1.

INTRODUCTION: This project implements a high speed data acquisition, Logging and Controlling system using ATMega16, ATMega8 microcontrollers and RS-485. Our main focus for this project was to take analog or digital data from sensors which are distributed across very large area. Maintaining the records of the data is important task when analyzing manually the status of system; this is done with help of database record. Displaying every instant value to the operator is being done with the help of visual basic user interface. Controlling an event when some physical quantity has reached above its maximum limit or below its minimum limit is being done with the help of control feature for every sensor. Every sensor is connected to Atmega8 controllers ADC through its signal conditioning circuit. We have taken three Atmega8 modules which are connected to a main controller module which is having Atmega16 controller. When any sensor give data to the Atmega8 it is converted to its digital equivalent and transferred to the main controller which is connected to PC through RS485 interfacing. It is important to use RS-485 interface as it reduces the noise interference which is very common in industries. The data coming from sensors is regularly being displayed on the computer through the visual basic 6.0 software. There is also an option of controlling a particular physical quantity which is being sensed regularly. This is with the help of control option being provided in the software. We have used RS-485 and RS-232 protocols to transfer data from slave to computer. Between the slave and master controller there is RS-485 interface while between main controller and the computer we have used RS-232 interface. Line drivers ICs are used for this conversion. The major design challenge we have encountered is with integration of all slave controllers with master controller. As the master controller must know from which slave controller the data is coming, this is done by making a data frame of 6bytes.this data frame contains address of the slave, data from the slave, start and end reorganization of the frame. After this it becomes easy to recognize the frame and give that frame to appropriate field in the user interface. Our original proposal was to do this work in wireless medium but due budget constraints we have to take simple RS-485 interface to complete the task. Project every part is built in such a manner that we can extend the slave controllers as well its data frame width with some simple modifications. 2. HIGH LEVEL DESIGN : i. Rationale:

Original idea was to build some set of data acquisition and signal conversion system for aircrafts. It was prepared to do with the wireless medium but due to budget constraint we have to switch to wire medium. Even after that also the project can be used in any environment where there is the

requirement of data sensing from the physical quantity and taking the appropriate control action according to that data. ii. Logical structure:

PC USB PORT

USB TO UART CONVER TER

MASTER DEVICE ATMEGA 16

SLAVE DEVICE ATMEGA 8

SLAVE DEVICE ATMEGA 8

SLAVE DEVICE ATMEGA 8

TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Block diagram for DAQ

LIGHT SENSOR

RESISTOR SENSOR

iii.

Hardware/software tradeoffs:

As the software (VB6.0) is getting the data from USART buffer which is 16 times faster than the hardware, there no much trade-off requirement for communication. At the run time hardware is providing the data at sufficient speed which is being taken from the software easily accurately. iv. Standards:

We have used two standards for data communication. That are RS-485 between the slave controllers and the main controller and RS-232 between the main controller and pc. Protocols study: a) RS-232 protocol Communication as defined in the RS232 standard is an asynchronous serial communication method. The word serial means, that the information is sent one bit at a time. Asynchronous tells us that the information is not sent in predefined time slots. Data transfer can start at any given time and it is the task of the receiver to detect when a message starts and ends. Asynchronous communication has some advantages and disadvantages, which are both discussed in the next paragraph. Devices, which use serial cables for their communication, are split into two categories. These are DCE (Data Communications Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment.) Data Communications Equipments are devices such as modem, TA adapter, plotter etc while Data Terminal Equipment are Computer or Terminal. The electrical specification of the serial port is contained in the EIA (Electronics Industry Association) RS232C standard. It states many parameters such as 1. A "Space" (logic 0) will be between +3 and +25 Volts. 2. A "Mark" (Logic 1) will be between -3 and -25 Volts. 3. The region between +3 and -3 volts is undefined. 4. An open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts. (In Reference to GND) 5. A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA. The driver should be able to handle this without damage. (Take note of this one!) Serial Ports come in two "sizes". There are the D-Type 25 pin connector and the D-Type 9 pin connector both of which are male on the back of the PC, thus you will require a female connector on your device. Below is a table of pin connections for the 9 pin and 25 pin D-Type connectors. Table various serial port pins D-Type- D-TypePin outs 9 pin no. 25 pin no. 3 2 RD 2 3 RD

Function Receive Data (Serial data input) Transmit Data (Serial data output)
3

7 8 6 5 1 4 9

4 5 6 7 8 20 22

RTS CTS DSR SG DCD DTR RI

Request to send (acknowledge to modem that UART is ready to exchange data Clear to send (i.e.; modem is ready to exchange data) Data ready state (UART establishes a link) Signal ground Data Carrier detect (This line is active when modem detects a carrier Data Terminal Ready. Ring Indicator (Becomes active when modem detects ringing signal from PSTN

Null Modems A Null Modem is used to connect two DTE's together. This is commonly used as a cheap way to network games or to transfer files between computers using Zmodem Protocol, Xmodem Protocol etc. This can also be used with many Microprocessor Development Systems.

Above is preferred method of wiring a Null Modem. It only requires 3 wires (TD, RD & SG) to be wired straight through thus is more cost effective to use with long cable runs. The theory of operation is reasonably easy. The aim is to make to computer think it is talking to a modem rather than another computer. Any data transmitted from the first computer must be received by the second thus TD is connected to RD. The second computer must have the same set-up thus RD is connected to TD. Signal Ground (SG) must also be connected so both grounds are common to each computer. The Data Terminal Ready is looped back to Data Set Ready and Carrier Detect on both computers. When the Data Terminal Ready is asserted active, then the Data Set Ready and Carrier Detect immediately become active. At this point the computer thinks the Virtual Modem to which it is connected is ready and has detected the carrier of the other modem.
4

All left to worry about now is the Request to send and Clear To Send. As both computers communicate together at the same speed, flow control is not needed thus these two lines are also linked together on each computer. When the computer wishes to send data, it asserts the Request to send high and as it's hooked together with the Clear to Send, It immediately gets a reply that it is ok to send and does so. Notice that the ring indicator is not connected to anything of each end. This line is only used to tell the computer that there is a ringing signal on the phone line. As we don't have a modem connected to the phone line this is left disconnected. RS232 bit streams The RS232 standard describes a communication method where information is sent bit by bit on a physical channel. The information must be broken up in data words. The length of a data word is variable. On PC's a length between 5 and 8 bits can be selected. This length is the information length of each word. For proper transfer additional bits are added for synchronization and error checking purposes. It is important, that the transmitter and receiver use the same number of bits. Otherwise, the data word may be misinterpreted, or not recognized at all. With synchronous communication, a clock or trigger signal must be present which indicates the beginning of each transfer. The absence of a clock signal makes an asynchronous communication channel cheaper to operate. Less line is necessary in the cable. A disadvantage is that the receiver can start at the wrong moment receiving the information. Re-synchronization is then needed which costs time. All data received in the resynchronization period is lost. Another disadvantage is that extra bits are needed in the data stream to indicate the start and end of useful information. These extra bits take up bandwidth. Data bits are sent with a predefined frequency, the baud rate. Both the transmitter and receiver must be programmed to use the same bit frequency. After the first bit is received, the receiver calculates at which moments the other data bits will be received. It will check the line voltage levels at those moments. With RS232, the line voltage level can have two states. The on state is also known as mark, the off state as space. No other line states are possible. When the line is idle, it is kept in the mark state. Start bit RS232 defines an asynchronous type of communication. This means, that sending of a data word can start on each moment. If starting at each moment is possible, this can pose some problems for the receiver to know which the first bit to receive is. To overcome this problem, each data word is started with an attention bit. The space line level always identifies this attention bit, also known as the start bit. Because the line is in mark state when idle, the receiver easily recognizes the start bit. Data bits

