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CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 26, No.

6 (2009) 069801

Dynamical Stability and Attractor of the Variable Generalized Chaplygin Gas Model *
FU Huan-Huan(), WU Ya-Bo()** , CHENG Fang-Yuan()
Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029

(Received 11 August 2008)


For the variable generalized Chaplygin gas (VGCG) as a dynamical system, its stability is analyzed and the related dynamical attractors are investigated. By analysis it is shown that there are two critical points corresponding to the matter-dominated phase and the VGCG dark energy-dominated phase, respectively. Moreover, when the parameters , and take some fixed values, the phase with VGCG = 0.92 is a dynamical attractor and the equation of state of VGCG reaches it from either VGCG > 1 or VGCG < 1, independent of the initial values of the dynamical system. This shows a satisfactory cosmological model: the early matter-dominated era, followed by the dark energy-dominated era. Meanwhile, the evolutions of density parameters and VGCG are quite different from each other. For different initial values of and , decreases and VGCG increases as the time grows, they will eventually approach = 0 and VGCG = 1. Furthermore, since different values of or may lead to different equation-of-state parameters VGCG , we also discuss the constraints on the parameters and by the observation data.

PACS: 98.80.Es, 98.80.Jk CMB anisotropy,[13] supernovae[46] and galaxies clustering strongly indicate that our universe is spatially at, and two thirds of the energy content results from dark energy, a substance with negative pressure which can make the universe expand in an accelerating fashion. The simplest candidate to play the role of dark energy is cosmological constant , which has pressure = . However, the -term requires that the vacuum energy density can be nely tuned to have the observed very tiny value, i.e., the ne-tuning problem. Also, the simplest model cannot explain why the present amount of dark energy is comparable with the critical density today, i.e., the coincidence problem. To alleviate this, many other dierent dark energy models have been proposed, such as quintessence,[79] phantom,[10] modied gravity model,[1113] holographic dark energy,[14,15] the generalized Chaplygin gas (GCG)[1619] which is stemmed from the Chaplygin gas,[20,21] etc. In the Chaplygin gas model, dark energy and dark matter can be unied by allowing for a uid with an equation of state which evolves between both of them and the generalized Chaplygin gas (GCG) with the exotic equation of state (EoS), i.e., GCG = / , where 0 1. GCG Also, the GCG model can be extended to the variable generalized Chaplygin gas (VGCG) model,[22,23] which is similar to dust-like matter at early times and will be quiessence or phantom at the late stage. All of these are more or less exotic solutions to the dark energy question. One of the most important issues for dark energy models is the ne tuning problem and a good model should limit the ne tuning as much as possible. The dynamical attractor of the cosmological system has been employed to make the late time behavior of the model insensitive to the initial condition of eld and thus alleviate the ne tuning problem. In the quintessence and phantom models, the corresponding dynamical system has a tracking attractor that makes the quintessence and phantom evolve by tracking the equation of state of the background cosmological uid so as to alleviate the ne tuning problem.[24,25] Therefore it is interesting to study the dynamical attractor of VGCG model, although its evolution of EoS has been studied.[22] In this Letter, we study the dynamical stability and attractor of the variable generalized Chaplygin gas (VGCG) model. The dynamical analysis indicates that there are two critical points respectively corresponding to the matter-dominated phase with VGCG = 0 and the VGCG dark energy-dominated phase with VGCG = 1 and VGCG = 0.92 when 2 the sound speed satises 0 1 and the parameters , and take some xed values. The EoS for the VGCG model eventually approaches it from either VGCG > 1 or VGCG < 1, independent of the choice of its initial density parameter. In the framework of spatially at FRW cosmology, considering an exotic background uid, the VGCG can be described by VGCG = 0 / VGCG , (1)

where 0 , and are constants, 0 1. If = 0, then the EoS can reduce to the GCG scenario; if =

* Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 10875056, and the Scientific Research Foundation of the Higher Education Institute of Liaoning Province under Grant Nos 2007T087 and 05L215. ** Email: ybwu61@163.com;qijisnoopy@163.com c 2009 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd

