experiment

Figure 1. Circuit Diagram I

EM-III.3.2 Load Tests

Figure 2. Circuit Diagram II.

EM-III.3.2.1 Series Motor

EM-III.3.2.2 Shunt Motor

EM-III.3.2.3 Compound Motor

Series Motor Te (Nm) Ia (A) n (rpm)

Compound Motor Te (Nm) Ia (A) n (rpm)

EM-IV. Single Phase Transformers

EM-IV.1 Aim of the experiment:

EM-IV.2 Equipment and components:

EM-IV.4 Conducting the experiment

Poc and enter the result in V1 I o

and enter the results in Table I.

Psc and Vsc I sc1

= 0.8 and S=3.3 VA.

Part 3: Load Test 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3

where, V2, NL = no load (I2 = 0) secondary voltage = V1 = V1

V2, FL = full load (I2 = 300 mA) secondary voltage.

EM-V. The 3-Phase Induction Motor

EM-V.1 Aim of the experiment:

EM-V.2 Equipment and Components

EM-V.3 Connection Diagram

EM-V.4 Conducting the Experiment

EM-V.4.2 No-Load Test

EM-V.4.3 Blocked-Rotor Test and Standstill Test