Directly following the start bit, the data bits are sent. A bit value 1 causes the line to go in mark state; the bit value 0 is represented by a space. The least significant bit is always the first bit sent. Parity bit For error detecting purposes, it is possible to add an extra bit to the data word automatically. The transmitter calculates the value of the bit depending on the information sent. The receiver performs the same calculation and checks if the actual parity bit value corresponds to the calculated value. Stop bits Framing means, that all the data bits and parity bit are contained in a frame of start and stop bits. The period of time lying between the start and stop bits are a constant defined by the baud rate and number of data and parity bits. The start bit has always space value, the stop bit always mark value. If the receiver detects a value other than mark when the stop bit should be present on the line, it knows that there is a synchronization failure. This causes a framing error condition in the receiving UART. The stop bit identifying the end of a data frame can have different lengths. Actually, it is not a real bit but a minimum period of time the line must be idle (mark state) at the end of each word. On PC's this period can have three lengths: the time equal to 1, 1.5 or 2 bits. 1.5 bits is only used with data words of 5 bits length and 2 only for longer words. A stop bit length of 1 bit is possible for all data word sizes.

b) RS485 Protocol: RS485 is the most versatile communication standard in the standard series defined by the EIA, as it performs well on all four points. That is why RS485 is currently a widely used communication interface in data acquisition and control applications where multiple nodes communicate with each other. Differential signals withRS485 Longer distances and higher bit rates One of the main problems with RS232 is the lack of immunity for noise on the signal lines. The transmitter and receiver compare the voltages of the data- and handshake lines with one common zero line. Shifts in the ground level can have disastrous effects. Therefore the trigger level of the RS232 interface is set relatively high at 3 Volt. Noise is easily picked up and limits both the maximum distance and communication speed. With RS485 on the contrary there is no such thing as a common zero as a signal reference. Several volts difference in the ground level of the RS485 transmitter and receiver does not cause any problems. The RS485 signals are floating and each signal is transmitted over a Sig+ line and a Sig- line. The RS485 receiver compares the voltage difference between both lines, instead of the absolute voltage level on a signal line. This works well and prevents the existence of ground loops, a common source

of communication problems. The best results are achieved if the Sig+ and Sig- lines are twisted. The image below explains why.

In the picture above, noise is generated by magnetic fields from the environment. The picture shows the magnetic field lines and the noise current in the RS485 data lines that is the result of that magnetic field. In the straight cable, all noise current is flowing in the same direction, practically generating a looping current just like in an ordinary transformer. When the cable is twisted, we see that in some parts of the signal lines the direction of the noise current is the opposite from the current in other parts of the cable. Because of this, the resulting noise current is many factors lower than with an ordinary straight cable. Shieldingwhich is a common method to prevent noise in RS232 linestries to keep hostile magnetic fields away from the signal lines. Twisted pairs in RS485 communication however adds immunity which is a much better way to fight noise. Differential signals and twisting allows RS485 to communicate over much longer communication distances than achievable with RS232. With RS485 communication distances of 1200 m are possible. Differential signal lines also allow higher bit rates than possible with non-differential connections. Therefore RS485 can overcome the practical communication speed limit of RS232. Currently RS485 drivers are produced that can achieve a bit rate of 35 mbps. Table Characteristics of RS485 compared to RS232 RS232 Differential No Max no. Of drivers Max 1 1 no. Of receivers Half duplex Full duplex Network Topology Point-to-point

RS485 Yes 32

32

Half duplex Full duplex Multi point

7

Max speed at 12m speed at 1200 m Receiver input resistance Driver load impedance Receiver input range Max driver output voltage Max distance

Max 20kbps (1kbps) 3-7kohm 3-7kohm 15 V 25 V 15m

35Mbps 100kbps 12kohm 54ohm 7-12 V 7-12 V 1200m

We see that the speed of the differential interface RS485 is far superior to the single ended version of RS232. To avoid reflections on longer cables it is necessary to use appropriate termination resistors. RS485 can be used in situations with a severe ground level shift of several volts, where at the same time high bit rates are possible because the transition between logical 0 and logical 1 is only a few hundred-mill volts. Network topology with RS485: Network topology is probably the reason why RS485 is now the favourite in data acquisition and control applications. RS485 is the only of the interfaces capable of internetworking multiple transmitters and receivers in the same network. When using the default RS485 receivers with an input resistance of 12 k it is possible to connect 32 devices to the network. Currently available high-resistance RS485 inputs allow this number to be expanded to 256. RS485 repeaters are also available which make it possible to increase the number of nodes to several thousands, spanning multiple kilometres. It is the reason why RS485 is so popular with computers, PLCs, micro controllers and intelligent sensors in scientific and technical applications.

In the picture above, the general network topology of RS485 is shown. N nodes are connected in a multipoint RS485 network. For higher speeds and longer lines, the termination resistances are necessary on both ends of the line to eliminate reflections. The RS485 network must be designed as one line with multiple drops, not as a star. Although total cable length maybe shorter in a star

configuration, adequate termination is not possible anymore and signal quality may degrade significantly. RS485 COMMUNICATION

RS485 functionality All the senders on the RS485 bus are in tri-state with high impedance. In most high-level protocols, one of the nodes is defined as a master, which sends queries or commands over the RS485 bus. All other nodes receive these data. Depending of the information in the sent data, zero or more nodes on the line respond to the master. In this situation, bandwidth can be used for almost 100%. There are other implementations of RS485 networks where every node can start a data session on its own. This is comparable with the way Ethernet networks function. Because there is a chance of data collision with this implementation, theory tells us that in this case only 37% of the bandwidth will be effectively used. With such an implementation of a RS485 network it is necessary that there is error detection implemented in the higher-level protocol to detect the data corruption and resend the information at a later time. There is no need for the senders to explicitly turn the RS485 driver on or off. RS485 drivers automatically return to their high impedance tri-state within a few microseconds after the data has been sent. Therefore it is not needed to have delays between the data packets on the RS485 bus. RS485 is used as the electrical layer for many well-known interface standards for Modbus. Therefore RS485 will be in use for many years in the future.