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1, then the EoS can reduce to the VCG model;[26] and if = 0, = 1, then the EoS becomes the so-called Chaplygin gas (CG) scenario rst studied in cosmological context by Kamenshchik et al. According to the energy conservation equation, / ln = 3( + ), the energy density evolves[23] 3(1+) VGCG = 0 (1+) +(1+)3(1+) 3(1+) [
1 ] 1+

the VGCG, respectively. The EoS can be expressed in terms of the new variables as VGCG VGCG = = , (13) VGCG and the sound speed is [ ] VGCG 2 = = VGCG . (14) VGCG 3(1 + VGCG ) According to Ref. [30], if Eqs. (10) and (11) satisfy ( ) = 0, then the point , the condition (0 ,0 ) (0 , 0 ) is said to be the critical point. The critical point (0 , 0 ) is called an attractor if it satises ((), ()) (0 , 0 ) when .
Table 1. Critical points for the system of the VGCG given by Eqs. (10) and (11). Name 1 1 1 0 VGCG 1 VGCG 0 1 3(1 + )
2 0

, (2)

where = 3(1 + ). As we know, the general study of the phase space system of quintessence with constant and with dynamically changing in the FriedmanRobertson Walker (FRW) universe has been given in Refs. [25,27 29]. To analyse the dynamical system of VGCG model, we rst write out the Friedmann equations and the conservation equations as follows: 2 = ( + VGCG ), 3
2

(3)

1 3(1 + ) ( ) = (1 + 2) 1 + 3(1 + )

= ( + + VGCG + VGCG ), 2 = 3( + ), VGCG = 3(VGCG + VGCG ),

(4) (5) (6)

where 2 = 8, is the density of the linear barotropic uid with an equation of state = ( 1) , and 0 2 is a constant that relates to the equation of state by = 1, VGCG and VGCG are the energy density and pressure of the VGCG, respectively. The overdot represents the derivative with respect to cosmic time . Again, we introduce the following dimensionless variables 2 VGCG , 3 2 2 VGCG , 3 2 ln . (7) (8) (9)

For the dynamical system of the VGCG model, the critical points, the corresponding density parame2 ter VGCG , the EoS VGCG and the sound speeds are shown in Table 1, from which we can easily nd that point corresponds to = 0 (i.e., VGCG = 0), so it is the matter-dominated phase. Point corre and sponds to VGCG = 1, VGCG = 1 3(1 + ) ( ) 2 = (1 + 2) 1 + , which are dependent 3(1 + ) on the parameters and . Hence, we will clarify the properties of the critical points below. When linearizing the system near the critical points and translating the system to the origin, we can give the rst order perturbation equation = , (15) where is a two-column vector consisting of the perturbations of and . is a 2 2 matrix for the critical point ( , ) ( = , ) ( ) 11 3( 1) = , 2 3 2 + 3(1 ) 22 (16) 11 = 3 + 3 6 + 6 + 3 , ( 2 ) 22 = + 3 1 + + 3 + 3(1 ) + 6 . The stability of the critical points is determined by the eigenvalues of the matrix at the critical points. For point , the eigenvalues are 1 = 3 3, 2 = + 3 + 3. (17) (18)

Thus Eqs. (3)(6) can be rewritten as the following autonomous form = 3( + ) + 3[(1 ) + + ], (10)

= + 3 ( + ) + 3[(1 ) + + ]. (11) From Eq. (3) we have + VGCG = 1, (12)

2 2 VGCG where and VGCG are the 3 2 3 2 density parameters for the linear barotropic uid and

Thus, it may be stable if 1 < 2, < 3(1 + ) and 0 1.

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For point , the eigenvalues are 1 = 3 , 1 + (19) (20)

2 = 3(1 + ) .
Table 2. The initial values of and in Figs. 13. 0.14 0.19 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.14

0.20 0.13

From the above equations, we can easily see that 1 and 2 are always negative if > 3(1 + ), (0 < 1) and > 3(1 + ), (1 2), where 0 1. This means that point is stable node. Moreover, it is noticed that physically mean2 ingful sound speed satises 0 1, thus ac2 cording to the expressions of and VGCG in Table 1, < 0 and 1 < VGCG < 0 must be satised, which implies that the stable point corresponds to the VGCG dark energy-dominated phase. However, it should be noticed that in this case the point is an unstable point, which corresponds to the matterdominated phase with VGCG = 0. Thus we show a satisfactory cosmological model: the early matterdominated era and then followed by the VGCG dark energy-dominated era.
-0.2 -0.4 =1 =4/3

or may lead to dierent values of VGCG . According to the observation data 1.33 < < 0.79 [31,32] 2 and the meaningful sound speech 0 1, we can calculate the constraints on the parameters and : 0.71 < < 0 and 0 < < 0.13. In Fig. 5 we give an example, from which we can easily see that for a xed there are dierent trajectories of VGCG when taking dierent values of . The greater the value of , the smaller the value of VGCG . However, for the special case of = 0, i.e., the GCG model, the EoS is = 1, which is in agreement with the previous result.[24]
-0.7 -0.8 =1 =4/3

