A PROJECT RESEARCH

BY

OLATUNDE MICHAEL
020402063
ON

COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF STEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS,

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER 2007

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the research work reported herein was carried out by Mr. OLATUNDE, Michael. It has been read and approved as meeting the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Civil and Environmental Engineering in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos.

Dr. K.O. Aiyesimoju Project Supervisor

Prof. M.A. Salau Head of Department Civil and Environmental Engineering

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DEDICATION I dedicate this project to the Almighty Creator whose infinite and tender care conceded me through the trying times of this research work.

ACKNWOLEGDEMENT

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First and foremost I would like to express my wholehearted gratitude to GOD for the infinite mercies and wisdom showered upon me during the rigours of this project. To Him be all the glory and honour. My sincere gratitude to my project supervisor Dr K.O. Aiyesimoju for his intelligent criticisms and kind guidance during the course of this project. He made me make it. I thank my mum for her great support, love and care she showered on me during the sojourn of this project may Almighty God reward her bountifully. I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my very good friend Bayo Balogun for all his help, I cannot but say a big thank you to Alhaji and Alhaja Balogun and the Balogun family for their kind assistance may God in his infinite mercies shower them all with great blessings. My love to my loving father for all his prayers and love. God bless you daddy. I would also love to appreciate my loving sister for all her wise advices during this work Great thanks to Kehinde Orolu who took the pain and time to put me through programming with MATLAB. My appreciation to Dr. S.O. Oyegoke for all his advice and assistance. May God bless you Sir. I also want to thank my brother and other sisters who all played great roles in ensuring the success of this project God bless you all

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I also want to appreciate my professional consultant Samson Shoyombo for all the research he made on my behalf My thanks to all those that I cannot mention now who have played positive roles in this research of mine. God bless you all.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Table of contents List of figures List of tables Abstract CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Open channel Hydraulics 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4

i ii iii iv vi ix x xi

1 1 2 3 3 3 8 8 9 9 9 10 10

Uniform flow Gradually varied flow Rapidly varied flow Mannings Roughness Coefficient

1.3 Steady flow in open channels 1.4 Arbitrary sections 1.5 Importance of surface profile computations 1.6 Definitions of terms 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3

Froude Number Fr Control Sections Prismatic and non- Prismatic channels 11

1.7 Objective of study

CHAPTER 2
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

12

VI

2.2. Background of backwater analysis 2.3. Assumptions for gradually varied flow 2.4. Equations for gradually varied flow 2.5. Methods of analysis 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.3.1 2.5.3.2 2.6

12 13 13 14 14 16 18 19 19 19 23

Graphical integration method Direct integration method Numerical methods Direct step method The Standard Step Method Classification of Profiles Velocity Distribution in Open Channels

2.7

CHAPTER 3 SOLUTION TECHNIQUES

3.1 Foreword 3.2 Inaccuracies in Numerical Analysis of Steady Flow in Open Channels 3.3 Numerical Solution Techniques for First Order Differential Equations 3.4 Analysis of Solution Techniques 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4

25 25 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32

Taylors method Eulers Method Heuns Method Runge Kutta Method

3.5 Predictor- Corrector Methods 3.6 Selection of Solution Technique 3.7 Accuracy of Solution and Choice of Step Interval 3.8 Computation of Normal and Critical Depth ( Prismatic Channels )

CHAPTER 4 PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT AND COMPUTATIONAL LOGIC

4.1.1

Foreword Programming Language Whats MATLAB?

33 33 33

4.2 4.2.1

VII

4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4 4.5

Computational Logic Arbitrary Prismatic Channels Arbitrary non- Prismatic Channels Data Feeding Algorithm Development and Flow Charts

36 36 37 38 39

CHAPTER 5 5.1 Selected Examples 44 55 57 58

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION REFERNCES APPENDIX

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 The principle of graphical integration method Figure 2 Classification of profiles of gradually varied flow Figure 3 Velocity distribution for narrow channels Figure 5 Algorithm for prismatic channels Figure 6 Algorithm for non prismatic channels Figure 7 MATLAB command window Figure 8 MATLAB editor window Figure 9 Open channel Application GUI Figure 10 profile plot for super critical flow Figure 11 profile plot for sub critical flow (below normal depth) Figure 12 profile plot for sub critical flow (above normal depth) 15 21 24 25 25 45 45 46 47 47 49

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.4.1 List of input variables for arbitrary prismatic sections Table 4.4.2 List of input variables for arbitrary non prismatic sections 38 38

ABSTRACT In the field of hydraulics there is an increasing trend towards the use of computer based models, which have proven to be an invaluable tool in the analysis of steady flow in open channels This study is aimed at producing a computer software that is capable of computing and displaying the surface profile of gradually varied flows (backwater) in open channels of arbitrary cross sections. The programme will be developed using MATLAB. It will be capable of handling gradual changes in geometry of channels along the direction of flow (non prismatic channel conditions).

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