Packet structure: We have made a protocol for the data frame in which there is 6 bytes field is there. First byte is start of bit, second is address byte, third is control byte, fourth and fifth is for data bytes and sixth byte is of end of frame. STX ADDRESS CONTROL DATA DATA DATA ETX

v.

Description: STX is start of header it act as starting mark for packet. ADDRESS is the address for the slave from which communication is to be done. CONTROL DATA contains control signal which is to be from PC to slaves in order to control certain devices. Next two bytes carries data from slaves to PC. ETX act as end point of packet.

3. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: 1. Schematic diagram and PCB layout for the slave controllers is as shown below. The project layout is made with the help of EAGLE 5.5.0 (PCB layout making software).

10

Slave controller schematic.

11

Slave controller track side layout.

Description: 1. Atmega8 is the controller used. 2. USART RxD and TxD pins are connected to data in and data out of 75176B (line driver IC) which converts RS-232 signals into RS-485. 3. 5v constant power supply is used. 4. Separate headers for ISP and ports are provided.isp header is used for burning the controller. 5. Crystal oscillator and the Reset circuitry is connected to the appropriate controller pins.

2. Schematic diagram for main controller is as shown below. This is also made with EAGLE 5.5.0 (PCB layout making software).

12

Master controller schematic.

13

Master controller track side layout.

Description: 1. Atmega16 is used as the main controller. 2. Multiplexer 74155N and De -multiplexer 74LS153N ICs are used to switch between rs-232 and rs-485 communication interfaces. 3.75176b is used to convert rs-232 signals into rs-485 protocol communication. 4.5v power supply is used. 5. Various headers are taken to take the port output and input.isp header is provided for burning process. 6. Crystal oscillator and the Reset circuitry is connected to the appropriate controller pins. USB to serial converter:

14

We designed the system to be connected to pc via USB port, for this purpose we developed USB to UART (AVR-CDC) converter module. AVR-CDC is a USB-RS232C interface using the CDC (Communication Device Class) protocol. Although the bulk endpoint required for CDC is not allowed within the low-speed USB standard, it works fine on major platforms. Features: No dedicated driver necessary. OS loads a built-in driver ("usbser.sys" on Windows). Very low cost. This is the cheapest solution for the USB-RS232C interface. On Windows, an INF file is required to load the pre-installed driver when the device is connected for the first time. The virtual COM port appears after the connection established. The Vcc should be lower than 3.6V to meet the USB standard. Use a quartz crystal instead of a ceramic resonator for stable connection. ATmega8/48/88 can achieve the higher transfer rate (e.g. 38400bps) using the internal USART. All information about AVR-CDC USB-RS232C interface is obtained from link http://www.recursion.jp/avrcdc/index.html.

USB to Serial converter Schematic

15

USB to Serial Converter track side layout Description : 1. There is a header SL 1 which connects RxD and TxD pins to the serial cable. 2. Output from the PC is given to COM port which is connected to the USB port of the USB to Serial Converter. 3. Crystal oscillator is connected to the appropriate controller pin.

4. HARDWARE DESIGN: i. Data aquisition system: All the modules connected in the proper manner is shown below. Total setup is working accurately according to the requirement.

16

Data Acquisition system set-up

ii.

Slave controller: The diagram shown below is of slave controller board. All the ICs and headers used are shown in the diagram. ADC header is used to connect the sensor output to the slave controller. ISP header is used to programmed the slave controller with the help of USB programmer. 75176B is the line driver IC used to convert RS-485 protocol into RS-232 protocol and vice-versa.

17

Slave controller board

iii.

Main controller: The diagram shown below is of main controller board. All the ICs and headers used are shown in the diagram. ISP header is used to program the main controller with the help of USB programmer. 75176B is the line driver IC used to convert RS-485 protocol into RS232 protocol and vice-versa. 75LS153N is the multiplexer IC used to multiplex the signals from serial port and RS-485 and the vice versa. 75LS155 is the demultiplexer IC used to demultiplex the signals from serial port and RS-485 and vice versa.

18

Master controller board

iv.

Sensor assembly: We have used three sensors in our project. They are, light intensity sensor, temperature sensor and trim pot. They are giving their data to the respective ADC of the slave controller.

a) LDR (Light Dependent Resistors): The resistance of the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) varies according to the amount of light that falls on it. The relationship between the resistance RL and light intensity Lux for a typical LDR is RL = 500 / Lux Kohm

19

With the LDR connected to 5V through a 3.3K resistor, the output voltage of the LDR is Vo = 5*RL / (RL+R) Reworking the equation, we obtain the light intensity Lux = (2500/Vo - 500)/R For a low cost LDR, at the same light intensity, the part to part variation in resistance can be as high as 50%. Lux is a derived unit based on lumen, and lumen is a derived unit based on candela. One lux is equal to one lumen per square metre, where 4 lumens is the total luminous flux of a light source of one candela of luminous intensity: 1 lx = 1 lmm-2 = 1 cdsrm2.
20

As with other SI units, SI prefixes can be used, for example a kilolux (klx) is 1,000 lux. Luminance. TABLE FOR TYPICAL VALUES OF LUX METER Typical Area & conditions value(LUX) 10-5 lux 10-4 lux 50 lux Light from Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky Total starlight, overcast sky Family living room

80 lux 100 lux 320 lux 400 lux 500 lux

Hallway/toilet Very dark overcast day Recommended office lighting (Australia) Sunrise or sunset on a clear day. Well-lit office area Lighting level for an office according to the European law UNI EN 12464 Overcast day]; typical TV studio lighting Full daylight (not direct sun)[

1,000 lux 10,000 25,000 lux 32,000 130,000 lux

Direct sunlight

b) Temperature Sensor - The LM35: The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in C) Features You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor. The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.

21

The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage be amplified. It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01V/ C The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 C at room temperature and +/- 0.8 C over a range of 0 C to +100 C. Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1 C temperatures rise in still air.

LM35 Temperature IC The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the following. TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, T0-46 metal can transistor-like package 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above). Connections for LM35DZ Typical circuit is shown below

In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:

22

Vc = 4 to 30v 5v or 12 v are typical values used. Ra = Vc *1000000 Actually, it can range from 80 K to 600 K , but most just use 80 K .

Temperature measurement We need to use a voltmeter to sense Vout. The output voltage is converted to temperature by a simple conversion factor. The sensor has a sensitivity of 10mV / C. Use a conversion factor that is the reciprocal that is 100 C/V. The general equation used to convert output voltage to temperature is: Temperature ( C) = Vout * (100 C/V) So if Vout is 1V , then, Temperature = 100 C The output voltage varies linearly with temperature.

c) Resistance sensor: Potentiometers are passive transducers. It has three legs; moving nut provides variance in resistance.

Trim pot

23

R
Rl

From the circuit the resistance RL given by RL = ( Vout / Vcc ) * R So we need only to measure Vout to measure resistance.