VGCG

-0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3 0 1 2

Fig. 2. Evolution of the EoS of the VGCG model for different initial values of and .
1.0 0.8 0.6 WVGCG =1 =4/3

-0.6 -0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

W
0.4 0.2 0 WG 0 1 2

Fig. 1. Phase diagram of the VGCG system in terms of and for different initial values of and .

Fig. 3. Evolutions of the density parameter and VGCG for different initial values of and .
2.5 2.0

Now we numerically study the above dynamical system and here the parameters adopted are = 0.01, = 0.24, = 1 (corresponding to the solid lines in gures) or 4/3 (corresponding to the dash-dotted lines in the gures) and the initial values of and are taken, as listed in Table 2. The phase diagram and the evolutions of the EoS, density parameter , VGCG 2 as well as the sound speed in the VGCG model are respectively shown in Figs. 14. From these gures we can see that either = 1 (matter-dominated epoch) or = 4/3 (radiation-dominated epoch), when taking dierent initial values of and , all the trajectories of the EoS VGCG (see Fig. 2) tend to 0.92, while 2 , and VGCG respectively approach to 0.94, 0 and 1 (see Figs. 34) in the future (i.e., ), so the point is an attractor in the VGCG model. Moreover, from Table 1 it is easy to see that dierent values of

=1 =4/3

Cs

1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1 2

2 Fig. 4. Evolution of the sound speed for different initial values of and , where the curves respectively correspond to (, ) = (0.65, 0.6), (0.75, 0.69), (0.7, 0.64), (0.4, 0.36), (0.7, 0.62), (0.4, 0.34), (0.5, 0.4) from top to bottom.

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-0.90 -0.95

VGCG

-1.00 -1.05 -1.10 -1.15 -1.20 0 1 2 3 4 5 VGCG=-1

of or may lead to dierent values of VGCG , according to the observation data 1.33 < < 0.79 2 and the meaningful sound speech 0 1, we also give the constraints on the parameters and : 0.71 < < 0 and 0 < < 0.13. Further discussions on the VGCG model with interaction between the barotropic background uid and VGCG will be appearing in our forthcoming papers.

Fig. 5. Evolution graph of VGCG when taking = 0.01, while = 0.3, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05, 0 from top to bottom, where the initial value of (, ) is (0.15, 0.18).

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In summary, we have analyzed the stability of the VGCG model and investigated its dynamical attractors. The dynamical analysis indicates that there are the two critical points respectively corresponding to the matter-dominated phase with VGCG = 0 and the VGCG dark energy-dominated phase with VGCG = 1 and VGCG = 0.92 when the sound speed satises 2 0 1 and the parameters , and take some xed values, such as = 0.24, = 1 or = 4/3 and = 0.01. While the phase with VGCG = 0.92 is a dynamical attractor, the equation of state (EoS) of the VGCG model reaches it from either VGCG > 1 or VGCG < 1, independent of the initial values of the dynamical system. This shows a satisfactory cosmological model: the early matter-dominated era, followed by the dark energy-dominated era. Meanwhile, according to the above analysis on the gures, we have pointed out that dierent initial values of VGCG and VGCG will lead to dierent tracks of the EoS VGCG , 2 sound speed , density parameter and VGCG , but cannot prevent them from approaching their dynamical attractors. Irrespective of whether the initial condition being VGCG > 1 or VGCG < 1, the EoS will eventually tend to 0.92, which is consistent with the observation data 1.33 < < 0.79. More2 over, when the sound speed satises 0 1, it quickly approaches 0.94 for dierent initial values of and , while decreases and VGCG increases as time grows, and they will eventually approach = 0 and VGCG = 1. Furthermore, since dierent values

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