Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) The Physical Setting Struture of Matter: What Lies Beneath Revision

Ionic Bonding

Example: Sodium atom (Group 1)

Symbolic form Number of protons & neutrons Number of protons Number of electrons Electronic configuration Atomic Structure
23 11

23 11 11 2, 8, 1 X XX X X X
11 protons 12 neutrons

Na

X X

X XX

X - electrons

Oxygen atom (Group 6)

Symbolic form Number of protons & neutrons Number of protons Number of electrons Electronic configuration Atomic Structure
16 8

16 8 8 2, 6

XX X X X
8 protons 8 neutrons

X XX

X - electrons

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Ionic Bonding

Magnesium atom (Group 2)

Symbolic form Number of protons & neutrons Number of protons Number of electrons Electronic configuration Atomic Structure
24 12

24 12 12 2, 8, 2 XX XX X X X
12 protons 12 neutrons

Mg

X X X - electrons

X XX

Chlorine-35 atom (Group 7)

Symbolic form Number of protons & neutrons Number of protons Number of electrons Electronic configuration Atomic Structure
35 17

35 17 17 2, 8, 7 XX XX X X X X X
17 protons 18 neutrons

Cl

X X X X X - electrons

X XX X

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Inert Gas Configuration Helium 2 Neon 2, 8 Argon 2, 8, 8

Ionic Bonding

Na Atom Ion 1)

Proton (+) 11 11

Neutron 12 12

Electron (-) 11 10

Net charge 0 1

Sodium is a Group 1 metal, its atoms lose 1 electron to form positive ions/ cations. Sodium form Na+. 2) O Atom Ion Proton (+) 8 8 Neutron 8 8 Electron (-) 8 10 Net charge 0 -2

Oxygen is a Group 6 non-metal, its atoms gain 2 electrons to form negative ions/ anions. Oxygen form O2-. 3) Mg Atom Ion Proton (+) 12 12 Neutron 12 12 Electron (-) 12 10 Net charge 0 2

Magnesium is a Group 2 metal, its atoms lose 2 electrons to form positive ions/ cations. Magnesium form Mg2+. 4) Cl-35 Atom Ion Proton (+) 17 17 Neutron 18 18 Electron (-) 17 18 Net charge 0 -1

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Ionic Bonding

Chlorine-35 is a Group 7 non-metal, its atoms gain 1 electrons to form negative ions/ anions. Chlorine-35 form Cl-.

5)

What are some of the ionic compounds formed from the ions above? NaCl, MgCl2, MgO, Na2O No of Valence electrons

(A) Fill in your choice in the shaded blank. Proton/ Electronic Symbol (e.g Mg2+ ) Electron Configuration Li ions Ca ions Be ions Al ions S ions F ions 3 20 4 13 16 9 2,1 2,8,8,2 2,2 2,8,3 2,8,6 2,7 Li+ Ca2+ Be2+ Al3+ S2F-

Charge +1 +2 +2 +3 -2 -1

Group number 1 2 2 3 6 7

Classification
(Metal/ Non-metal)

Metal Metal Metal Metal Non-Metal Non-Metal

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Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding
ons are formed by the loss or gain of electrons of atoms in order to obtain the electronic configuration of a/an inert/ noble gas.

When Metals lose electrons, they form positive ions/ cations.

When Non-metals gain electrons, they form negative ions / anions. Ionic bonding occurs when the electrons are transferred between metals and non-metals.

The oppositely-charged ions are attracted to each other and held by strong electrostatic forces known as ionic bond.

The attraction acts in all directions. Since like charges repel each other, the ions will be arranged in a regular array of positive and negative ions. In this array, the ions are held at particular distance to create a three-dimensional structure called lattice. , ionic compounds crystal. form giant lattice

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Ionic Bonding

Formation of ionic bond in MgO

A Mg atom with electron configuration 2,8,2 donates 2 electrons to achieve the stable octet electron configuration. Electron from Ca is transferred to O atom with electron configuration 2,6. Mg2+ ion and O2- ion are attracted to one another to form MgO compound

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Ionic Bonding

Formation of ionic bond in MgCl2

A Mg atom with electron configuration 2,8,2 donates 2 electrons to achieve the stable octet electron configuration. Electron from Mg is transferred to Cl atom with electron configuration 2,8,7. Mg2+ ion and 2 Cl- ions are attracted to one another to form MgCl2 crystal lattice structure

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Ionic Bonding

Formation of ionic bond in AlF3

A Al atom with electron configuration 2,8,3 donates 3 electrons to achieve the stable octet electron configuration. Electron from Al is transferred to F atom with electron configuration 2,7. Al3+ ion and 3 F- ions are attracted to one another to form AlF3 crystal lattice structure

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Ionic Bonding

Properties of ionic compounds

1. High melting point & boiling point It has giant ionic lattice a lot of energy is required to break the strong electrostatic attraction b/w the oppositely charged ions Magnesium oxide and Aluminium oxide are used as refractories to line the inside of the furnace

2. Non-conductor of electricity in solid state The ions are at fixed positions and are unable to move/not mobile. They can only conduct in liquid state (molten or aqueous) Can undergo electrolysis. Example: lead bromide can be separated by electrolysis to form lead and bromine

3. Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent such as petrol.

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