24

Sensor elements board

USB to serial converter: We designed the system to be connected to pc via USB port for this purpose we developed USB to UART (AVR-CDC) converter module. AVR-CDC is a USB-RS232C interface using the CDC (Communication Device Class) protocol. Although the bulk endpoint required for CDC is not allowed within the low-speed USB standard, it works fine on major platforms. Features: No dedicated driver necessary. OS loads a built-in driver ("usbser.sys" on Windows). Very low cost. This is the cheapest solution for the USB-RS232C interface. On Windows, an INF file is required to load the pre-installed driver when the device is connected for the first time. The virtual COM port appears after the connection established. The Vcc should be lower than 3.6V to meet the USB standard. Use a quartz crystal instead of a ceramic resonator for stable connection. ATmega8/48/88 can achieve the higher transfer rate (e.g. 38400bps) using the internal USART.
25

v.

All information about AVR-CDC http://www.recursion.jp/avrcdc/index.html.

USB-RS232C

interface

is

obtained

from

USB to Serial converter

AVR DOPER USB PROGRAMMER: For programming the microcontroller we have developed AVR-Doper USB programmer. Circuits and PCB layout can be obtained from site http://rototron.info/default.aspx?Page=USBAVR/USBAVR.aspx. AVR-Doper is an STK500 compatible In-System Programmer (ISP) and High Voltage Serial Programmer (HVSP).It simply consists of an ATMega48 or an ATMega8 and a couple of passive components. The programmer uses a firmware-only USB driver; no special USB controller is needed. All firmware and USB drivers and can be downloaded from http://www.obdev.at/products/vusb/avrdoper.html

vi.

26

74HC126 IC

USB connector

ISP connector

Atmega 8 Power supply forward jumper

USB ISP Programmer

USB ISP programmer pin out

27

Features: HVSP allows using RESET pin for I/O, which is especially beneficial on 8 and 14 pin devices. Simple hardware which can be built on a single sided PCB. No special USB chips are needed. Compatible to Atmel's STK500 with built-in USB to Serial converter. Adjustable ISP clock allows flashing of devices clocked at very low rate, e.g. 32 kHz. ISP clock can be lowered with a jumper (if the programmer software does not support setting the ISP clock). Second USB to Serial converter for processing debug output from the target. Uses USB power supply, no external supply required. Open Source (including firmware and schematics).

5. SOFTWARE DESIGN: i. Visual basic 6.0 Visual Basic 6 is Microsofts one of the greatest version of the Visual Basic programming language. Although writing programs can be a tedious chore at times, Visual Basic reduces the effort required on your part and makes programming enjoyable. Visual Basic makes many aspects of programming as simple as dragging graphic objects onto the screen with your mouse. Much of creating a Visual Basic program requires placing graphic objects on the screen and setting attributes for those objects that determine how the objects are to look and behave. Visual Basic is truly the only programming language today that beginning programmers can learn easily. In addition, Visual Basic allows advanced programmers to create powerful Windows applications. Visual Basic is an enjoyable language due to its visual environment. Much of building a Windows program in Visual Basic requires dragging and dropping graphic objects onto the screen from a toolbox which houses those objects. Your Windows program appears before your eyes as you add the objects. Visual Basic is one of the first programming languages to incorporate a true WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) environment. The program that you build looks like the program users see when they run the program from Windows. Visual Basic is based on a language named BASIC. Visual Basic is visual and uses a simple BASIC-like programming language, yet Visual Basic enables you to create powerful Windows programs.

28

Visual Basics visual nature is more important than its programming language in many ways. The visual interface provides your programs character and interacts with the user. The programming language works behind the scenes to connect the visual elements.

ii.

AVR studio as IDE

AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and debugging AVR applications in Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/XP/VISTA environments. AVR Studio provides a project management tool, source file editor, simulator, assembler and front-end for C/C++, programming, emulation and on-chip debugging.AVR Studio supports the complete range of ATMEL AVR tools and each release will always contain the latest updates for both the tools and support of new AVR devices. AVR Studio 4 has a modular architecture which allows even more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules can be written and hooked to the system. Please contact us if you are interested in more information about this.

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6. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: FLOW CHART FOR VB PORGRAM

Initialize COM port in VB program

Create packets for slave devices address at regular intervals and send them to master device. Receive packet from master and discard it. Wait to receive packets from master device. Put control signal on control bytes in packet and send packet to desired slave through master.

According to address of packet obtained data bytes and calculate sensor output and display them on screen.

If user generates control signal from screen

30

FLOW CHART FOR MASTER DEVICE

Initialize UART with baud rate 57600

Enable RS232 port & receive packets from computer

If packet address matches with connected slaves.

Discard packet

Enable RS 485 as Tx & broadcast packets to all slaves.

Enable RS485 port as rx &Wait until reply from slaves.

Receive packet from slave.

Enable RS 232 port & transmit packet to computer.

31

FLOW CHART FOR SLAVE DEVICE

Initialize UART with baud rate 57600 & RX complete interrupt also initialize ADC with ADC complete interrupt.

Enable RS 485 as Rx

Do nothing and call ADC & UART RX complete ISR when ADIF & RXC flags are set.

ADC complete ISR

Copy REGISTER ADCL & ADCH to tempH& tempL

Return ADC complete ISR

32

RXC complete ISR

Receive packet from slave.

If address matches

Y Copy ADC data to data byte of packet.

Enable RS 485 port as tx and transmit whole packet. Enable RS 485 port as Rx

Return

RXC complete ISR

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7. PROGRAMMING LOGIC: i. Program for slave controllers:

#include <stdlib.h> #include <avr/io.h> #include <util/delay.h> #include <avr/interrupt.h> #define STX 0x02 #define ETX 0x04 #define pack_length 0x06 //Including header files

void USART_Init(unsigned long int); void ADC_Init(void); void RS485_Tx_en(void); void RS485_Rx_en(void); unsigned char USART_Receive(void); void USART_Transmit( unsigned char); void PACKET_RX(void); void PACKET_TX(void); unsigned char Address_Check(void); void read_control_sig(void);

//function to initialise USART. //initialise ADC in free running mode. //function to enable RS-485 as tx //function to enable RS-485 as Rx //function to rx single character //function to tx single character //0 for rs-232 & 1 for rs485 //0 for rs-232 & 1 for rs485 //function to check for right address //function to read control signal from packet.

//Globle variable delaration. unsigned char data_packet[6],data_counter=0,temp_dataH=0,temp_dataL=0; const unsigned char Device_Address = 0x36; //for temperature sensor. char i=0,j=0,k=0; short isEndTwo=0;

ISR(ADC_vect) interrupt. { temp_dataL = ADCL; temp_dataH = ADCH; } ISR(USART_RXC_vect) interrupt. { PACKET_RX(); data_packet[3] = temp_dataH; data_packet[4] = temp_dataL; //_delay_ms(500);

//ISR to handle ADC complete

//copy ADCL to temp_dataL //copy ADCH to temp_dataH //ISR to handle RXC complete

//receive packet from master //copy ADC data to packet.

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if(Address_Check() && isEndTwo) { read_control_sig(); PACKET_TX(); } RS485_Rx_en(); }

//if address matches then read control signal //tx packet to master.

//enable RS-485 as rx

int main (void) { DDRB=0x3F; DDRC=0x00; DDRD=0xFF; USART_Init(57600); RS485_Rx_en(); ADC_Init(); sei(); while(1) {} return 0; }

//make portB outport. //make portC inport for ADC. //make portD outport for controls. //set baud rate //enable RS-485 as rx //init. & start ADC //enable globle interrupt flags. //wait until interrupted.

/////////////////////////////*FUNCTION DECLARATION*///////////////////////// void USART_Init( unsigned long int baud) { baud = (((12000000l / (baud * 16UL))) - 1); //calculate vulue for UBRR register UBRRH = (unsigned char)(baud>>8); // Set baud rate UBRRL = (unsigned char)baud; UCSRB |= (1<<RXEN)|(1<<TXEN)|(1<<RXCIE); // Enable receiver and transmitter UCSRC |= (1 << URSEL) | (1 << UCSZ0) | (1 << UCSZ1); //Set frame format: 8 data, 1 stop bit & asynchronous comm. }

void ADC_Init(void) { ADCSRA |= (1 << ADPS2) | (1 << ADPS1) | (1 << ADPS0); // Set ADC prescalar to 128 125KHz sample rate @ 16MHz ADMUX |= (1 << REFS0); // Set ADC reference to AVCC
35

ADMUX |= (0 << REFS1); // Set ADC reference to AVCC ADMUX |= (0 << ADLAR); // Right adjust ADC result to allow easy 8 bit reading // No MUX values needed to be changed to use ADC0 ADCSRA |= (1 << ADFR); // Set ADC to Free-Running Mode ADCSRA |= (1 << ADEN); // Enable ADC ADCSRA |= (1 << ADIE); //Enable ADC interrupt ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC); // 1 to Start A2D Conversions }

void PACKET_RX(void) { j=0; data_counter = 0; for(k=0;k<=5;k++) { data_packet[k]= 0; }

//flush data_packet.

while(j<=5) //condition to take care of correct data reception { i = USART_Receive(); //receive first if(i == STX) //start of packet. { do { data_packet[data_counter++] = i; i = USART_Receive(); //receive until whole packet rxd }while(!(data_counter == (pack_length-1))); if(i==ETX) { data_packet[data_counter] = i; isEndTwo=1; } else isEndTwo=0; break; } j++; } }

//

36

void PACKET_TX(void) { RS485_Tx_en() ; data_counter = 0; do { USART_Transmit( data_packet[data_counter++] ); //_delay_ms(500); }while(!(data_counter == (pack_length-1))); USART_Transmit( data_packet[data_counter] ); }

//code to tx data packet.

unsigned char Address_Check(void) { if(data_packet[1]==Device_Address) return 1 else 0 return 1; else return 0; }

//if packet address matches with device add.

void read_control_sig(void) { if(data_packet[2]=='1') PORTD = 0x04; if(data_packet[2]=='2') PORTD = 0x00; }

//reads control signal & latches control to portD

unsigned char USART_Receive( void ) { while ( !(UCSRA & (1<<RXC)) ); // Wait for data to be received return UDR; // Get and return received data from buffer }

void USART_Transmit( unsigned char data ) { UDR = data; // Put data into buffer, sends the data
37

while(!(UCSRA & (1<<TXC))); UCSRA &= 0xfd; // Wait for empty transmit buffer }

void RS485_Tx_en(void) { PORTB =0x03; } void RS485_Rx_en(void) { PORTB =0x00; }

//write portB to select RS485 as tx

//write portB to select RS485 as rx

ii.

Program for main controller:

#include <stdlib.h> #include<string.h> #include <avr/io.h> #include<util/delay.h> #define STX 0x02 #define ETX 0x04 #define pack_length 0x06 void USART_Init(unsigned long int); unsigned char USART_Receive(void); void USART_Transmit( unsigned char); void PACKET_RX(unsigned char); void PACKET_TX(unsigned char);

//Including header files

//To initialise USART. //To receive char from USART //To receive char from USART //0 for rs-232 & 1 for rs485 //0 for rs-232 & 1 for rs485

//Globle variable delaration. unsigned char data_packet[6],data_counter=0,i=0,j=0 ;

int main (void) { DDRA=0xFF; USART_Init(57600); while(1) {

////make portd outport to select RS-485.

38

while(1) { PACKET_RX(0); //rx from computer. if(data_packet[1]=='6' | data_packet[1]=='7' | data_packet[1]=='8') break; //if packet address does not matches with connected slaves then break } PACKET_TX(1); //tx to slaves. PACKET_RX(1); //rx from slaves PACKET_TX(0); //tx to computer. } return 0; } /////////////////////////////*FUNCTION DECLARATION*///////////////////////// void USART_Init( unsigned long int baud) { baud = (((12000000l / (baud * 16UL))) - 1); UBRRH = (unsigned char)(baud>>8); // Set baud rate UBRRL = (unsigned char)baud; UCSRB |= (1<<RXEN)|(1<<TXEN); // Enable receiver and transmitter UCSRC |= (1 << URSEL) | (1 << UCSZ0) | (1 << UCSZ1); //Set frame format: 8 data, 1 stop bit } void PACKET_RX(unsigned char port) { unsigned char i=0,j=0; data_counter = 0; if(port==0) PORTA =0x00; else if(port == 1) PORTA =0x0c;

//check & select rs232 port.

//check & select rs485 port

while(j<=5) { i = USART_Receive(); if(i == STX) //start of packet. { do { data_packet[data_counter++] = i;

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i = USART_Receive(); }while(!(data_counter == (pack_length-1))); data_packet[data_counter] = i; break; } j++; } } void PACKET_TX(unsigned char port1) { data_counter = 0; if(port1==0) //check & select rs232 port. PORTA =0x00; else if(port1 == 1) PORTA =0xcc; //check &select rs232 port //end of packet

do { USART_Transmit( data_packet[data_counter++] ); }while(!(data_counter == (pack_length-1))); USART_Transmit( data_packet[data_counter] ); } unsigned char USART_Receive( void ) { while ( !(UCSRA & (1<<RXC)) ); // Wait for data to be received return UDR; // Get and return received data from buffer }

void USART_Transmit( unsigned char data ) { UDR = data; // Put data into buffer, sends the data while(!(UCSRA & (1<<TXC))); UCSRA &= 0xfd; // Wait for empty transmit buffer }

iii.

Visual basic programming: a) Programming for taking the data from sensors and storing in database:
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'Global variable declarations Public db As Database Public rs As Recordset Dim k As Integer Public sno As Integer Dim curx As Single Public num_sensors As Byte Dim numFrameReceived As Byte Dim first_Address As Byte Dim ch As Byte Dim interval As Byte Dim cury() As Single Dim xRange(1) As Integer Dim yRange(1) As Integer Dim yscale As Integer Dim xscale As Integer Dim isFanOn As Boolean Dim isControlOn As Boolean Dim temp As Integer ***********Procedure of command button cmdshow********************************* Private Sub cmdshow_Click() If (rs.RecordCount) Then Form2.Show Else MsgBox "There is no record in the database", vbExclamation, "Warning" End If End Sub named

***********Procedure of command button named controlcmd******************************** Private Sub controlcmd_Click() If ((Val(Text1(2).Text) >= Val(Text1(0).Text)) And (Val(Text1(2).Text) <= Val(Text1(1).Text))) Then If (MSComm1.PortOpen) Then sendFrame (49) isControlOn = True Else MsgBox "Port is not open. Communication can't take place", vbExclamation, "DAQ" End If Else MsgBox "Value of Set point must be between low limit and high limit", vbExclamation, "DAQ"
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End If End Sub ***********Procedure of function*************************************************** Private Sub sendFrame(controlData As Integer) Dim ctr As Byte, f As Variant Dim frame(5) As Byte frame(0) = 49 frame(1) = 54 frame(2) = controlData frame(3) = 0 frame(4) = 0 frame(5) = 50 For ctr = 0 To 5 f = Chr(frame(ctr)) MSComm1.Output = f Next ctr If (controlData = 49) Then isFanOn = True ImgFan.Visible = True Else isFanOn = False ImgFan.Visible = False End If End Sub ***********Procedure of command deleterecord*************************************** Private Sub delreccmd_Click() Dim Msg, Style, Title, Response, MyString Dim i As Integer Msg = "You will lose all previous records..Do you want to continue?" Style = vbYesNo + vbExclamation + vbDefaultButton2 Title = "Confirmation Box" Response = MsgBox(Msg, Style, Title) If Response = vbYes Then Call delRec For i = 0 To 2 lblsensor(i).Caption = 0 Next End If End Sub ***********Procedure of function******************************************************* Private Sub delRec() db.Execute ("Delete from sensors_data") rs.Close

sendframe

button

delRec

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Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("sensors_data", dbOpenDynaset) Me.sno = 1 Call drawgrid For ctr = 0 To length cury(ctr) = yRange(1) Next ctr curx = xRange(0) End Sub ***********Procedure of command button exit ************************************************ Private Sub exitcmd_Click() rs.Close db.Close End End Sub ***********Procedure of Form_Load function************************************************** Private Sub Form_Load() Dim length As Byte, ctr As Byte 'Set number of sensors num_sensors = 3 'Set address for first sensors first_Address = 54 ch = first_Address interval = 1 xRange(0) = 260 xRange(1) = 860 yRange(0) = 350 yRange(1) = 610 yscale = (yRange(1) - yRange(0)) / 10 'set no. of pixels for one Y part of 10 xscale = 40 'set no. of pixels for one X part of 10 temp = yscale length = num_sensors - 1 ReDim cury(length) 'Dynamic allocation Set db = OpenDatabase(App.Path & "\daq.mdb") Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("sensors_data", dbOpenDynaset) If (rs.AbsolutePosition = -1) Then Me.sno = 1 For ctr = 0 To length cury(ctr) = yRange(1) Next ctr Else rs.MoveLast For ctr = 0 To length If (ctr = 1) Then yscale = yscale / 5
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End If cury(ctr) = yRange(1) - rs.Fields(ctr + 2).value * (yscale / 10) yscale = temp Next ctr Me.sno = rs.Fields("Sr No").value + 1 End If curx = xRange(0) VScroll1(0).value = Text1(0).Text VScroll1(1).value = Text1(1).Text End Sub ***********Procedure of function************************************************** Private Sub drawgraph() Dim x As Single Dim y As Single Dim ctr As Byte x = curx + (xscale / 5) If (x > xRange(1)) Then Me.Cls Call drawgrid curx = xRange(0) x = curx + (xscale / 5) End If rs.MoveLast For ctr = 2 To (num_sensors + 1) If (ctr = 3) Then yscale = yscale / 5 End If y = yRange(1) - (rs.Fields(ctr).value * (yscale / 10)) Line (curx, cury(ctr - 2))-(x, y), QBColor(9 + ctr) cury(ctr - 2) = y yscale = temp Next ctr curx = x End Sub ***********Procedure of function************************************************** Private Sub drawgrid() Dim i As Integer i=0 Me.Line (xRange(0), yRange(0))-(xRange(1), yRange(1)), QBColor(0), BF For x = xRange(0) To xRange(1) Step xscale Line (x, yRange(0))-(x, yRange(1) + 5), QBColor(2) CurrentX = CurrentX - (xscale \ 5) CurrentY = CurrentY + 3 Me.Print i

drawgraph

drawgrid

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i=i+5 Next i = 10 For y = (yRange(1) - temp) To yRange(0) Step -temp Line (xRange(0) - 5, y)-(xRange(1), y), QBColor(2) If (i = 100) Then CurrentX = xRange(0) - 35 Else CurrentX = xRange(0) - 30 End If CurrentY = CurrentY - 3 Me.Print i i = i + 10 Next End Sub ***********Procedure of function************************************************** Private Sub form_Paint() 'Variable Declarations Dim x As Single Dim i As Single Dim j As Single Dim value As Single Dim c As Integer Dim y() As Single ReDim y(num_sensors - 1) Call drawgrid 'Draws grid for graph

form_Paint

x = curx For c = 0 To (num_sensors - 1) y(c) = cury(c) Next If (x > xRange(0)) Then For c = 2 To (num_sensors + 1) CurrentX = x CurrentY = y(c - 2) rs.MoveLast If (c = 3) Then yscale = yscale / 5 End If For i = x - (xscale \ 5) To (xRange(0) + 8) Step -(xscale \ 5) rs.MovePrevious value = Me.rs.Fields(c).value
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j = yRange(1) - (value * (yscale / 10)) Line -(i, j), QBColor(9 + c) Next rs.MovePrevious If (rs.BOF) Then j = yRange(1) Else value = Me.rs.Fields(c).value j = yRange(1) - (value * (yscale / 10)) End If Line -(i, j), QBColor(9 + c) yscale = temp Next End If End Sub ***********Procedure of testSensor1Data function******************************************** Private Sub testSensor1Data() If (Val(lblsensor(0).Caption) >= VScroll1(0).value And Val(lblsensor(0).Caption) <= VScroll1(1).value) Then Shape1.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0) If (isFanOn And (Val(lblsensor(0).Caption) <= Val(VScroll1(2).value))) Then sendFrame (50) 'off the fan End If controlcmd.Enabled = False ElseIf (lblsensor(0).Caption < VScroll1(0).value) Then Shape1.FillColor = RGB(0, 0, 255) controlcmd.Enabled = True Else Shape1.FillColor = RGB(255, 0, 0) controlcmd.Enabled = True End If If (isFanOn And (Val(lblsensor(0).Caption) <= Val(VScroll1(2).value))) Then sendFrame (50) 'off the fan End If End Sub ***********Procedure of testSensor2Data function******************************************** Private Sub testSensor2Data() Dim value As Single value = CSng(lblsensor(1).Caption) If (value >= 0 And value <= 20) Then DarkShape.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0) OptimumShape.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) BrightShape.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) ElseIf (value >= 21 And value <= 70) Then
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DarkShape.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) OptimumShape.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0) BrightShape.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) Else DarkShape.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) OptimumShape.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) BrightShape.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0) End If End Sub ***********Procedure of function******************************************** Private Sub testSensor3Data() Dim value As Single value = CSng(lblsensor(2).Caption) If (value >= 0 And value <= 30) Then RngShape1.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0) RngShape2.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) RngShape3.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) ElseIf (value >= 31 And value <= 60) Then RngShape1.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) RngShape2.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0) RngShape3.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) Else RngShape1.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) RngShape2.FillColor = RGB(255, 255, 255) RngShape3.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0) End If End Sub ***********Procedure of function******************************************** Private Function getbyte() As Byte Dim a As Byte 'wait as long as receive buffer is empty While MSComm1.InBufferCount < 1 Wend 'get first 8-bits in variable a a = Asc(MSComm1.Input) getbyte = a End Function ***********Procedure of function****************************************** Private Sub lblsensor_Change(Index As Integer)

testSensor3Data

getbyte

lblsensor_Change

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If (Index = 0) Then Call testSensor1Data ElseIf (Index = 1) Then Call testSensor2Data Else Call testSensor3Data End If End Sub ***********Procedure of function****************************************** Private Sub Timer_Timer() Dim ctr As Byte, f As Variant Dim overflow As Integer Dim frame(5) As Byte If (interval = 1) Then frame(0) = 49 frame(1) = ch frame(2) = 0 frame(3) = 0 frame(4) = 0 frame(5) = 50 While (MSComm1.InBufferCount) a = getbyte() Wend For ctr = 0 To 5 f = Chr(frame(ctr)) MSComm1.Output = f Next ctr ch = ch + 1 While (MSComm1.InBufferCount = 0) overflow = overflow + 1 If (overflow = 2000) Then MsgBox "Data is not being received", vbCritical, "Error" Call stop_comm 'Stop communication Exit Sub End If Wend Timer.interval = 1 Call mscomm1_OnComm Else interval = interval - 1 End If End Sub ***********Procedure of function***************************************

Timer_Timer

mscomm1_OnComm

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Private Sub mscomm1_OnComm() 'Variable Declarations Dim data As Long Dim sensors_data As Single Dim ctr As Byte, Index As Byte, a As Byte, c As Byte Dim frame(5) As Byte Dim v As Single 'Check whether data is received or not If (MSComm1.CommEvent = comEvReceive) Then a = getbyte() If a = 49 Then 'Building frame frame(0) = a frame(1) = getbyte() frame(2) = getbyte() frame(4) = getbyte() frame(3) = getbyte() frame(5) = getbyte() 'concatnate frame(3) and frame(4) to get 16-bit data data = 0 data = data + frame(3) For ctr = 1 To 8 data = 2 * data Next data = data + frame(4) 'Now right shift 16-bit data to 6 places to get 10-bit data For ctr = 1 To 6 data = data \ 2 Next 'set value of index based on the sensor's address ( i.e. frame(1)) Index = frame(1) - first_Address If (Index = 0) Then 'convert 10-bit sensor-1 data into actual data using conversion formula sensors_data = (data * 100) / 1024 'Temperature conversion formula ElseIf (Index = 1) Then 'convert 10-bit sensor-2 data into actual data using conversion formula

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v = 5 / 1024 * data If (v < 0.5) Then v = 0.5 End If sensors_data = (250 / v) - 50 'Light Intensity conversion formula Else 'convert 10-bit sensor-3 data into actual data using conversion formula sensors_data = (data * 100) / 1024 'Resistance conversion formula End If 'Display Data into appropriate field lblsensor(Index).Caption = sensors_data Else MsgBox "There is some data loss in communication", vbCritical, "Error" Call stop_comm 'Stop communication Exit Sub End If numFrameReceived = numFrameReceived + 1 If (numFrameReceived = num_sensors) Then 'when data has been received from all the sensors, insert all sensor's data 'into database rs.AddNew rs.Fields("Sr No").value = Me.sno rs.Fields("Time And Date").value = Now For ctr = 2 To Form1.num_sensors + 1 rs.Fields(ctr).value = CSng(lblsensor(ctr - 2).Caption) Next ctr rs.Update Me.sno = Me.sno + 1 ' insertion completed 'Draw values on graph Call drawgraph 'now reset values of variables, because recordings of this time has been completed numFrameReceived = 0 ch = first_Address Timer.Enabled = False Timer.interval = 1000 Timer.Enabled = True
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'Set Time delay in seconds between two recordings interval = 1 End If End If End Sub ***********Procedure of command ************************************************ Private Sub startcmd_Click() On Error GoTo ErrorHandler MSComm1.CommPort = VScroll7.value MSComm1.Settings = "57600,N,8,1" MSComm1.InputLen = 1 MSComm1.PortOpen = True startcmd.Enabled = False stopcmd.Enabled = True VScroll7.Enabled = False controlcmd.Enabled = True Timer.Enabled = True Exit Sub ErrorHandler: MsgBox Err.Description, vbExclamation, "Warning" End Sub ***********Procedure of command ************************************************ Private Sub stopcmd_Click() Call stop_comm End Sub

button

start

button

stop

***********Procedure of function************************************************ Private Sub stop_comm() VScroll7.Enabled = True stopcmd.Enabled = False startcmd.Enabled = True MSComm1.PortOpen = False controlcmd.Enabled = False Timer.Enabled = False End Sub ***********Procedure of function************************************************ Private Sub txtchange(Index As Integer) If (Val(Text1(Index).Text) Or Text1(Index).Text = "0") Then If (Val(Text1(Index).Text) >= 0 And Val(Text1(Index).Text) <= 100) Then VScroll1(Index).value = Val(Text1(Index).Text)

stop_comm

txtchange

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Else MsgBox ("Value is out of range") Text1(Index).Text = 0 End If Else If (Text1(Index).Text <> "") Then MsgBox ("Invalid Value") Text1(Index).Text = 0 End If End If End Sub ***********Procedure of function********************************************** Private Sub Text1_Change(Index As Integer) Call txtchange(Index) End Sub Text1_Change

***********Procedure of function******************************************* Private Sub VScroll1_Change(Index As Integer) Text1(Index).Text = VScroll1(Index).value If (Val(Text1(0).Text) > Val(Text1(1).Text)) Then MsgBox "Low limit can't exceed High limit", vbExclamation, "Warning" Text1(0).Text = Val(Text1(1).Text) Else If (lblsensor(0).Caption <> "") Then Call testSensor1Data End If End If End Sub Private Sub VScroll7_Change() Text7.Text = VScroll7.value End Sub

VScroll1_Change

b) Programming for making the database: ***********Procedure of setFlex function******************************************* Public Sub setFlex() Dim ctr As Byte fg.TextMatrix(0, 0) = "Sr No" fg.TextMatrix(0, 1) = "Time And Date"
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fg.ColWidth(0) = 700 fg.ColWidth(1) = 2000 For ctr = 2 To Form1.num_sensors + 1 fg.TextMatrix(0, ctr) = "Sensor" + CStr(ctr - 1) fg.ColWidth(ctr) = 1500 Next For ctr = 0 To (Form1.num_sensors + 1) fg.Row = 0 fg.Col = ctr fg.CellFontBold = True fg.ColAlignment(ctr) = 3 Next ctr End Sub

Sub fillGrid() Dim T As Integer, ctr As Integer Form1.rs.MoveFirst Do While Not Form1.rs.EOF T=T+1 For ctr = 0 To (Form1.num_sensors + 1) fg.TextMatrix(T, ctr) = Form1.rs.Fields(ctr) Next ctr totalrec.Caption = "Total Records: " + CStr(fg.Rows - 1) Form1.rs.MoveNext fg.Rows = fg.Rows + 1 Loop Form1.rs.MoveFirst End Sub

***********Procedure of function******************************************* Private Sub fg_Click() End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() fg.Cols = Form1.num_sensors + 2 Call setFlex Call fillGrid End Sub

fg_Click

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8. Results of design: i. Accuracy:

All the sensors are providing the output according to the formula provided in their datasheet. As the network is RS-485 there is less interference of noise or radiations on the data. All the data from the sensors is represented graphically and numerically in very user friendly manner with the help of visual basic. Therefore results are shown accurately with only 1% deviation from original value. ii. Speed of execution:

We have transmitted and receive the data at 9600baud to 57600baud. Our system works better at the higher baud value than at the low values. Perfect execution occurs at 57600 baud. iii. Graphical representation of data:

All the sensors output are shown graphically in the visual basic software. It gives the comparative values for 75sec. which gives perfect sensing of low and high output values for a particular sensor. It also gives the knowledge of values of different sensor output in a particular span of time.

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There is also separate text representation of sensors output which give their values in figure. This shows the exact output value for every sensor at particular time in its respective text box. iv. Database:

All the output values from all sensors are being stored in a database file named daq.mdb. There is a separate column for the sr. no., date and time, sensor1, sensor2, sensor3 which shows the sensors output value at a particular date and time. This record is very useful when we are interested in knowing the value of any physical quantity at a particular date and time. v. Usability:

This Data acquisition, logging and control system can be used in areas where there is requirement of knowing the values of particular physical quantity. At present we are only measuring the temperature, light intensity and trim pot resistance values but it can be extended to every analog or digital sensors output value. The system can be used especially in noisy industrial environment as the network is of RS-485 type which less interfere with the noise or radiation. The system is also capable of controlling physical quantity which is being measured. This is shown in temperature sensor control in the form 1 of visual basic. We are activating a fan when the temperature exceeds or go below a particular value. Therefore we can control a physical quantity when required manually. It can also extend to automatic control of physical quantity by some programming. A database file is there to store the output value of sensors. A good user interface is provided for seeing and controlling the sensors output values. This all makes this system to acquire, log as well as control the sensors output value. This system can be used in all the industries where there is requirement to sense and control a physical quantity.

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9. CONCLUSION: Our main aim of this project is to take the sensors data and forward to the pc accurately with the help of RS-485 network accurately. This is being fulfilled wholly and correctly. We have taken simple sensor assembly as that of temperature sensor, light sensor and trim pot which are giving values of respective physical quantity accurately. Temperature sensor is converting the surrounding temperature into the voltage according the formula provided in the data sheet. Light sensor is sensing the surrounding light intensity accurately and converting that value into its respective voltage with the help of some biasing circuitry. Trim pot is giving its resistance into voltage which is sensed accurately. All the sensors are giving their data to the particular slave controller board which converts this analog value into digital with help of their A/D converters. The 10 bit value corresponding to the voltage is representing true physical quantity. That 10 bit value is taken into fourth and fifth byte of 6byte data frame. All the slave controllers have their unique address from which they are being recognized in the network. As every data frame contains the address of respective slave controller therefore it is being recognized easily at the main controller that from which slave controller data has came. The RS 485 network is taken for the common junction between main and slave controllers. Working of this network is tested and it is working perfectly according to the requirement. The values of the respective sensors is represented graphically and numerically on the form made in visual basic. All the conversion and the representation of the quantity is working in the best manner which is required. The system is built in such a manner that the extension and the modifications can be done easily. If there is requirement of any slave controller then it can be done by simply adding one more address in our programming. if there is requirement of adding more sensors on any existing slave controller then it can be done by simply adding two more bytes in the 6bytes frame in the data area and modify the code accordingly.

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10. ERRORS & PRECAUTIONS: The following errors are encountered from very beginning of our project development: 1. Baud rate is also one problem that at 9600baud the system is not responding accurately while at 57600baud system is performing at its peak. 2. At first we have make the RS -485 junctions (where all the RS -485 lines from the slave controllers come) open with no bias. Due to this there is reflection from that end and the result at the hyper terminal is not the required one. Solution of this problem was the introduction of one 120ohm resistor at the open end. This allows no reflected waves to introduce again in the circuit. After this the results are accurate. 3. We have made all the power supplies to the slave, sensor assembly and the main controller at one point. At first we think that it is enough to give the voltage of 8-9 v from the adapter but when the system becomes hang again and again and giving the data is not being received this makes to think more. After that by thinking that it is the loading problem we have increased the power supply from the adapter to 11-12v and then this makes the system to work properly. 4. While burning special attention should be paid on the fuse bits and lock bits settings. In fuse bit settings if external clock frequency is set at 8 Mhz and you are using 12mhz crystal oscillator then there will be wrong results. We should also see whether RC oscillator is selected or not. If yes then it will make the onboard crystal oscillator ineffective. Therefore first check the fuse bits and then make the burning procedure to go. There must no lock bits should be selected.

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11. ESTIMATED COST: Sr. No. Component 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Atmega8 Atmega16 75176B 74153N 74LS155 7805 Headers LDR Temperature sensor Trim Pot Crystal Oscillator Resistors Capacitors Switches Connectors USB cable & connectors Copper plate Total

Value

Quantity 5 1 4 1 1 4 130 1 1 1 5 15 30 8 30

Cost 80 * 5 = 400 160 40* 4 =160 50 45 40 130 10 70 10 5 * 10 = 50 15 * 1 = 15 30 * 1 = 30 8 * 2 =16 30 * 2 = 60 30

1*1 feet*feet

80 1356

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BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://www.google.co.in http://www.recursion.jp/avrcdc/index.html. http://rototron.info/default.aspx?Page=USBAVR/USBAVR.aspx. http://www.obdev.at/products/vusb/avrdoper.html http://www.avrfreaks.com http://www.atmel.com http://www.alldatasheets.com http://www.edutalks.org

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